IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
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NO . 14-1075
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HALLMARK MARKETING COMPANY, LLC, PETITIONER,
v.
GLENN HEGAR, COMPTROLLER OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS OF THE STATE OF TEXAS,
AND K EN PAXTON , A TTORNEY G ENERAL OF THE STATE OF TEXAS, RESPONDENTS
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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
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Argued December 9, 2015
JUSTICE BROWN delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case arises from a franchise-tax protest suit Hallmark filed against the state comptroller.
The Tax Code provides that “only the net gain” from the sale of investments should be included in
a key component of the statutory franchise-tax formula. The comptroller, however, adopted a rule
requiring businesses to include net gain or a net loss. As a result, Hallmark paid more than $200,000
in taxes than it believes was required, so it sued the comptroller for a refund. The trial court and
court of appeals deferred to the comptroller’s rule. Because we agree with Hallmark that “only the
net gain” necessarily excludes a net loss, we reverse.
I
Texas imposes a franchise tax on businesses based or operating in our state. See TEX . TAX
CODE § 171.001. In its simplest form, franchise-tax liability is calculated by multiplying a business’s
taxable margin by the applicable franchise-tax rate. See id. § 171.002. Taxable margin is determined
by multiplying a business’s total margin by an apportionment factor designed to limit the franchise
tax to revenue attributable to business conducted in Texas. See id. § 171.101. The apportionment-
factor numerator consists of receipts from business conducted in Texas and the denominator consists
of receipts from all business anywhere, including Texas. See id. § 171.106(a).
Under this formula, franchise-tax liability increases as the ratio of Texas receipts to total
receipts increases. If the numerator (Texas receipts) increases but the denominator (all receipts) stays
the same, receipts from Texas business make up a larger share of total receipts and franchise-tax
liability increases. If, on the other hand, the numerator decreases against the same denominator,
receipts from Texas business make up a lesser share of total receipts, and franchise-tax liability
decreases.
In implementing Texas’ statutory franchise-tax liability scheme, the comptroller adopted a
rule providing that “[i]f the combination of net gains and losses results in a net loss, the taxable
entity should net the loss against other receipts, but not below zero.” 34 TEX . ADMIN . CODE
§ 3.591(e)(2). Accordingly, after auditing Hallmark’s 2008 franchise-tax report, the comptroller
concluded Hallmark miscalculated its apportionment factor by failing to include a net loss of more
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than $628 million from the sale of investments. This loss, when included in the apportionment-factor
denominator, would have lowered the denominator, resulting in a higher ratio of Texas receipts to
total receipts and therefore a higher tax bill for Hallmark.
In response, Hallmark argues that the comptroller’s rule conflicts with the very statute it
purports to enforce. Tax Code section 171.105(b) provides that “[i]f a taxable entity sells an
investment or capital asset, the taxable entity’s gross receipts from its entire business for taxable
margin includes only the net gain from the sale.” TEX . TAX CODE § 171.105(b) (emphasis added).
Because Hallmark incurred a net loss, not a net gain, it argues it adhered to the Tax Code by not
including the net loss in its apportionment-factor denominator.
The trial court agreed with the comptroller that Hallmark should have included the net loss,
and accordingly granted the comptroller’s motion for partial summary judgment and denied
Hallmark’s. The court of appeals affirmed, concluding the comptroller’s rule was entitled to
deference because “net gain” in Tax Code section 171.105(b) is ambiguous. No. 13-14-00093-CV,
2014 WL 6090574, *4–5 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Nov. 13, 2014) (mem. op). It supposed that
“‘net gain’ may refer to the particular gain or loss that results from each individual sale when
proceeds are offset by costs” or “may instead refer to the taxpayer’s cumulative gain or loss on its
various investment and capital asset sales made throughout the year.” Id. at *4.
We conclude that even if “net gain” is ambiguous as the court of appeals suggests, the
ambiguity is irrelevant to this case. Here, neither party disputes that Hallmark suffered only a net
loss. The statute requires inclusion of “only the net gain,” and under no reading can “net gain”
include a net loss. Accordingly, we cannot defer to the comptroller’s rule requiring inclusion of a net
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loss in Hallmark’s apportionment-factor denominator because it conflicts with the plain language
of Tax Code section 171.105(b).
II
The comptroller is charged with administering the franchise tax and has broad discretion to
adopt rules for its collection as long as those rules do not conflict with state or federal law. See TEX .
GOV ’T CODE § 403.011 (enumerating general powers of comptroller’s office); TEX . TAX CODE
§ 111.002(a) (granting comptroller rulemaking power). “If there is vagueness, ambiguity, or room
for policy determinations” in the language of a statute, “we normally defer to [an] agency’s
interpretation unless it is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the language of the statute.” TGS-
NOPEC Geophysical Co. v. Combs, 340 S.W.3d 432, 438 (Tex. 2011).
Section 171.105(b)’s interpretation is a matter of statutory construction that we review de
novo. See Greater Houston P’ship v. Paxton, 468 S.W.3d 51, 58 (Tex. 2015). Our goal in
interpreting any statute is to ascertain and give effect to the legislature’s intent as expressed by the
language of the statute. See City of Lorena v. BMTP Holdings, L.P., 409 S.W.3d 634, 641 (Tex.
2013). We presume the legislature chose a statute’s language with care, including each word chosen
for a purpose while purposely omitting words not chosen. See In re M.N., 262 S.W.3d 799, 802 (Tex.
2008). If a statute is unambiguous, we adopt the interpretation supported by its plain language unless
such an interpretation would lead to absurd results. See Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs.
v. Mega Child Care, Inc., 145 S.W.3d 170, 177 (Tex 2004).
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III
A
The parties agree on a great deal in this case. They agree Hallmark incurred a net loss, not
a net gain, on its sale of investments. They further agree on the amount of that net loss—exactly
$628,243,514. They even generally agree on the issue that befuddled the court of appeals: how to
calculate “net gain.” Specifically, they agree that the Austin court of appeals answered that question
over 40 years ago in Calvert v. Electro-Science Inv’rs, Inc., 509 S.W.2d 700 (Tex. Civ.
App.—Austin 1974, no writ).
The Electro-Science court encountered the same dilemma as the court of appeals in this case
when interpreting the predecessor statute to current Tax Code section 171.105(b). See id. at 701
(interpreting TEX . REV . CIV . STAT . art. 12.02(1)(d)) (“Provided, however, that, as to the sale of
investments and capital assets, the term ‘total gross receipts of the corporation from its entire
business’ shall include only the Net gain from such sales.”). The taxpayer argued that in calculating
net gain, “there are assumed to be a series of sales or transactions whereby either a gain or a loss can
occur, so that by evaluating or comparing the results of such sales or transactions, a ‘net gain’ can
be determined.” Id. The court agreed, concluding that “net gain requires that gains and losses be
offset against one another in order that a net figure be obtained.” Id. at 702.
No one evidently has ever said otherwise. Indeed, soon after Electro-Science was issued, the
comptroller adopted a conforming approach of offsetting cumulative gains and losses to determine
net gain. See Tex. Comp. of Pub. Accts., Rule 026.02.12.013(2)(k) (1975) (“Net gains and losses
rather than gross sales price from the sales of investments and capital assets shall be added together
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to determine the total receipts from such transactions.”). That understanding is built into the current
rule in dispute in this case, which provides that “net gains and losses from sales of investments and
capital assets must be added to determine the total gross receipts from such transactions.” 34 TEX .
ADMIN . CODE § 3.591.
Acknowledging that Electro-Science governs how net gain is calculated, the comptroller
insists he faithfully enforces that precedent by requiring inclusion of a net loss in the apportionment-
factor denominator because Electro-Science calls for offsetting losses against gains when calculating
net gain. But Electro-Science simply does not go as far as the comptroller would like. True, losses
are always taken into account when net gain is calculated. But that does not answer the question in
this case. At issue here is what happens when those losses overtake the gains and produce a net loss
rather than a net gain. Electro-Science clarified how to calculate net gain, but it did not speak to the
statutory treatment of a net loss.
We, of course, are not bound by Electro-Science or the comptroller rules that have followed
its lead. But it appears this approach has proved serviceable for more than 40 years, and we are
therefore loath to disturb it. But more importantly, we do not need to relitigate the question in order
to determine Hallmark did not have a net gain under any calculation. Everyone agrees Hallmark
incurred a net loss. Even if arguments can be made that various calculations might result in a
different net-gain figure, the parties here agree on the calculation to be used and agree it results in
a net loss. If there is any ambiguity to be found in “net gain,” it is a red herring in the resolution of
this case.
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B
Likely because statutory ambiguity is the quickest path to administrative deference, the
comptroller argues the court of appeals correctly found “net gain” ambiguous even as he
acknowledges Electro-Science answers the question. But the ambiguity the comptroller suggests is
not the one found by the court of appeals, which questioned whether “net gain” should be calculated
on a per-transaction or cumulative basis. The comptroller instead asks if net gain “always assume[s]
a gain even after the cost(s) have been offset or does the term mean gain or loss after the cost(s) have
been considered?” In other words, can net gain sometimes mean net loss if losses outstrip gains?
This is another issue altogether, and the answer is obvious and easy: No. However net gain is
calculated, a statutory net gain cannot simultaneously be a net loss. See, e.g., BLACK’S LAW
DICTIONARY 1088 (10th ed. 2014) (defining “net loss” as “[t]he excess of all expenses and losses
over all revenues and gains). Accountants might dispute how to properly offset losses against gains
and whether the correct calculation should result in a positive or negative figure, but none can
dispute that if that end result is a positive number, it’s a net gain, and if it’s a negative number, it’s
a net loss.
Again, this case does not concern whether Hallmark’s calculation should have resulted in a
positive or negative number. Cf. Bullock v. King Res. Co., 555 S.W.2d 789, 791 (Tex. Civ.
App.—Waco 1977, no writ) (comptroller unsuccessfully argued taxpayer’s accounting, which
showed a net loss, should have resulted in a net gain). The parties agree Hallmark incurred a net loss;
the comptroller just suggests that “net gain” can be read expansively enough to include a net loss.
Simply put, the comptroller’s reading would rewrite the statute to say Hallmark should include “only
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the net gain or net loss.” Not only would this add to the statute’s plain language, it would effectively
write the word “only” out of the statute. “Only” is defined as “alone in a class or category.”
MERRIAM -WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 867 (11th ed. 2012). Here, it plainly serves to limit
consideration of any figure that is not a net gain. But if net losses are also fair game, what else is
there to exclude?
Moreover, it appears that following Electro-Science the comptroller conceded a net loss
would not be included under the substantively identical predecessor statute to section 171.105(b).
In the same rule the comptroller adopted codifying the Electro-Science court’s approach to
calculating net gain, it further decreed that as to the apportionment-factor denominator, “[i]f there
is a net loss, the corporation must report zero receipts from these transactions.” See Tex. Comp. of
Pub. Accts., Rule 026.02.12.013(2)(k) (1975). This interpretation appears to have stood until 2009,
though the comptroller acknowledges current section 171.105(b) is “substantively the same statute”
as the predecessor considered in Electro-Science. Compare 34 TEX . ADMIN . CODE § 3.549(e)(3)(A)
(2006) (“If the combination of net gains and losses results in a net loss, the corporation must report
zero gross receipts from such transactions.”) with id. § 3.591(e)(2) (2009) (“If the combination of
net gains and losses results in a net loss, the taxable entity should net the loss against other receipts,
but not below zero.”). Considering the history of our franchise-tax scheme and the comptroller’s
interpretation of it, his position in this case can be fairly considered novel.
C
Perhaps anticipating that arguing “only the net gain” should include “net loss” might prove
unavailing, the comptroller directs us to statutes other than section 171.105(b) to support his
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position. One provides: “In apportioning margin, receipts excluded from total revenue by a taxable
entity under Section 171.1011 may not be included in . . . the receipts of the taxable entity from its
entire business done as determined under Section 171.105.” TEX . TAX CODE § 171.1055(a). The
comptroller contends that because Hallmark accounted for its $628 million loss as “an amount
reportable as income” for its 2008 federal taxes, section 171.1055(a) prohibits Hallmark from not
also accounting for the net loss when calculating its apportionment-factor denominator under section
171.105(b). This argument is predicated on Hallmark’s reporting of its “amount reportable as income
[on] Internal Revenue Service Form 1120” under Tax Code section 171.1011(c)(1)(A)(ii). In the
same vein, the comptroller urges that section 171.1121(b) requires a business to “use the same
accounting methods to apportion margin as used in computing margin.”
Section 171.105(b) addresses a specific issue—what to do with the proceeds from the sale
of an investment when calculating the apportionment-factor denominator—and lays out a clear rule:
include “only the net gain from the sale.” If we perceived a conflict among these provisions we
would be forced to conclude the more specific section 171.105(b) controls over the more general
provisions relied on by the comptroller. See Tex. Lottery Comm’n v. First State Bank of DeQueen,
325 S.W.3d 628, 639 (Tex. 2010) (“[W]e construe statutes by first looking to the statutory language
for the Legislature’s intent, and only if we cannot discern legislative intent in the language of the
statute itself do we resort to canons of construction or other aids such as which statute is more
specific.”). But we need not go that far because neither provision contradicts section 171.105(b)’s
directive to include only a net gain.
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Because Hallmark included its net loss under section 171.1011, the comptroller argues, it
must do the same for section 171.105. But that is not what section 171.1055(a) requires. It provides
that receipts “excluded from total revenue” under section 171.1011 “may not be included” in section
171.105. And Hallmark did just the opposite—it included its net loss under section 171.1011 and
excluded it from section 171.105. In doing so, Hallmark honored the reporting requirement in section
171.1011(c)(1)(A)(ii) and the plain language in section 171.105(b) by excluding its net loss when
calculating its apportionment-factor denominator.
Nor is section 171.1121(b) helpful. The comptroller urges that it requires businesses to use
“the same accounting methods to apportion margin as used in computing margin,” but he fails to cite
the immediately preceding qualifier: “[e]xcept as otherwise provided by [chapter 171].” To the
extent the failure to include a net loss when calculating the apportionment-factor denominator is a
departure from one or more “accounting methods,” it is a departure blessed by the Tax Code.
D
Having concluded the court of appeals’ perceived ambiguity has no bearing on this case and
that section 171.105(a) means just what it says—“only the net gain from the sale” of investments
should be included in the apportionment-factor denominator—we turn to the comptroller’s rule to
the contrary. We generally defer to an agency’s “reasonable interpretation of a statute, but a
precondition to agency deference is ambiguity; ‘an agency’s opinion cannot change plain language.’”
Combs v. Health Care Servs. Corp., 401 S.W.3d 623, 630 (Tex. 2013) (quoting Fiess v. State Farm
Lloyds, 202 S.W.3d 744, 747 (Tex. 2006)). The comptroller’s rule provides that “[i]f the
combination of net gains and losses results in a net loss, the taxable entity should net the loss against
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other receipts, but not below zero.” 34 TEX . ADMIN . CODE § 3.591. It is not entitled to our deference
because it directly conflicts with Tax Code section 171.105(b), which provides that “only the net
gain from the sale” of investments should be included in the apportionment-factor denominator.
***
We hold that Tax Code section 171.105(b) does not require Hallmark to include a net loss
from the sale of investments and capital assets in its apportionment-factor denominator. Accordingly,
we reverse the court of appeals’ judgment and remand the case to the trial court for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
__________________________
Jeffrey V. Brown
Justice
OPINION DELIVERED: April 15, 2016
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