Plaintiff seeks to recover judgment against Judge John B. Holstead and Morgan & Lindsey, a commercial copartnership, for injuries to her right foot and ankle resulting from a fall sustained by her, caused by the heel of her shoe hanging in an opening in the floor, adjacent to a metal ventilator, of a store building in Ruston, La., owned by said Hol-stead and leased by him to the copartnership. This happened May 5, 1931.
In the original petition the lessee’s ñamé and juridical entity are given as “Morgan & Lindsey Chain Stores,” a corporation of the city of Jasper in the state of Texas, of which B. Morgan, of same residence, is president. It developed from the contents of exceptions thereafter filed that the lessee was a copart-nership and not a corporation, and that its correct trade-name and title is “Morgan & Lindsey,” composed of B. Morgan and B. G. Lindsey, of Jasper, Tex., and C. A. Morgan of Monroe, La. The original petition and citation thereunder were served on Holstead, April 5, 1932, and on R. O. Stinson, Ruston manager of Morgan & Lindsey, on same day. The citation served on lessee was directed to Morgan & Lindsey Chain Store. On motion of defendant this service and citation were set aside by the court. After this was done, plaintiff filed a supplemental and amended
All exceptions and pleas filed have been abandoned except the plea of prescription.
Petitioner alleges that she frequently shopped in defendant’s place of business in Ruston, and when injured she was therein for the purpose of making a purchase, and, while being waited on by one of the clerks, the heel of the shoe on her right foot “got caught and fastened in a defective place in the floor, * * 81 at or near a- ventilator in said floor, causing her to fall,” inflicting certain, painful and permanent injuries for which defendants, as lessor and lessee of said building, are liable to her. She further alleges that the hole and defect in said floor, •caused by a floor board not reaching the ventilator, and the ventilator itself being below the floor level, is a defect not clearly visible to customers entering and moving along the aisle from the front, but was known to, or should have been known to, said owner and his lessee, and should have been repaired by them; that thereby said defendants failed .in their legal duty to keep said building in a safe condition for those coming therein as customers; and that it was gross negligence on their part to allow said defective condition of the floor to remain as it was at the time she was injured. She avers freedom from fault on her part. The elements of damages sued for are enumerated as follows:
Eor professional services of Dr. J.
J. Bennett. $ 85.00
To Ruston-Lincoln Sanitarium for
X-ray . 10.00
■For pain and suffering from the injuries and bruises to her foot,
ankle, and body. 3,000.00
For deformity of her foot and the injury to her appearance in trying to move about. 2,500.00
For inability to perform her usual duties . 1,000.00
Defendant Holstead admits ownership of the building occupied by Morgan & Lindsey and lease thereof by him to them. In all other respects he denies the allegations of the petition.
Morgan & Lindsey admits lease and occupancy of the Holstead building to conduct a general mercantile business therein, and that same was open to its customers and to the public generally. All other allegations of the petition are denied. Neither defendant charges plaintiff with negligence.
The lower court awarded plaintiff judgment for $600, and she prosecutes this appeal, complaining of the inadequacy of the amount of the judgment. Both defendants answered the appeal, praying that the judgment in favor of plaintiff be reversed. Morgan & Lindsey also filed a plea of prescription in this court identical in salient parts as the one filed in the lower court.
Plea of Prescription.
Defendants are sued as joint tort-feasors. If they sustain this relationship to each other, their liability to plaintiff, if any, as a result of their offense, is in solido. No citation of authority in support of this principle is necessary. Two of the most recent cases so holding are: Gardiner v. Erskine et al., 170 La. 212, 127 So. 604; Jones v. Maestri, Com’r, 170 La. 290, 127 So. 631.
It has been frequently held that a suit by a guest or customer of the tenant against the landlord or tenant for damages caused by a defect in the leased building is one ex delic-to, and is therefore barred by the prescription of one year. Civ. Code, art. 2315. However, “a citation served upon one debtor in solido, or his acknowledgment of the debt, interrupts the prescription with regard to all the others and even their heirs.” Civ. Code, art. 3552.
It is urged by Morgan & Lindsey that the service made under the original petition, which was quashed by the court, was so illegal, null, and void,' that no effect whatever followed same; that the current of prescription against it was not even interrupted thereby, and that as a valid service was only made on it on May 28, 1932, over one year after the alleged injury, that prescription barring the suit had attached.
We find it unnecessary to pass on this question. It is our opinion that the timely service made on Judge Holstead interrupted the running of prescription against Morgan & Lindsey. We think there was perfect solidarity of obligation between these defendants, and, if this is true, there can be no doubt of the correctness of our conclusion.
Counsel for Morgan & Lindsey contend, and correctly so, that, if the solidarity of, obligation between it and Holstead is imperfect, the service on the latter did not inter
In the first of the cited cases it was held by the court that an acknowledgment of the debt by the maker of a note does not interrupt prescription as to the indorser. The court said: “They are not debtors in solido in the meaning of arts. 2092, 3517 of the Civil Code, which declare that a suit brought against one of the debtors in solido, or his acknowledgment of the debt, interrupts prescription as to the rest. Per Curi-am: The maker and endorser do not bind themselves at the same time, or by the same contract, but by different and successive contracts, without any privity or reciprocity.”
In the second of these cited cases, it was held that suit against the acceptors of a bill 1 of exchange does not interrupt prescription as to the drawer and maker. This decision expressly affirms the principle enunciated in Jacobs v. Williams, referred to above, and states that that decision overruled the earlier one of Allain v. Longer, 4 La. 152, which held that a suit against an indorser of a note interrupted prescription as to the maker and other indorsers.
In Gay v. Blanchard, supra, the court succinctly gives the reasons for the holdings in the previous cases, although there was solidarity of obligation as between the person cited and those not cited before prescription accrued. The court said:
“Solidarity may be perfect or imperfect. In the former the co-obligors are manda-taries of each other; in the latter they are, not. * * *
“It is perfect, and the obligors are the man-dataries of each other, when by the same act, at the same time, they bind themselves to the performance of the same thing. It is imperfect (and they are not mandataries of each other) when they bind themselves to the same thing by different acts or at different times.”
Basing their argument upon the doctrine of these three cases, counsel for Morgan & Lindsey say that, if both defendants are liable to plaintiff for the injuries complained of, such liability arose, not from the same act, nor at same time, but from different acts and at different times, under different rules of law; that the tenant’s obligation springs from the general law of negligence (article 2315, Civ. Code), while that of the landlord arises from special provisions of the Code.
Article 2077 of the Civil Code and the decisions cited by defendant, commented on supra, have reference to conventional obligations and not to liability consequent to tor-tious acts. This latter liability is founded upon the law of negligence appearing under different titles and chapters of the Code. Article 2322, falling under the chapter dealing with “Offences and Quasi Offences,” reads as follows: “The owner of a building is answerable for the damage occasioned by its ruin, when this is caused by neglect to repair it, or when it is the result of a vice in its original construction.”
To the same effect is article 670, appearing under the chapter “Of Servitudes Imposed by Law,” which reads as follows: “Every one is bound to keep his buildings in repair, so that neither their fall-, nor that of any part of the materials composing them, may injure the neighbors or passengers, un-' der the penalty of all losses and damages, which may result from the neglect of the owner in that respect.”
It is negligence, a breach of legal duty, to be guilty of the acts of commission or omission mentioned in these articles.
It has been held that, in addition to the landlord’s duty to the public as regards maintaining his building in safe condition, there is a correlative duty on the tenant who, tacitly or expressly, invites customers into the leased building to see to it that life and limb are safe.from injury therein from defects caused by decay or otherwise. The customer has the right to assume that both the owner and tenant will discharge the obligation imposed on them by law, and where it appears that they have not done so, and damage results, they are both responsible. The injured person may sue either or both. Williams v. Liberty Stores, 148 La. 450, 87 So. 233; Theodore v. J. G. McCrory Co., 17 La. App. 684, 137 So. 352.
In the latter case plaintiff recovered damages for splinter from the floor of the leased building piercing his foot through hole in sole of the shoe. In the first case plaintiff’s contributory negligence barred recovery.
In the case at bar the negligence of which plaintiff complains has two phases: (1) Existence of the hole in the floor before the building was leased to Morgan & Lindsey, and (2) allowing it to remain without repair after the lease. The negligence of defendant Hol-stead embraced both phases while that of the tenant only embraced the second one. From the moment of occupancy of thé building by the tenant its negligence and that of the owner became joint and concurrent, and thus continued to the time of plaintiff’s injury. It is shown that the tenant knew of the defect in the floor long before the accident happened. Pursuing this line of reasoning still farther, and applying the rule contended for by counsel, we find that from the fact of execution of the contract of lease, and thereafter to the time plaintiff was injured, defendants were legally bound to the performance of the same thing, viz., to see to it -that the leased premises were safe for customers therein. By the same act and at the same time they bound
We think the plea of prescription was properly overruled.