STEINERT, C.J., BEALS, TOLMAN, and ROBINSON, JJ., dissent. This action was brought by appellant against respondents to recover damages sustained as the result of being struck by their automobile about eight p.m., November 22, 1934, in the intersection of Olive way, Fifth avenue, and Westlake avenue, in Seattle.
The intersection is formed by five approaches from the streets mentioned. The intersection is unusual in its outlines and confusing as to its lanes of travel, pedestrian and vehicular. Fifth avenue runs through the intersection, entering it in a northerly direction from the south and leaving it in a very slightly northwesterly direction on that side of the intersection. The intersection is large and very heavily traveled. To lessen the danger of the travel across the intersection, pedestrian lanes from the northwest corner of the intersection were established, running from the westerly side of Fifth avenue, in a southeasterly direction, to the safety zone or island situated near the center of Fifth avenue as extended across the intersection, from which safety island pedestrian lanes were laid out in a northeasterly direction diagonally across the easterly side of Fifth avenue to a pointed curb formed by the westerly line of Westlake avenue and the easterly line of Fifth avenue.
The safety island was constructed of six-inch pipe, set in sockets in the pavement, the pipe being four feet high, with a wooden cap or top, and of sufficient strength to withstand the impact of an automobile. Blinker lights were maintained on or about the island structure. The situation was such that an automobile driven north on Fifth avenue across the intersection would be compelled to swing somewhat around the safety island to keep on the driver's right side of Fifth avenue.
Appellant, a pedestrian going over the intersection, *Page 528 entered a safety island by way of the pedestrian lane from the west side of Fifth avenue, waited for the green light, then turned north to get out of the intersection, going by the pedestrian lane from that side of the safety island. About that time, respondent the husband, who was driving on Fifth avenue, drove through the intersection from the south, passed near and somewhat around the safety island. Thus it will be noticed that the driver approached the island from a direction to the rear and slightly to the right of appellant as she left the island, at which time both of them were going in about the same northerly direction.
Appellant testified that, after reaching the safety island, she waited until she heard the second traffic bell, and looked up and saw the light was green; that, as she stepped out of the island, she looked to the right and to the left, she said repeatedly, and there was no car in sight, and that she did not see the automobile until she was actually struck. There is no claim that she looked to the rear for traffic on the same street going in the same direction she intended to, and did, go. She further testified that, just as she stepped about one step out of the safety island, she was struck by the automobile.
In the complaint, it was charged that the collision was caused by the careless and negligent driving of respondent husband. This was denied, and it was affirmatively alleged that the collision was caused by her fault and negligence. The trial resulted in a verdict for respondents. A motion for a new trial was denied. This appeal is from a judgment of dismissal of the action.
[1] The first assignment charges error in giving instruction No. 12, as follows: *Page 529
"It is the duty of one stepping into the street to exercise reasonable care in looking to see if vehicular traffic is approaching in sufficient proximity to constitute danger, and you are instructed in this respect that under the particular conditions and circumstances existing at the intersection in question, it was plaintiff's duty to exercise reasonable care inlooking to see whether or not traffic was approaching from herright rear before proceeding to cross from the island in said street intersection northward to the curb, and if you find that she did not exercise reasonable and ordinary care in this particular and that her failure to do so materially and proximately contributed to cause the collision between herself and the automobile of the defendants, then I charge you that she can not recover and your verdict must be for the defendants."
We have italicized the words, as counsel has, to indicate the attack made upon the instruction. The contention of appellant in this respect is that a pedestrian owes no duty to keep a lookout to the rear; that the law places that burden directly upon the motorist.
That part of the instruction is erroneous and prejudicial. It is never the duty of a pedestrian, who has obeyed the legal traffic signals and entered a lawful pedestrian cross walk in a street intersection, who has looked to the right and left, to also look to the rear. She had the right of way across. As to such well defined crossings, the burden is placed by statute and ordinances upon the motorist. In this case, appellant, the pedestrian, had certainly complied with the law and taken proper precautions for her own safety.
In Hempel v. Hall, 136 Md. 174, 110 A. 210, 9 A.L.R. 1245, it was held that one struck by an auto turning, without blowing the horn, from an avenue to a street, as she stepped from the sidewalk to cross the street, was not negligent, as a matter of law, because not looking along the avenue before stepping on the crossing. In other words, the contributory negligence *Page 530 of such pedestrian was held to have been properly submitted to the jury.
In Panitz v. Webb, 151 Md. 639, 135 A. 406, which had been heard on a previous appeal and reported in 149 Md. 75,130 A. 913, and reversed and remanded for a trial by a jury, on the second trial, plaintiff again obtained a verdict. In this case, plaintiff, a woman, had taken two or three strides after alighting from a street car and walking toward the north side of a certain avenue, she saw no cars and started across. When she had taken two or three strides, she heard someone shout "Look out," and simultaneously received an awful blow in the back towards the left side. She was thrown twelve to fifteen feet. In that case, the court of appeals of Maryland reaffirmed theHempel case, supra, and, among other things, held that, if the driver of an automobile, when about to turn into a cross street, failed to give any signal, a pedestrian crossing that street is not guilty of contributory negligence because she fails to look up and down the street from which the car is turning; and if she started to cross the street when the automobile was far enough away to permit the driver to discover her intention to cross in time to avoid striking her, she was not guilty of contributory negligence, as a matter of law.
In Courviosier v. Burger, 61 Cal. App. 470, 215 P. 93, a woman testified that she was crossing a street in the place allotted to and ordinarily used by pedestrians; that, before leaving the sidewalk, she carefully looked up and down the street and saw no vehicle approaching. The court said:
"This is all that she was required to do before proceeding on her way. It could not be claimed with any reason that she should have looked up and down K street in anticipation that a vehicle might turn from that street into Eighth street. If that duty were imposed upon a pedestrian, it is easy to see that he might *Page 531 be kept waiting during all the busy hours of the day. When she saw no one approaching she was entirely warranted in pursuing her journey, assuming that if anyone turned from K into Eighth before she crossed he would give her timely warning of his approach."
The reasoning applies to the instant case. It was approved, as well as the Hempel case, supra, in Puorro v. Salerno,109 N.J.L. 381, 162 A. 527.
To the same effect are Bruce v. Cohn, 172 Minn. 386,215 N.W. 520, and Liberty Highway Co. v. Mastin, 34 Ohio App. 183,170 N.E. 604.
Cases cited and quoted by respondents where pedestrians were crossing streets diagonally, or between intersections, where the law imposes a much greater duty of care for their own safety, or who leave a safety island and walk across to the curb knowing that traffic would have the right to pass in front of them and where such traffic must have been seen, if any look whatever had been taken, are wholly inapt. Nor is the situation here like that in Silverstein v. Adams, 134 Wash. 430, 235 P. 784,Steinheim v. Nicholas, 171 Wash. 614, 18 P.2d 836, and other similar cases where pedestrians were struck by cars coming from one side or the other, which no one having their faculties could do other than see had they looked.
Appellant obeyed the traffic signals and was where she had a right to be. Modern cars are swift and silent, capable of gliding without warning from the "right rear" upon unsuspecting pedestrians. The burden is upon motorists to use greater care to avoid injury to pedestrians who have complied with the law and secured the lawful right of way. These were questions of fact for the jury under proper instructions, which were not given.
[2] Assignments of error Nos. 3 and 4 relate to the *Page 532 refusal of the trial court to give two requested instructions, as follows:
"If you believe from the evidence that from the safety island or zone across to the opposite curb there was a cross walk marked or unmarked for pedestrians, and that the plaintiff, being in the safety island or zone, and desiring to go across the street to the opposite curb, started in and along such sidewalk, then I charge you that as a matter of law she had the right-of-way and the right to assume that no vehicle would run upon or against her and to proceed accordingly and that she could continue so assuming until she reached the opposite curb."
"A pedestrian at an intersection where traffic is controlled by automatic signals has the right to start across the street upon the crosswalk provided for pedestrians, whether the same be marked or unmarked on the street, with the `Go' or green light and to assume that drivers of vehicles will likewise observe the light and obey the law and will yield to them the right of way until they have reached the opposite curb."
Those instructions are correct under our decisions in Johnsonv. Johnson, 85 Wash. 18, 147 P. 649; Riddel v. Lyon,124 Wash. 146, 213 P. 487, 37 A.L.R. 486; Jurisch v. PugetTransportation Co., 144 Wash. 409, 258 P. 39; and Woods v.Greenblatt, 163 Wash. 433, 1 P.2d 880.
The instructions should have been given, and failure to give them was error.
The judgment is reversed, and the case remanded for a new trial.
MAIN, MILLARD, BLAKE, and GERAGHTY, JJ., concur.