UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Tenth Circuit
Byron White United States Courthouse
1823 Stout Street
Denver, Colorado 80294
(303) 844-3157
Patrick J. Fisher, Jr. Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk Chief Deputy Clerk
June 9, 1997
TO: All recipients of the captioned opinion
RE: 95-2262
February 13, 1997
Please be advised of the following correction to the captioned decision:
Due to formatting problems, the footnote on the June 6, 1997 order granting the
motion to publish moved to the first page of the opinion. The corrected version of page
one of the opinion is attached for your convenience.
Very truly yours,
Patrick Fisher, Clerk
Susie Tidwell
Deputy Clerk
encl.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
LEONARD J. GONZAGOWSKI,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 95-2262
SHEILA E. WIDNALL, Secretary of the
United States Department of the Air Force,
Defendant - Appellee.
ORDER
Filed June 6, 1997
Before BRORBY, RONEY*, and LOGAN, Circuit Judges.
On consideration of the appellee’s motion to publish the decision filed February
13, 1997, the motion is granted.
Entered for the Court
PATRICK FISHER, Clerk of Court
*Honorable Paul H. Roney, Senior Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals
for the Eleventh Circuit, sitting by designation.
F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
PUBLISH FEB 13, 1997
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
______________________________
LEONARD J. GONZAGOWSKI, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
)
v. )
) No. 95-2262
SHEILA E. WIDNALL, Secretary of the )
United States Department of the Air Force, )
)
Defendant-Appellee. )
______________________________
Appel from the United States District Court
for the District of New Mexico
No. CIV 94-0016 MV/LFG
______________________________
E. Justin Pennington and Loretta F. Medina, Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Plaintiff-
Appellant.
John J. Kelly, U. S. Attorney; Marilyn Hutton, Asst. U. S. Attorney for Albuquerque, New
Mexico; and Bernard Doyle, U. S. Air Force, Arlington, Virginia, for Defendant-Appellee.
______________________________
Before BRORBY, LOGAN, and RONEY*, Circuit Judges.
______________________________
RONEY, Senior Circuit Judge.
*
The Honorable Paul H. Roney, Senior Circuit Judge for the Eleventh
Circuit, sitting by designation.
Leonard J. Gonzagowski sued his former employer, the United States Department of
the Air Force, basically claiming that he was issued an unacceptable performance rating and
discharged in violation of both the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 19671 and the
Rehabilitation Act of 19932 in retaliation against him for filing complaints of discrimination.
We affirm the summary judgment entered in favor of the Air Force on all claims. The
Rehabilitation Act claim fails because Gonzagowski has not produced evidence that he was
a qualified individual with a disability within the meaning of the Act. The age discrimination
and retaliation claims fail because Gonzagowski has not produced evidence that his
termination for poor job performance was based in part on discriminatory or retaliatory
motives.
In 1983, at age 48, Gonzagowski began working as a civilian computer specialist at
an Air Force base. During his employment, he primarily worked as a programmer on a
mainframe computer using the COBOL computer language. In 1990, Alex Fajardo, a 52-
year-old fellow computer specialist, was promoted to the position of Gonzagowski’s
supervisor. Gonzagowski began having problems working with Fajardo in 1991. In the
Spring of 1992, Gonzagowski encountered difficulty in completing a project involving the
application of a new system, Dbase IV. In August 1992, Gonzagowski was given a
1
29 U.S.C. §§ 621 et seq.
2
29 U.S.C. §§ 701 et seq.
2
performance appraisal by Fajardo, that rated him “fully successful,” but with appraisal scores
lower than those received by him in prior appraisals.
Following his lowered appraisal scores, Gonzagowski began experiencing anxiety and
stomach pain, which was diagnosed as anxiety disorder. Gonzagowski was absent from work
on sick leave from September 17, 1992, to December 7, 1992. Upon recommendation of his
psychologist, Gonzagowski was reassigned to a different direct supervisor upon his return,
but ultimately learned that Fajardo was still assigning and reviewing his projects. Between
December 7, 1992, and January 26, 1993, Gonzagowski received five Dbase IV
programming assignments and completed only one within the established deadline. In
February 1993, Gonzagowski received a Notice of Performance Deficiencies and an
unacceptable overall performance appraisal from his direct supervisor. Gonzagowski was
discharged on August 6, 1993, for alleged unacceptable performance.
I. REHABILITATION ACT CLAIM
The Rehabilitation Act prohibits discrimination against disabled persons who are
otherwise "qualified individuals" for employment by programs receiving federal financial
assistance. 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). Gonzagowski, a computer programmer, alleged two
disabilities: (1) hearing loss, and (2) an anxiety disorder that arose from conflicts with his
supervisor and poor performance reviews.
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The district court correctly ruled that Gonzagowski’s claim for discrimination based
upon his hearing loss could not survive summary judgment. While it is undisputed that
Gonzagowski suffers from a hearing disability, Gonzagowski has admitted that his hearing
loss did not affect his ability to perform and has not presented any evidence that his negative
performance appraisals or termination were motivated by his hearing disability.
Gonzagowski’s Rehabilitation Act claim based on the alleged disability of anxiety
disorder requires closer examination. Under the Rehabilitation Act, a disability is defined
as one that substantially limits one or more major life activities. 29 U.S.C. § 706(8)(b). The
district court observed that Gonzagowski’s mental impairment seems to be limited to and
arise out of a specific stressful work situation. An impairment of such narrow scope does not
qualify as a disability. See 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(3)(i) ("The inability to perform a single,
particular job does not constitute a substantial limitation in the major life activity of
working"); Weiler v. Household Finance Corp., 101 F.3d 519 (7th Cir. 1996) (exclusion from
position of employment does not constitute a substantial limitation of a major life activity).
Gonzagowski argues the broader proposition, however, that he was unable to perform
various jobs involving a substantial amount of stress and criticism. For the purposes of this
decision, the Court will assume without deciding that the anxiety disorder alleged by
Gonzagowski is a disability under the Rehabilitation Act. To determine the validity of a
disability discrimination claim under this Act, courts now follow the standards provided for
claims under Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101 et
4
seq., and the regulations of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission issued to
implement that Act. See 29 U.S.C. § 793(d); 29 C.F.R. Pt. 1630; Bolton v. Scrivner, 36 F.3d
939, 942 (10th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 115 S.Ct. 1104 (1995).
The inquiry is twofold: first, does the claimant have a disability within the meaning
of the act, and second, is the person “otherwise qualified” for the employment sought. We
hold that the plaintiff here loses on the “otherwise qualified” inquiry. Since claims of anxiety
disorder and related conditions are now occurring frequently under both acts,3 the
determination of the extent to which the Act covers employment generated anxiety disorders
we leave for another day, when the decision will be critical to the outcome of the case.
3
See, e.g., Marino v. United States Postal Service, 25 F.3d 1037 (1st Cir.
1994) (assuming without deciding that Vietnam veteran suffering anxiety neurosis was
handicapped individual under the Rehabilitation Act, but holding not entitled as
reasonable accommodation to protection from stress-producing situations at work);
Taylor v. Principal Financial Group, 93 F.3d 155 (5th Cir.), (affirming summary
judgment against ADA plaintiff whose only evidence was that he had told employer that
he was diagnosed with anxiety and bipolar disorders; incumbent upon ADA plaintiff to
assert not only disability but also any limitation resulting therefrom), cert. denied, 117
S.Ct. 586 (1996); Pesterfield v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 941 F.2d 437 (6th Cir. 1991)
(while plaintiff who becomes extremely anxious and depressed at the slightest hint of
rejection or criticism is handicapped, it would be unreasonable to require employer to
place plaintiff in a virtually stress-free environment); Weiler v. Household Finance Corp.,
101 F.3d 519 (7th Cir. 1996) (major life activity of working is not substantially limited
for purposes of defining disability under the ADA if plaintiff merely cannot work under
certain supervisor because of anxiety and stress related to supervisor’s review of
plaintiff’s job performance).
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A. "OTHERWISE QUALIFIED" INQUIRY
To determine if a person with a disability is “otherwise qualified” for employment,
we look to whether or not a reasonable accommodation would enable the person to perform
the job. There are two components to the reasonable accommodation analysis. First,
whether a reasonable accommodation would enable the employee to do the particular job.
Additional training might be a reasonable accommodation for this purpose. Second, whether
the employee could be transferred to other work which could be done with or without
accommodation. See White v. York Int'l Corp., 45 F.3d 357, 360 (10th Cir. 1995).
1. Existing job accommodation and training
The district court correctly concluded that Gonzagowski could not perform his
existing job and the accommodation he sought for that job was unreasonable.
Gonzagowski’s anxiety apparently arose from his relationship with his supervisor,
Fajardo, and his inability to perform under changing conditions. It is undisputed that
Gonzagowski had ceased to adequately perform the essential functions of his computer
specialist job once the programming language changed. His psychologist recommended a
work environment with less stress and criticism. While specific stressors in a work
environment may in some cases be legitimate targets of accommodation, it is unreasonable
to require an employer to create a work environment free of stress and criticism. See
Pesterfield v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 941 F.2d 437, 442 (6th Cir. 1991).
6
As to additional training, Gonzagowski initially received the same Dbase training as
other programmers and eventually received some additional training and assistance. He does
not establish how more extensive Dbase training would have accommodated his anxiety. The
Rehabilitation Act does not grant relief to one who is incapable of doing a job even with
additional training.
2. Transfer as accommodation
Prior to 1992, under the Rehabilitation Act, employers were “not required to find
another job for an employee who [was] not qualified for the job he or she [was] doing.”
School Board of Nassau County v. Arline, 480 U.S. 273, 289 n.19 (1987). When Congress
extended the protections disabled federal employees had enjoyed under the Rehabilitation
Act to non-federal employees with the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), it added
reassignment as an express option to non-federal employees in ADA cases. See 42 U.S.C.
§ 12111(9)(B) (reasonable accommodation may include reassignment to a vacant position).
In 1992, Congress amended the Rehabilitation Act to conform to those additional ADA
standards. Ultimately, the Code of Federal Regulations was amended effective October 31,
1992, to explicitly provide that a federal employer must attempt reassignment when a
handicapped employee cannot be reasonably accommodated to perform the essential
functions his existing job:
When a nonprobationary employee becomes unable to perform the essential
functions of his or her position even with reasonable accommodation due to
a handicap, an agency shall offer to reassign the individual to a funded vacant
position located in the same commuting area and serviced by the same
7
appointing authority, and at the same grade or level, the essential functions of
which the individual would be able to perform with reasonable
accommodation if necessary unless the agency can demonstrate that the
reassignment would impose an undue hardship on the operation of its program.
In the absence of a position at the same grade or level, an offer of reassignment
to a vacant position at the highest available grade or level below the
employee's current grade or level shall be required, but availability of such a
vacancy shall not affect the employee's entitlement, if any, to disability
retirement pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 8337 or 5 U.S.C. 8451. . . .
29 C.F.R. § 1614.203(g) (emphasis added).
This section imposes an obligation on the federal employer to offer reassignment,
unless the employer has already posted the position as available:
If the agency has already posted a notice or announcement seeking
applications for a specific vacant position at the time the agency has
determined that the nonprobationary employee is unable to perform the
essential functions of his or her position even with reasonable accommodation,
then the agency does not have an obligation under this section to offer to
reassign the individual to that position, but the agency must consider the
individual on an equal basis with those who applied for the position. . . .
29 C.F.R. § 1614.203(g). If the available position has already been posted, then the employer
must consider the employee for that position without discrimination.
Gonzagowski claims that the Air Force should have reassigned him to a vacant
position as a computer operator. As evidence of the existence of a vacant computer operator
position, Gonzagowski refers to a letter to him from the Air Force, dated three days prior to
his termination, entitled “Settlement Agreement.” This letter offered a temporary
reassignment to a computer operator position in lieu of his impending discharge in exchange
8
for Gonzagowski releasing the Air Force from all pending and future claims arising from the
alleged discrimination.
The Air Force argues the settlement agreement to be inadmissible under Federal Rule
of Evidence 408, which deems offers of settlement in exchange for valuable consideration
inadmissible. Regardless of the 408 issue, however, the letter alone does not establish that
a computer operator position was vacant at the time. Gonzagowski never specifically
requested to be assigned to an open computer operator position, and there is no evidence such
a position was open.
II. ADEA CLAIM
To establish an age discrimination claim, Gonzagowski must first establish a prima
facie case that (1) he was within the protected age group; (2) he was doing satisfactory work;
(3) he was discharged; and (4) his position was filled by a younger person, E.E.O.C. v.
Sperry, 852 F.2d 503, 507 (10th Cir. 1988), or he was treated less favorably than younger
employees, Rea v. Martin Marietta Corp., 29 F.3d 1450, 1454 (10th Cir. 1994).
Gonzagowski satisfied this initial burden of establishing a prima facie case for the purposes
of summary judgment.
The burden then shifted to the defendant to “articulate some legitimate
nondiscriminatory reason” for its employment action. McDonnell Douglas v. Green, 411
9
U.S. 792 (1973). The Air Force has satisfied this burden because it is undisputed that
Gonzagowski was performing poorly at the time of his termination.
This being a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for discharge, the plaintiff had to
offer evidence that age was nonetheless a motivating factor in the termination. See Price
Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989); 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m). Gonzagowski did
not present sufficient evidence of direct age discrimination or that age was the determining
factor in his lowered performance appraisals or termination to create an issue of fact. The
district court correctly entered summary judgment for the Air Force on the ADEA claim.
III. RETALIATION CLAIM
In September 1992, Gonzagowski filed a formal EEOC complaint alleging
discrimination against him based upon his race (Caucasian), age (56), and physical handicap
(hearing loss). On October 15, 1992, Gonzagowski filed his second EEOC complaint
alleging reprisal for his first complaint. Gonzagowski filed his third formal EEOC complaint
in April 1993, alleging reprisal for his prior two complaints.
Gonzagowski’s retaliatory discharge claim is governed by a McDonnell-Douglas
burden-shifting analysis similar to the analysis of his ADEA age discrimination claim. While
he may establish an inference of retaliatory motive because his termination was close in time
to the filing of his E.E.O.C. complaints, see Burrus v. United Tele. Co. of Kansas, 683 F.2d
339, 343 (10th Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1071, he does not rebut the Air Force’s
10
evidence of Gonzagowski’s poor performance as the nondiscriminatory reason for his firing.
Gonzagowski does not present any direct evidence of retaliatory animus or circumstantial
evidence which adequately demonstrates that an improper motive was a substantial
motivation in the employer’s decision. See Kenworthy v. Conoco, Inc., 979 F.2d 1462 (10th
Cir. 1992). The district court correctly entered summary judgment for the Air Force on the
retaliation claim.
AFFIRMED.
11