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ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION II
No.CV-15-837
Opinion Delivered: JUNE 1, 2016
SANDRA HADDER APPEAL FROM THE PHILLIPS
APPELLANT COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
[NO. CV-14-144]
V.
HONORABLE RICHARD L.
PROCTOR, JUDGE
HERITAGE HILL MANOR, INC.
APPELLEE AFFIRMED
KENNETH S. HIXSON, Judge
Appellant Sandra Hadder filed a complaint in the Circuit Court of Phillips County,
Arkansas, seeking damages for personal injuries that she allegedly sustained as the result of a
slip and fall in an apartment owned by Heritage Hill Manor, Inc. (“Heritage”). Appellant
appeals the entry of summary judgment and the dismissal of her lawsuit against appellee
Heritage. Because there were no material questions of fact remaining and Heritage was
entitled to judgment as a matter of law, we affirm the entry of summary judgment.
I. Facts
Appellant’s allegations arose from the following summary of the facts, gleaned from
the pleadings and affidavits provided by the parties regarding the motion for summary
judgment. Heritage is an apartment complex admittedly geared mostly toward elderly
retired residents. Heritage allowed the residents to have “sitters” stay with them in the
apartments as needed. In February 2014, Ellen Lawrence, an elderly woman who suffered
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from dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, was residing in one of Heritage’s ground-floor two-
bedroom apartments. Lawrence’s apartment number was 108. Lawrence’s son had retained
the services of four women who alternated “sitting” with Mrs. Lawrence.
In the very early morning hours of February 16, 2014, a water heater located in an
upstairs apartment, number 207, leaked water down into Lawrence’s apartment. Mary Jane
Patterson, one of the four sitters retained by Lawrence’s son, was sitting at the time and
staying overnight. Patterson got out of bed and slipped and fell allegedly due to the water
leaking into Lawrence’s apartment. 1 Patterson summoned Allen Herd, another apartment
resident who lived on the second floor. Herd would perform light maintenance when
requested by Heritage in exchange for a discounted monthly apartment rental rate. Herd
shut off the valves to the water heater in the upper apartment and began the cleanup in
Lawrence’s apartment.
Someone contacted one of Lawrence’s sons and advised him of the water damage
and Ms. Patterson’s injuries. The son called appellant, Sandra Hadder, another of the four
sitters, at around 4:00 a.m., told her that Patterson had fallen, and asked appellant to come
to the apartment to take over sitting duty. Patterson was taken to the hospital;
Mrs. Lawrence remained in her apartment. When appellant arrived, she mopped up the
water from Lawrence’s vinyl kitchen floor. Herd used a shop vacuum to remove water
1
Patterson filed her own lawsuit in Phillips County against Heritage based on her
fall inside the apartment. Patterson’s lawsuit was dismissed following the trial court’s grant
of Heritage’s motion for summary judgment. Patterson appeals the entry of summary
judgment, and it too has been submitted to our court for resolution. See Patterson v. Heritage
Hill Manor, Inc., CV-15-835.
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from the living room carpet adjacent to the kitchen. Appellant helped Lawrence’s family
move Lawrence’s belongings to a vacant apartment.
At around 7:00−7:30 a.m., Minnie House, a housekeeper who worked for Heritage,
arrived for her scheduled workday. The apartments were each cleaned once per week.
House observed Herd, Lawrence’s relatives, and appellant moving Lawrence’s belongings
out of her apartment and into the vacant apartment. House mopped the common-area
hallway, set out “Wet Floor” signs, and told everyone to be careful of the wet floor. When
Herd left, the living room carpet remained damp. Herd had placed fans in the apartment to
circulate the air to aid in drying.
At approximately 9:30 a.m., appellant returned to apartment 108 to retrieve her
overnight bag, which she had left in the kitchen. The housekeeper stated that she reminded
appellant to “be careful.” Appellant walked a few feet across the living room carpet onto
the kitchen floor and then slipped and fell, hurting her right arm, right wrist, and right ankle.
Appellant stated that the kitchen floor was dry, but she said that she did not realize that the
carpet was still damp.
Appellant sued Heritage for negligence in its installation and maintenance of the
upstairs water heater; in its failure to adhere to its duty to rope off or keep persons out of
the dangerous wet area; and in its permitting appellant to walk on the wet floor. Appellant
also alleged that Heritage was an assisted living facility with heightened responsibilities under
Arkansas law. Heritage moved for summary judgment contending that it was not an assisted
living facility but rather an apartment complex; that the negligence claim was barred by the
doctrine of caveat lessee, meaning that no duty was owed to appellant as an apartment
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tenant’s guest; that it did not assume any legal duty to appellant; that even assuming that a
legal duty existed, there was no breach; and that there was no duty because this was an open
and obvious danger. Heritage appended the deposition testimony of its apartment manager,
Joanne Franklin, who stated that Heritage is “an apartment complex geared mostly for
elderly, retired. Also some professional people live there. That’s basically it. Private pay
people.” The manager swore that Heritage was “not at all” an assisted living facility but it
was rather just an apartment complex where residents were permitted to have sitters.
Heritage also appended the relevant deposition testimony of Herd, House, and appellant.
At the hearing on the motion for summary judgment, appellee restated the doctrine
of caveat lessee (also known as “tenant beware”) to support the notion that no duty was
owed to the tenant’s guest in this instance. Appellee cited to Arkansas Code Annotated
section 18-16-110 as the legislature’s specific adoption and approval of the caveat lessee
doctrine. Appellee also stated that there was no lease but only a month-to-month rental of
these apartments, meaning that there was no contractual undertaking of a duty here.
Appellant responded that Heritage was in fact an assisted living facility with attendant
statutory and regulatory obligations. Appellant cited to Arkansas Code Annotated section
20-10-1703(1)(A) (Repl. 2014), defining “assisted living facility” as a residential facility that
undertakes to provide assisted living services for a period exceeding twenty-four hours to
more than three adult residents. Appellant cited to section 20-10-1703(3), defining “assisted
living services” as “housing, meals, laundry, socialization, transportation, one (1) or more
personal services, and limited nursing services.” Appellant presented (1) a Facebook page
describing Heritage as a “Retirement & Assisted Living Facility,” (2) a page from
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www.assistedliving.com reciting that Heritage is “an assisted living facility” that provides
activities at “their location,” (3) a general liability insurance declarations page describing the
insured’s business as “Lessor’s Risk for Nursing Homes,” and (4) a printed page from the
Phillips County chamber of commerce member directory in its “Extended Care” section,
stating that Heritage was an “apartment building” that provided one meal a day and weekly
housekeeping. Appellant’s attorney stated to the trial court that discovery was ongoing and
that testimony at trial would reveal the true nature of Heritage’s identity. Appellant added
that Heritage had attempted to clean up the water leak, thereby imposing an assumption of
duty to perform in a nonnegligent manner.
In response, appellee stated that appellant had already deposed all the relevant persons
connected to Heritage, questioning what discovery could remain. Heritage appended to its
response the portion of the Facebook page appellant had omitted, which recited: “This Page
is created based on what people who use Facebook are interested in. It’s not affiliated with
or endorsed by anything associated with Heritage Hill Manor.” Heritage also appended the
disclaimer on www.assistedliving.com that appellant omitted, which stated, “If you
represent Heritage Hill Manor and would like to claim your listing, please contact us.”
Heritage’s attorney argued that there was no evidence of Heritage’s endorsement of the
chamber of commerce publication and noted that the insurance policy contained only a
general business description of unknown origin. 2 Furthermore, Heritage asserted that none
of the materials provided by appellant sufficed as evidence that Heritage fit within the
2
The commercial insurance policy listed the named insured as Cap Care of Arkansas,
Inc., and covered eight separate addresses in six different cities. Heritage was one of those
addresses.
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statutory definition of “assisted living facility,” which requires provision of multiple specific
services to assisted-living residents. Appellee argued that it had shown the unreliable quality
and inadmissibility of appellant’s documents. Appellee pointed instead to the admissible
deposition testimony provided by Heritage’s manager stating that it was an apartment
complex and not an assisted living facility. Appellee again stated that Heritage had not
assumed any duty, and appellee asked that summary judgment be issued.
The trial court entered summary judgment. The trial court found that there existed
no material issue of fact on whether Heritage was an assisted living facility because the only
supportive evidence that it was came from “internet postings of unknown origin” that were
“not reliable,” and further that the manager’s sworn testimony was unequivocal. The trial
court found this case to fall within the general rule of no liability on the landlord of this
apartment complex. The trial court found that there was no evidence of any contractual
undertaking nor was there any assumption of a duty in the repair of the premises. The trial
court concluded by stating that even if there was a duty at law, there was no evidence of a
breach of that duty to appellant.
This appeal followed, and appellant contends that the trial court erred in dismissing
her complaint. Appellant argues that summary judgment was improper for a number of
reasons: (1) there were unresolved factual issues on whether Heritage was an assisted living
facility; (2) Arkansas Code Annotated section 18-16-110 was inapplicable because the
defective hot water heater was located in a different apartment than Lawrence’s and not in
a common area; (3) Heritage owed appellant a duty of ordinary care; (4) Heritage assumed
a duty to repair and maintain the premises; (5) there was evidence that Heritage breached
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the assumed duty; (6) there remained fact questions on whether the wet carpet manifested
an open and obvious danger and whether appellant could have avoided the danger; and
(7) discovery was continuing and incomplete. We disagree with appellant’s arguments and
affirm.
II. Standard of Review
The standard of review in the appeal of a summary judgment is well settled.
Summary judgment is to be granted by a circuit court only when it is clear that there are
no genuine issues of material fact to be litigated and the moving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law. Benton Cnty. v. Overland Dev. Co., 371 Ark. 559, 268 S.W.3d 885
(2007). Once a moving party has established a prima facie entitlement to summary
judgment, the opposing party must meet proof with proof and demonstrate the existence of
a material issue of fact. Id. On appeal, we determine if summary judgment was appropriate
based on whether the evidentiary items presented by the moving party in support of its
motion leave a material fact unanswered. Id. This court views the evidence in the light
most favorable to the party against whom the motion was filed, resolving all doubts and
inferences against the moving party. Id. The resisting party may not, however, rest on the
mere allegation of her pleadings; instead, her response by affidavits or other evidence as
provided by Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 56 must show specifically that there is a
genuinely disputed issue of material fact. Wheeler v. Phillips Dev. Corp., 329 Ark. 354, 947
S.W.2d 380 (1997). Conclusory allegations are insufficient to create a fact issue in a
summary-judgment situation. Sundeen v. Kroger, 355 Ark. 138, 133 S.W.3d 393 (2003).
After reviewing undisputed facts, summary judgment should be denied if, under the
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evidence, reasonable persons might reach different conclusions from those undisputed facts.
Greenlee v. J.B. Hunt Transport Servs., 2009 Ark. 506, 342 S.W.3d 274; Sawada v. Walmart
Stores, Inc., 2015 Ark. App. 549, 473 S.W.3d 60. The object of summary judgment is not
to try the issues but to determine whether there are any issues to be tried. Flentje v. First
Nat’l Bank of Wynne, 340 Ark. 563, 11 S.W.3d 531 (2000).
II. Analysis
A. Duty under Arkansas Law & Alleged Breach
Many of appellant’s arguments can and should be considered together because they
are so intertwined. In order to prevail on a claim of negligence, the plaintiff must prove
that the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff, that the defendant breached that duty, and
that the breach was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s damages. Lloyd v. Pier W. Prop.
Owners Ass’n, 2015 Ark. App. 487, 470 S.W.3d 293. Duty is a concept that arises out of
the recognition that the relationship between individuals may impose on one a legal
obligation for the other. Id. The question of whether a duty is owed is always a question
of law and never one for the jury. Kowalski v. Rose Drugs of Dardanelle, Inc., 2011 Ark. 44,
378 S.W.3d 109. We review questions of law de novo. Gulfco of La. v. Brantley, 2013 Ark.
367, 430 S.W.3d 7.
Arkansas courts have recognized the caveat lessee doctrine for more than a century.
See Propst v. McNeill, 326 Ark. 623, 932 S.W.2d 766 (1996); Haizlip v. Rozenberg, 63 Ark.
430, 39 S.W. 60 (1897). Under Arkansas law, it is irrelevant whether a third-party visitor
to leased property is classified legally as a “licensee” or an “invitee” as long as the third-party
visitor is present with the consent of the tenant. Stalter v. Akers, 303 Ark. 603, 798 S.W.2d
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428 (1990). In Stalter, our supreme court held that “the injured third party must establish a
landlord’s contractual duty to repair a defect in the premises before he may recover for an
injury suffered upon leased property over which the landlord has relinquished possession
and control to a tenant.” Id. at 607.
The Arkansas legislature decidedly approved of the caveat lessee doctrine by enacting
Arkansas Code Annotated section 18-16-110 in the 2005 session by Act 928. In Section 1,
explaining the legislative purpose and intent of this statute, our legislature declared that the
Arkansas Supreme Court had “properly and correctly interpreted and applied the law and
that existing law should not be altered or extended.” Id. at Section 1(c)(1). The legislature
further declared that the purpose and intent of the act was to codify the existing Arkansas
common-law rule. Id. at Section 1(c)(2). The enacted statute states as follows:
No landlord or agent or employee of a landlord shall be liable to a tenant or a tenant’s
licensee or invitee for death, personal injury, or property damage proximately caused
by any defect or disrepair on the premises absent the landlord’s:
(1) Agreement supported by consideration or assumption by conduct of a duty to
undertake an obligation to maintain or repair the leased premises; and
(2) Failure to perform the agreement or assumed duty in a reasonable manner.
In this case, there is no proof whatsoever of an agreement or contractual undertaking of a
legal duty to maintain or repair the leased premises.
The only other means to attach a duty would be if there were an assumption by
conduct of a duty to maintain or repair the leased premises. One who assumes to act, even
though gratuitously, may thereby become subject to the duty of acting carefully, if he acts
at all. Yanmar Co. v. Slater, 2012 Ark. 36, 386 S.W.3d 439. The degree of the undertaking
defines the scope of the duty of care owed to the third party. Lloyd, supra.
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Assuming, arguendo, that we were to agree with appellant that Heritage assumed a
legal duty in this case, we hold that the trial court did not err in entering summary judgment
because there is no evidence of any breach of an allegedly assumed duty and thus no
negligence. Appellant alleged in her complaint that Heritage was negligent in that it “failed
to adequately clean the water up” and “negligently maintained a dangerous and unsafe
condition” when it failed in its duty to keep people out of the dangerous area. Even if these
duties were assumed by Heritage, it met its duty to protect others from the dangerous
condition by providing immediate basic cleanup of this water intrusion upon notification
and did so in a proper and prudent manner.
It is undisputed that the first sitter (Patterson) notified Herd of the leak. Herd
immediately shut off the water valves to the upstairs hot water tank. Herd used a shop
vacuum to remove the water from Lawrence’s carpet and placed fans in the apartment to
aid in the drying process. The housekeeper (House) set out “Wet Floor” signs just outside
the apartment in the hallway, and House verbally reminded appellant to be careful of the
wet floor immediately prior to appellant’s fall. Appellant participated in the water cleanup
by mopping the kitchen floor. Appellant was fully aware of the water leakage that
penetrated the living room carpet. Appellant walked back and forth over the carpet that
morning several times before she fell. There is no other reasonable conclusion to be drawn
but that Heritage did not breach any alleged assumed duty of care to appellant. The
undisputed facts show that Heritage used, at the very least, ordinary care to remove the
water and to prevent harm to appellant. The trial court did not err in entering summary
judgment on this basis.
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B. Heightened Standard for Assisted Living Facilities
Appellant also argues that Heritage is an assisted living facility, not an apartment
complex, and thus it owes duties under statutes and regulations applicable to assisted living
facilities. See Ark. Code Ann. §§ 20-10-1701 et seq. (the Arkansas Assisted Living Act of
2001, Act 1230). Appellant appended documents to her response to the motion for
summary judgment indicating that internet postings and insurance paperwork described
Heritage as an assisted living facility. Appellee replied that Heritage’s manager, housekeeper,
and occasional maintenance man had been deposed and that appellant failed to acquire
admissible evidence to support the assertion that Heritage fit within the definition of an
assisted living facility. Appellee asserted that the materials that appellant did provide were
not admissible evidence for summary-judgment purposes. We hold that the trial court did
not err in finding that appellant failed to meet proof with proof on this issue.
While appellant contends that discovery remained outstanding on Heritage’s
corporate identity, appellant did not ask that the matter be continued so that further
discovery could be had. 3 Any such request would have been a discretionary decision of the
trial court pursuant to Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f). 4 Appellant merely stated
3
While there was evidence that appellant requested a continuance for the purpose of
deposing Gere Carnathan (a relative of Lawrence’s), his testimony had no bearing on the
identity of Heritage. Rather, the deposition was requested so that appellant could ascertain
Gere Carnathan’s observations about the flooding, efforts to clean the water intrusion, the
condition of the apartment before and after the water intrusion, and any warnings that might
have been given to appellant prior to her fall.
4
Rule 56(f), titled “When Affidavits Are Unavailable,” states as follows:
Should it appear from the affidavits of a party opposing the motion that he cannot
for reasons stated present by affidavit facts essential to justify his opposition, the court
may refuse the application for judgment or may order a continuance to permit
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that discovery was ongoing and might lead to further clarification of Heritage’s status. A
request for more time to respond to a motion for summary judgment, including on the basis
that a party desires further discovery, must comply with Rule 56(f), and appellant failed to
comply with this Rule. See Loghry v. Rogers Grp., Inc., 348 Ark. 369, 72 S.W.3d 499 (2002).
Appellant also argued that, as to Heritage’s status as an assisted living facility, there
were internet postings, a page from Phillips County’s chamber of commerce membership
directory, and an insurance declarations page that evidenced an admission on Heritage’s part
that it was, in fact, an assisted living facility. Heritage denied that it had adopted any of the
statements made in the documents presented by appellant, instead arguing that this was
inadmissible and unreliable hearsay.
The trial court rejected appellant’s arguments on the basis that the internet postings
were “of unknown origin” and “not reliable,” whereas Heritage’s sworn testimony on this
issue was “clear and convincing.” We hold that the trial court was correct in ruling as it
did.
When considering a motion for summary judgment, the trial court may consider the
pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, admissions on file, and affidavits. Ark. R.
Civ. P. 56(c). A statement that is based on inadmissible hearsay will not be accepted as the
basis for finding a material issue of fact to deny entry of summary judgment. Compare Mercy
Health Sys. of N.W. Ark., Inc. v. Bicak, 2011 Ark. App. 341, 383 S.W.3d 869. Hearsay is a
statement other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing that
affidavits to be obtained or depositions to be taken or discovery to be had or may
make such other order as is just.
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is offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Ark. R. Evid. 801(c) (2015).
A statement is not hearsay if the statement is offered against a party and is a statement of
which he has manifested his adoption or belief in its truth or a statement by a person
authorized by him to make a statement concerning the subject. Ark. R. Evid. 801(d)(2).
This is commonly called an adoptive or implied admission of a party opponent. See Thomas
v. State, 10 Ark. App. 294, 663 S.W.2d 745 (1984).
The evidence provided by appellant was insufficient to withstand summary judgment
in Heritage’s favor on this issue. As to the www.assistedliving.com internet post, the
wording suggested that it was not authored or approved by Heritage, using the pronoun
“their,” not “our,” and recommending that Heritage contact www.assistedliving.com if it
wished to claim this listing. The local chamber of commerce described Heritage as an
apartment building, and even if it was under the heading “Extended Care,” there was no
evidence that Heritage adopted the listing as accurate. The Facebook page was of unknown
origin, and it contained a disclaimer that it was not associated with Heritage. The insurance
declarations page listed a commercial policy covering multiple properties owned by a
corporate entity other than Heritage; the policy generally described the business as nursing
homes, neither an apartment complex nor an assisted living facility. Heritage specifically
denied in sworn testimony that it was an assisted living facility and affirmatively stated that
it was an apartment complex.
Where hearsay is offered and would not be admissible at trial, the hearsay is not
considered in the summary-judgment analysis. See Holt Bonding Co. v. First Fed. Bank of
Ark., 82 Ark. App. 8, 110 S.W.3d 298 (2003). Stated differently, all evidence submitted in
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the course of summary-judgment proceedings must be under oath. See Davis v. Schneider,
2013 Ark. App. 737, 431 S.W.3d 321. An adverse party may not rest on the mere allegations
or denials of her pleadings, but her response, by affidavits or as otherwise provided in Rule
56, must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Ark. R. Civ.
P. 56(e). There was simply no proper evidence to rebut Heritage’s sworn testimony that
it was an apartment complex and not an assisted living facility. Thus, appellant’s argument
on this point fails.
C. Open and Obvious Danger and Inability to Avoid Danger
Appellant argues that the wet carpet was not an open and obvious danger, and even
if it were, there remained fact questions on whether appellant could avoid this dangerous
condition. We decline to reach this issue because we have affirmed for other reasons.
Furthermore, the trial court did not rely on this basis in entering summary judgment.
In summary, we affirm the entry of summary judgment in Heritage’s favor.
Affirmed.
ABRAMSON and GLOVER, JJ., agree.
Louis A. Etoch and Robert S. Tschiemer, for appellant.
Friday, Eldredge & Clark, LLP, by: James M. Simpson and Tory H. Lewis, for appellee.
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Hadder v. Heritage Hill Manor, Inc.
Court: Court of Appeals of Arkansas
Date filed: 2016-06-01
Citations: 2016 Ark. App. 303, 495 S.W.3d 628
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