Tbe principal exception relied on, and one earnestly urged by tbe learned counsel for tbe defendant, is to tbe refusal to enter judgment of nonsuit, wbicb rests upon tbe following grounds:
(1) Tbat there is no evidence tbat tbe failure to ring tbe bell or blow tbe whistle, or to have a man on tbe tender of tbe backing train, was-tbe proximate cause of tbe death of tbe intestate of tbe plaintiff.
(2) Tbat there is no evidence tbat injury to tbe intestate could be reasonably foreseen or anticipated.
*492(3) That upon the uneontradicted evidence the intestate assumed the risk of his injury and death.
(4) 'That if there is any liability of the defendant, it is upon the ■doctrine of the “last clear chance,” which is not applied in the Federal courts, and as this action has been tried under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act the rule of the Federal courts must be aj)plied.
In support of the first two positions, the defendant relies on the definition of proximate cause, in Ramsbottom v. R. R., 138 N. C., 41, approved in Bowers v. R. R., 144 N. C., 686, and in Chancey v. R. R., 174 N. C., 333, as “A cause that produces the result in continuous sequence, and without which it would not have occurred, and one from which any man of ordinary prudence could have foreseen that such a result was probable under all the facts as they existed,” to which we adhere, with the modification contained in Drum v. Miller, 135 N. C., 204, and many other cases, that it is not required that the particular injury should be foreseen, and is sufficient if it could be reasonably anticipated that injury or harm might follow the wrongful act.
The language used is (135 N. C., 214) : “When, therefore, a willful wrong is committed or a negligent act which produces injury, the wrongdoer is liable, provided, in the latter case, he could have foreseen that harm might follow as a natural and probable result of his act, for if he can presume that harm might naturally and probably follow he must necessarily intend that it should follow or he must have acted without caring whether it would or not, which,' in effect, is the same thing. It may be stated as a general rule that when one does an illegal or mischievous act which is likely to prove injurious to another, or when he does a legal act in such a careless or improper manner that he should foresee, in the light of attending circumstances, that injury to a third person may naturally and probably ensue, he is answerable in some form of action for all of the consequences which may directly and naturally result from his conduct. ... In the case of conduct merely negli■gent, the question of negligence itself will depend upon the further question whether injurious results should be expected to flow from the particular act. The act, in other words, becomes negligent, in a legal sense, by reason of the ability of a prudent man, in the exercise of ordinary care, to foresee that harmful results will follow its commission. The doctrine is thus expressed, and many authorities cited to support it, in 21 A. and E. Ency. Law (2d Ed.), p. 487: ‘In order, however, that a party may be liable for negligence, it is not necessary that he should have contemplated, or even been able to anticipate, the particular consequences which ensued, or the precise injuries sustained by the plaintiff. It is sufficient if, by the exercise of reasonable care, the defendant might have foreseen that some injury would result from his act or *493omission, or that consequences of a generally injurious nature might’ have been expected.’ ”
Backing a train without a lookout on the rear and without notice of its approach along a track.which employees and others are accustomed to pass over is negligence (Lassiter v. R. R., 133 N. C., 244; Hammatt v. R. R., 157 N. C., 322; Ray v. R. R., 141 N. C., 84; Shepherd v. R. R., 163 N. C., 518) ; and under the evidence in this case it was for the jury to say whether this negligence was the real cause of the death of the-intestate, and whether harm or injury to some one might be anticipated as the result of the wrongful and negligent act.
• The jury were fully justified in finding that a lookout in an elevated' position on the tender could have seen, the intestate in time to warn him and prevent his stepping on the track, or that the ringing of the bell or-sounding the whistle would have given notice of the approach of the train in time to avoid the injury, and that some injury might have been anticipated from backing a train, without protection, along a track much used, between two passenger trains on parallel tracks, through a cloud of steam.
The second and third grounds for the motion for judgment of non-suit may be dealt with together, for while they rest on different legal principles, in the present case, they are dependent on the same facts and conditions.
The doctrine of the “last clear chance” presupposes the previous negligence of the plaintiff, and liability is imposed upon the idea that, notwithstanding this negligence, the defendant has the last opportunity of avoiding the injury, and an employee, under the Federal decisions,, is held to assume the risk of those defects and dangers so obvious that a person of ordinary prudence would have observed and appreciated them. Erie R. R. v. Purucker, 244 U. S., 320.
These principles have no application here, and certainly they cannot be held to be determinative as matter of law, because the evidence and the findings of the jury show the concurrent negligence of the intestate and the defendant, and not the previous negligence of the plaintiff, and the last opportunity with the defendant to avoid injury; and the dangers, instead of being obvious, were unknown to the intestate, and he had no reason to anticipate them, caused, as they were, by the negligence of the defendant.
The case of R. R. v. Koennecke, 239 U. S., 252, is very much in point, and it also distinguishes Aerkfetz v. Humphreys, 145 U. S., 418, on which the defendant relies. In that case it appeared that plaintiff’s intestate, while acting as a switchman in the defendant’s yard, was run over and killed by a train which was backing without a trainman on the rear to keep a lookout and without giving signals of its approach, and the Court-*494said: “We see equally little ground for the contention that there was no evidence of negligence. It at least might have been found that Koen-necke was killed by a train that had just come in and was backing into the yard; that the movement was not a yard movement; that it was on the main track, and that there was no lookout on the end of the train and warning of its approach. In short, the jury might have found that the case was not that of an injury done by a switching engine known to be engaged upon its ordinary business in a yard, like Aerkfetz v. Humphreys, 145 U. S., 418 (36 L. Ed., 758; 12 Sup. Ct. Rep., 835), but one where the rules of the company and reasonable care required a lookout to be kept. It seems to us that it would have been impossible to take the case from the jury on the ground either that there was no negligence or that the deceased assumed the risk.”
In Erie R. Co. v. Purucker, 244 U. S., 320, Marietta, the injured person, was a section man in the employ of the defendant company. The manner of his injuries is there described in the language of Mr. Justice Day: “Early on the morning of the injury he started from his residence to report to the foreman accordingly. It appears that at and near the place of injury the company had a double track; that the north track is used for trains going west and the south track for trains going east; that the plaintiff, in going to the place designated, went upon the south track, and was walking eastwardly when a passenger train bound east came upon this track, and, to get out of the way of it, he stepped over upon the north or west-bound track; that while walking on that track he was struck and run over by an engine which was running backward and in the opposite direction from that in which the trains ordinarily ran upon the north track. This engine had been detached from a train of cars and, after pushing another train up a grade on the westbound track, was returning to its own train at the time of the injury. Marietta testified that he had no warning and did not see the approaching engine, owing to steam and smoke from the passenger train, which had 'just passed upon the other track. The engineer and fireman of the backing engine testified that they did not see Marietta until after he was run over by the engine, and gave no signal or warning of its approach.”
The Court sustained a recovery for plaintiff under the Employers’ Liability Act, and in holding that there was no error. in refusing a prayer on assumption of risk said: “Under such circumstances, the injured man would not assume the risk'attributable to the negligent operation of the train, if the jury found it to be such, unless the consequent ■danger was so obvious that an ordinarily prudent person in his situation would have observed and appreciated it.”
*495We are therefore of opinion the motion for judgment of nonsuit was properly overruled.
The plaintiff took the deposition of one Horton; and on cross-examination, in answer to a question by the defendant, he said it was not necessary for steam to escape from the cylinder cocks. There was no objection to the answer and no motion to strike it out. The deposition was returned, and it was agreed that it should be opened and passed on by the judge as though written exceptions had been filed before the clerk. At the trial, the defendant moved to strike out the answers of the witness, which was refused, and the defendant excepted.
The motion came too late after the trial commenced and was not properly within the agreement of the parties that the judge should pass upon the deposition as upon exceptions filed before the clerk. A party cannot except to evidence brought out by himself, nor can he, as of right, suppress an unfavorable answer when he expected a favorable one. Again, the answer could have no appreciable effect on the trial, as the escape of the steam was admitted by both parties, and it was relied on to show that the intestate could not see the approaching train, and not as an act of negligence.
There are certain exceptions based on the admission of testimony to the effect that it was customary for deceased to transfer mail from trains on track No. 1 to trains on track No. 3 before the trains on track No. 1 had pulled out, and that the agents of defendant knew of this custom and did not object to it. This evidence was offered in answer to the contention of defendant that plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence in so transferring mail, contrary to orders. This evidence was competent as tending to prove an abrogation of the rule which the defendant claimed the plaintiff had violated, and also for the purpose of showing that the defendant might reasonably expect employees to be on the track on which it was backing its train.
The defendant introduced the engineer, Shiver, in charge of the train on the parallel track, who testified, on cross-examination, as follows:
“Q. There was no reason why the man in charge of the other engine could not have seen Jim, was there? He could not have seen him because Jim was at the rear.
“Q. But if they had a man at the rear he could have seen him? Certainly.”
No objection was made at the time question was asked and answered. Some time later in the trial defendant asked that his objection and exception to this question and answer be entered. The plaintiff objected, but the court overruled the objection of plaintiff and allowed the defendant’s objection and exception to be entered.
Also the engineer, Garnett, in charge of the train which killed the deceased, who testified on cross-examination:
*496“If there bad been, a man on tbe rear of the tender I don’t know whether he could have seen him or not.
“Q. You could see beyond the rear of the tender yourself, but you could not see Jim because the tender was in the way? A. Yes, sir. I couldn’t see through the tender, and there was the steam too.
“Q. If there had been a man on the rear of the tender he could have seen Jim then?”
Objection by defendant; overruled; exception. .
“Possibly he could; yes, sir.” •
The objection to the evidence of the witness Shiver might be disposed of upon the ground that exceptions to evidence must be taken at the time, and unless so taken, the objection is waived (Taylor v. Plummer, 105 N. C., 56; Lowe v. Elliott, 107 N. C., 718; Alley v. Howell, 141 N. C., 116) ; and as this is a requirement of the statute, his Honor had no right to suspend its operation; and to the evidence of Garnett, that it was too indefinite to affect the result, he having first said he did not •know whether a man on the tender could have seen the intestate, and then possibly he could, and finally yes, but giving the objection full effect, the evidence is admissible as a short-hand statement of the fact— “the instantaneous conclusions of the mind as to the appearance, condition, or mental or physical state of persons, animals, and things, derived from observation of a variety of facts presented to the senses at one and the same time.” McKelvey Ev., 174.
The defendant also objected to dividing the issue of damages, but his Honor followed the course approved in Horton v. R. R., 175 N. C., 474.
A discussion of the exceptions to the charge and to refusal to give certain special instructions would be.of no practical benefit. We have examined them carefully and have compared the prayers with the charge given, and find no reversible error.
No error.