In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
____________________
NO. 09-11-00485-CR
____________________
GLIDDON WILLIAM DAVIS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
_______________________________________________________ ______________
On Appeal from the 359th District Court
Montgomery County, Texas
Trial Cause No. 11-02-02089-CR
________________________________________________________ _____________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Gliddon William Davis appeals his conviction and fifty-five year sentence
for driving while intoxicated. In three issues, he contends: (1) the trial court erred
in denying his motion to suppress evidence seized as a result of a citizens’ arrest;
(2) the trial court erred in admitting penitentiary packets that were altered after
certification; and (3) legally insufficient evidence supports the deadly weapon
finding. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
1
Motion to Suppress
Michael Allen observed Davis’ vehicle weaving and watched “a couple near
miss and hits of other vehicles” nearby. According to Michael, Davis came within
“inches” of striking a vehicle that was turning into an apartment complex.
Michael’s wife, Tracy Allen, was following her husband in another vehicle and
was speaking with him on the phone. She observed oncoming vehicles veer to
avoid Davis’ vehicle and decided to call for law enforcement. After watching
Davis almost strike a stop sign, Tracy pulled her truck in front of Davis and slowed
until he was forced to stop. She took his keys and asked for his drivers’ license.
She smelled alcohol and noticed Davis slurred his speech. When she told him the
police were on their way, he inserted another key in the ignition and “took off.”
Michael followed Davis until Davis ran his vehicle into a ditch. Tracy stated that
she assumed Davis was intoxicated “by the way he was driving[.]” Trooper
William Smith arrived, conducted field sobriety tests, and arrested Davis.
Texas’ statutory exclusionary rule applies to evidence illegally obtained by
an “officer or other person.” See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23(a) (West
2005). Consequently, the exclusionary rule will apply to a seizure conducted in
violation of the state or federal constitutions or law by either a police officer or a
private citizen. Miles v. State, 241 S.W.3d 28, 36 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
2
“Conversely, if an officer may search or seize someone under the particular
circumstances, then the private citizen’s equivalent conduct does not independently
invoke the Texas exclusionary rule, and the evidence obtained by either the officer
or the private person may be admissible.” Id. A seizure may be made by a citizen
with probable cause to believe a person is driving while intoxicated and presents a
threat to the public peace. Id. at 41-42.
Davis argues that the Allens lacked probable cause to conduct a citizens’
arrest. He also argues that if an arrest was authorized, the Allens drove recklessly
and consequently failed to conduct the arrest in a lawful manner.
Davis filed a motion to suppress after the Allens and Trooper Smith testified.
In essence, a pretrial motion to suppress evidence is “nothing more than a
specialized objection” that may but is not required to be raised before trial.
Montalvo v. State, 846 S.W.2d 133, 137 (Tex. App.—Austin 1993, no pet.). To
preserve error in the admission of evidence subject to a motion to suppress,
however, the objection must be made before the evidence is admitted at trial.
Sanders v. State, 387 S.W.3d 680, 686 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, pet. struck).
A defendant must object and obtain a ruling at the earliest opportunity or he waives
error. Thomas v. State, 884 S.W.2d 215, 216-17 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1994, pet.
ref’d). Unless the defendant has filed a motion to suppress and the trial court
3
instructs the defendant to wait to present the motion at a later time, error is not
preserved by a ruling on a motion to suppress presented after the evidence has been
brought before the jury. See Garza v. State, 126 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. Crim. App.
2004). Davis failed to preserve error on the issue presented on appeal. See Tex. R.
App. P. 33.1. We overrule issue one.
Admissibility of Penitentiary Packets
In issue two, Davis contends that the trial court erred in overruling his
objection to the admission of the penitentiary packets used by the State to prove
Davis’ prior convictions.1 The State offered five penitentiary packets as evidence
in punishment. The trial court sustained Davis’ objection. In a hearing outside the
presence of the jury, the State’s latent print examiner explained to the trial court
that when he performed the fingerprint comparison, he initialed the fingerprint
pages for purposes of identification when he testified at trial. On three of the
documents, other marks had evidently been made by another fingerprint examiner
in preparation for trial. Davis objected that the penitentiary packets were not
properly authenticated, that the marks bolstered the fingerprint examiner’s
testimony, and that not having all persons who made marks on the packets testify
1
Davis stipulated to two prior convictions in the guilt phase of the trial.
This issue concerns a series of penitentiary packets admitted into evidence during
the trial’s punishment phase.
4
violated his right of confrontation. The trial court overruled Davis’ renewed
objections. The penitentiary packets that had been marked only by the fingerprint
examiner who was present for trial were published to the jury, and redacted
penitentiary packets were published to the jury for those that had been marked by a
person who did not appear and testify at trial. Neither the State nor the defense
questioned the testifying fingerprint examiner about the marks he made on the
documents.
The trial court found the packets were certified. See Tex. R. Evid. 902(4).
Certified penitentiary packets are self-authenticated. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
art. 42.09, § 8(b) (West Supp. 2012). Authentication may also be established by
evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what the
proponent claims. Tex. R. Evid. 901(a). In Holmes v. State, the defendant
objected that the penitentiary packet was no longer self-authenticating after the
prosecutor used correction fluid and a pen to change the case number on the
certification page. 681 S.W.2d 812, 813 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1984,
no pet.). Noting “there is authority for admitting into evidence only part of a
writing[,]” the appellate court held the trial court did not err in admitting the
altered penitentiary packets. Id.
5
There is no dispute here that the penitentiary packets were properly certified
at the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Davis argues that the penitentiary
packets were not properly authenticated because they were altered after they were
certified. The authority he cites, Bobo v. State, concerns a prosecutor’s alteration
of a penitentiary packet by the addition of a fingerprint certification document.
805 S.W.2d 493, 497 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991), rev’d on other
grounds, 843 S.W.2d 572 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). The State conceded error and
the case was remanded for a new punishment hearing. Id. at 497. Here, the
fingerprint examiner initialed the fingerprint page so that when he testified at trial
he could identify the page as one on which he had performed a comparison. The
fingerprints in the packets were unaltered and none of the information in the
packets was changed. Under these circumstances, the trial court could conclude
that the presence of the fingerprint examiner’s initials on the documents went to
the weight of the document and not to its admissibility. See generally Robinson v.
State, 739 S.W.2d 795, 801-02 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (noting a complaint
directed to the accuracy of a judgment in a properly certified pen packet affects the
weight of the evidence only and not its admissibility).
Davis also argues that admission of the penitentiary packets violated his
right of confrontation. See Bullcoming v. New Mexico, __ U.S. __, 131 S. Ct.
6
2705, 2710, 180 L. Ed. 2d 610 (2011) (holding defendant had a right to confront
the analyst who certified a blood-alcohol analysis report and report was testimonial
within the meaning of the Confrontation Clause). “[W]hen the declarant appears
for cross-examination at trial, the Confrontation Clause places no constraints at all
on the use of his prior testimonial statements.” Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S.
36, 59 n.9, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004). No Confrontation Clause
violation arose from the markings that were made by the fingerprint examiner who
testified during the trial. See id. Davis complains that other marks were made by
unknown individuals, but those marks were redacted from the exhibits before they
were published to the jury. Davis has not identified any testimonial statement of a
person who did not appear for cross-examination at trial on an exhibit that was
published to the jury.2 See id. We overrule issue two.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
In issue three, Davis challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support
the jury’s deadly weapon finding. We must determine whether, viewing the
2
The State did not violate Davis’ confrontation rights by failing to produce
the witness for the hearing on the admissibility of the penitentiary packets. See
Graves v. State, 307 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d)
(noting the Confrontation Clause does not apply to preliminary hearings); see also
Ford v. State, 305 S.W.3d 530, 534-36, 541 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (holding trial
court could consider an unsworn police report over the defendant’s Confrontation
Clause objection in a hearing conducted pursuant to article 28.01 of the Texas
Code of Criminal Procedure).
7
evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational trier of fact could
have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Davis used or exhibited his motor
vehicle as a deadly weapon when he was driving while intoxicated. See Sierra v.
State, 280 S.W.3d 250, 255 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). “[F]irst, we evaluate the
manner in which the defendant used the motor vehicle during the felony; and
second, we consider whether, during the felony, the motor vehicle was capable of
causing death or serious bodily injury.” Id. The danger posed to motorists must be
actual. Drichas v. State, 175 S.W.3d 795, 798 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
Michael stated that Davis was weaving, had “a couple near miss and hits of
other vehicles” nearby, and came within “inches” of striking a vehicle that was
turning into an apartment complex. Tracy watched oncoming vehicles veer to
avoid Davis’ vehicle and saw Davis almost strike a stop sign. Davis eventually
drove into a ditch. The manner in which Davis was driving while he was
intoxicated posed a real danger because another motorist had to take evasive action
to avoid a head-on collision and Davis drove off of the roadway. See id. at 799.
The jury could rationally find beyond a reasonable doubt that during the
commission of the felony, the motor vehicle was capable of causing death or
serious bodily injury. See Sierra, 280 S.W.3d at 255-56. We overrule issue three
and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
8
AFFIRMED.
________________________________
CHARLES KREGER
Justice
Submitted on March 19, 2013
Opinion Delivered August 28, 2013
Do Not Publish
Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Horton, JJ.
9
Gliddon William Davis v. State
Combined Opinion