F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
PUBLISH
APR 4 2000
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
TENTH CIRCUIT
THOMAS R. HUTCHINSON,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 98-5260
MARY JOAN PFEIL; ART
SERVICES INTERNATIONAL,
INC.; WILLIAM H. GERDTS;
DAVID BERNARD DEARINGER;
SOUTH CHINA PRINTING
COMPANY; RICHARD B. PFEIL;
SONA JOHNSTON,
Defendants-Appellees.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA
(D.C. No. 94-CV-711-E)
Submitted on the briefs:
Glenn R. Beustring, Joan Godlove, and Todd Alexander, Tulsa, Oklahoma, for
Plaintiffs-Appellants.
Lewis N. Carter of Doerner, Saunders, Daniel & Anderson, L.L.P., Tulsa,
Oklahoma, for Defendants-Appellees.
Before EBEL , LUCERO , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.
MURPHY , Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff Thomas R. Hutchinson appeals 1
from the dismissal of his suit
under § 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a), for lack of standing. He
also challenges certain procedural rulings issued in the course of the proceedings.
Joining in his notice of appeal are Hope Cobb, whose motion to intervene in
district court was denied, and several individuals whom Mr. Hutchinson proposed
to add as plaintiffs when he unsuccessfully moved to amend his pleadings. For
reasons stated below, we dismiss the appeals of Ms. Cobb and those proposed
plaintiffs, deny their joint motion to intervene in the Hutchinson appeal, and
affirm all of the rulings challenged by Mr. Hutchinson.
1
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted on the briefs without oral argument.
Mr. Hutchinson insists that we should not consider appellees’ answer brief,
because it was filed six days after the deadline set by Fed. R. App. P. 31(a)(1). It
is, however, always within this court’s discretion to permit the late filing of a
brief for good cause. See Fed. R. App. P. 26(b). The exercise of that discretion
is especially appropriate here, as there is no suggestion of prejudice. See
Hammett v. Seastrunk , 365 F.2d 232, 233 n.2 (4th Cir. 1966). Mr. Hutchinson
himself tested the forbearance of this court by filing a deficient opening brief four
days after a twice-extended deadline. This court thus finds good cause to allow
the filing of appellees’ answer brief.
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Cobb’s Appeal from Denial of Intervention
The district court denied Hope Cobb’s motion to intervene on February 27,
1998. She did not attempt to appeal that order until she joined Mr. Hutchinson’s
notice of appeal from the final judgment entered over eight months later.
“An order denying intervention is final and subject to immediate review if
it prevents the applicant from becoming a party to an action.” Coalition of
Ariz./N.M. Counties for Stable Econ. Growth v. Department of the Interior , 100
F.3d 837, 839 (10th Cir. 1996). This is “because denial of intervention precludes
the proposed intervenor’s ability to appeal the later judgment (and at that time to
challenge the earlier denial of intervention).” B.H. ex rel. Pierce v. Murphy , 984
F.2d 196, 199 (7th Cir. 1993). Thus, an appeal from the denial of intervention
“cannot be kept in reserve; it must be taken within thirty days of the entry of the
order, or not at all.” Credit Francais Int’l, S.A. v. Bio-Vita, Ltd. , 78 F.3d 698,
703 (1st Cir. 1996); see Hunter v. Department of the Air Force Agency , 846 F.2d
1314, 1316-17 (11th Cir. 1988) (distinguishing final order denying intervention
from appealable interlocutory orders for which immediate review in lieu of appeal
from final judgment is optional); see, e.g. , B.H. ex rel. Pierce , 984 F.2d at 199;
United States EPA v. City of Green Forest , 921 F.2d 1394, 1401 (8th Cir. 1990);
Marks v. U.S. West Direct , No. 98-1043, 1998 WL 856139, at **1 (10th Cir.
Dec. 11, 1998) (unpublished), cert. denied , 119 S. Ct. 1757 (1999) . Ms. Cobb’s
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appeal is therefore untimely and must be dismissed. See Budinich v. Becton
Dickinson & Co. , 486 U.S. 196, 203 (1988) (“the taking of an appeal within the
prescribed time is mandatory and jurisdictional”).
Proposed Plaintiffs’ Appeal
After the case had been pending in district court for some time,
Mr. Hutchinson filed a motion to amend his pleadings to, among other things, add
several new plaintiffs under Fed. R. Civ. P. 21. The proposed plaintiffs did not
themselves invoke the power of the court by, for example, moving to intervene
under Fed. R. Civ. P. 24. Thus, they are not parties to the action nor have they
affirmatively sought and been denied such status.
“A nonparty does not have standing to appeal in the absence of most
extraordinary circumstances.” Coffey v. Whirlpool Corp. , 591 F.2d 618, 619
(10th Cir. 1979) (insurer lacked standing to appeal where district court denied
insured’s motion to vacate dismissal to permit substitution of insurer as plaintiff).
Such circumstances are clearly not present here. Indeed, two distinct
considerations undercut the proposed plaintiffs’ appellate standing. The first is
their indirect, passive relationship to the proceedings conducted in district court.
To paraphrase an apt, albeit non-precedential, statement of the Second Circuit,
expressly relying on our Coffey decision in a similar case: the plaintiff--not the
proposed plaintiffs--moved to amend his complaint, and he--not they--is the
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proper party to appeal the denial of that motion. See Kahn v. Chase Manhattan
Bank, N.A. , Nos. 97-7213, 97-7233, 1997 WL 734139, at **2 (2d Cir. Nov. 25,
1997) (unpublished). The second consideration relates to the proposed plaintiffs’
lack of a substantive interest in the outcome. Because the action was dismissed
based on Mr. Hutchinson’s lack of standing and thus without any ruling on the
merits, the proposed plaintiffs are in the same position as the non-party denied
appellate standing in Coffey : “no requirement is imposed upon [the proposed
plaintiffs] to do anything” to preserve their claims; the dismissal by the court was
without prejudice to their interests. Coffey , 591 F.2d at 619.
Appellate Intervention
Ms. Cobb and the proposed plaintiffs also moved to intervene on appeal, in
case their joinder in the notice of appeal filed by Mr. Hutchinson was ineffective.
We deny the motion for reasons peculiar to each movant. As for Ms. Cobb, the
motion is, in effect, an attempt to obtain appellate review lost by her failure to
timely appeal the denial of her motion to intervene in district court. Appellate
intervention is not a means to escape the consequences of noncompliance with
traditional rules of appellate jurisdiction and procedure. See, e.g. , United States
v. Dorfman , 690 F.2d 1217, 1223 (7th Cir. 1982) (defendants who prematurely
appealed suppression order “cannot circumvent the rule against . . . interlocutory
appeal” by intervening in third-party appeal); United States v. Ahmad , 499 F.2d
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851, 854 (3d Cir. 1974) (party who failed to file notice of appeal “cannot
circumvent the requirements for taking an appeal in his own right by a later
petition for intervention” in another’s appeal).
The proposed plaintiffs lacked standing to obtain direct appellate review
and, thus, do not seek intervention to excuse a failure to perfect a proper appeal.
Their request, however, is undercut by a different omission. As noted above, they
never moved to intervene in the district court. “‘A court of appeals may, but only
in an exceptional case for imperative reasons, permit intervention where none was
sought in the district court.’” Hall v. Holder , 117 F.3d 1222, 1231 (11th Cir.
1997) (quoting McKenna v. Pan Am. Petroleum Corp. , 303 F.2d 778, 779 (5th
Cir. 1962)); see Bates v. Jones , 127 F.3d 870, 873 (9th Cir. 1997); Amalgamated
Transit Union Int’l v. Donovan , 771 F.2d 1551, 1552 (D.C. Cir. 1985). Nothing
stated in their conclusory motion or inherent in the surrounding circumstances
suggests the requisite justification for the proposed plaintiffs’ intervention on
appeal.
Hutchinson’s Standing to Sue
On summary judgment, the district court held that Mr. Hutchinson could
not satisfy the requirements for standing under the Lanham Act set out by this
court in Stanfield v. Osborne Industries, Inc. , 52 F.3d 867 (10th Cir. 1995). On
de novo review, see Wilson v. Glenwood Intermountain Properties, Inc. , 98 F.3d
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590, 593 (10th Cir. 1996), we reach the same conclusion. Further, we hold that
the standing deficiencies implicate the limitations of Article III of the
Constitution.
Plaintiffs bear the burden of proving standing with the manner
and degree of evidence required at the particular stage of the
litigation. In response to a summary judgment motion, the
nonmovant must present specific facts by affidavit or other evidence,
which will be taken as true for purposes of the motion. Summary
judgment is then proper if there is no genuine issue of material fact
so that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Gilbert v. Shalala , 45 F.3d 1391, 1394 (10th Cir. 1995) (citations omitted); see
Cache Valley Elec. Co. v. State of Utah Dep’t of Transp. , 149 F.3d 1119, 1124
(10th Cir. 1998) (“[a]t summary judgment, it is a plaintiff’s burden to adduce
evidence sufficient to establish necessary jurisdictional facts” and, thus, plaintiff
“may not establish standing by merely hypothesizing”), cert. denied , 119 S. Ct.
1333 (1999).
Mr. Hutchinson is a descendant of nineteenth century American
Impressionist artist Theodore Robinson, who painted a work owned by defendants
Richard and Mary Joan Pfeil, entitled E.M.J. Betty . 2 Mr. Hutchinson contends
that the Pfeils’ painting is actually an unfinished version with a forged signature,
and that he has an ownership interest in a finished “real” E.M.J. Betty , allegedly
2
After entry of judgment, the Pfeils sold the E.M.J. Betty . The sale does not
affect our analysis and, for simplicity, we continue to refer to it as the Pfeils’
painting.
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stolen after the artist died in 1896. The thrust of Mr. Hutchinson’s Lanham Act
claim is that by representing their painting as a finished version of the Robinson
work in an exhibition catalogue, the Pfeils have “use[d] in commerce [a] . . . false
designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or
misleading representation of fact,” in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1). The
other defendants are the corporations which produced and printed the catalogue,
and the art historians whose professional work was used for the E.M.J. Betty
annotation therein.
“There are two distinct bases for liability under section 1125: (1) false
representation in advertising concerning the qualities of goods (false advertising
claims); and (2) false representations concerning the origin or endorsement of
goods (false association or product infringement claims).” Stanfield , 52 F.3d at
873. Each requires an injury sufficient to confer standing, with the type of harm
dependant on the focus of the claim. For a false advertising claim designed to
prevent unfair competition, the plaintiff “must be a competitor of the defendant
and allege a competitive injury;” for a false association claim designed to prevent
product misidentification, the plaintiff must allege a “reasonable interest to be
protected” in the subject goods or services, or in the misused mark causing a
misidentification. Id.
-8-
The district court’s standing analysis rested on “the undisputed fact that
Plaintiffs [3]
. . . do not have the ‘real E.M.J. Betty,’ have never seen the ‘real
E.M.J. Betty’ or a copy of the ‘real E.M.J. Betty’ and do not know who is in
possession of the ‘real E.M.J. Betty.’” Appellant’s Appendix Vol. II (App. II) at
450. In fact, “they do not know that the ‘real E.M.J. Betty’ exists at this time.”
Id. at 451. The court concluded that even if Mr. Hutchinson could establish, in
some abstract sense, an ownership interest in the posited “real” E.M.J. Betty , the
compounded uncertainties inherent in any concrete realization of that interest
rendered the potential for harmful competition from defendants’ rival painting too
speculative to confer standing for a false advertising claim. We agree. In the
commercial language of PDK Lab., Inc. v. Friedlander , 103 F.3d 1105 (2d Cir.
1997), Mr. Hutchinson’s “hopes of eventually obtaining . . . a [competitive]
product are too remote at this stage to confer standing to challenge [the Pfeils’]
advertising.” Id. at 1112 (plaintiff’s proposed rival product, undeveloped and
contingent upon future FDA approval, held insufficient to support Lanham Act
standing). Further, his inability to compete with the Pfeils’ painting is not itself a
function of the alleged misconduct. Cf. Stanfield , 52 F.3d at 873 (plaintiff’s
unrealized plans to compete with defendant held insufficient to confer standing
3
The district court refers here to “plaintiffs,” as this action was initially
prosecuted jointly by Mr. Hutchinson and his wife, who has since died.
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where his entrance into market was “in no way dependent on the availability of
[the] trademark” allegedly misused by defendant).
The same uncertainties which undercut Mr. Hutchinson’s false advertising
claim also undermine his false association claim. 4
With no present prospect of
locating an extant finished work with which the Pfeils’ painting has allegedly
been misidentified, “he has no reasonable interest to be protected under the
Lanham Act,” and “[w]ithout a protectible interest, [he] lacks standing to bring
this [false association] claim under section 1125.” Id. (noting “mere potential of
commercial interest in one’s family name is insufficient to confer standing” for
false association claim). 5
4
Although the broadly framed pleadings potentially encompass both types of
Lanham Act violations, the district court refused to consider the false association
claim because Mr. Hutchinson did not refer to it until late in the proceedings.
Hence, the court did not address the standing issue on that claim. Given the
fundamental nature of the issue, we elect to resolve the entire case on standing
grounds and therefore need not delve into the parties’ dispute over the timeliness
of Mr. Hutchinson’s specific assertion of the false association claim. Cf. Steel
Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t , 523 U.S. 83, 88-102 (1998) (discussing
analytical priority of standing questions).
5
Cases holding that an artist incurs injury when his name or work is misused
are inapposite. Cf., e.g. , King v. Innovation Books , 976 F.2d 824, 829, 831 (2d
Cir. 1992); Wildlife Internationale, Inc. v. Clements , 591 F. Supp. 1542, 1548
(S.D. Ohio 1984). Neither Mr. Hutchinson’s name nor any work of his has been
misused.
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Indeed, the utterly speculative character of Mr. Hutchinson’s interest and
consequent injury not only undercuts statutory standing under the Lanham Act,
but constitutes a fundamental Article III deficiency as well.
The irreducible constitutional minimum of standing contains
three requirements. First and foremost, there must be alleged (and
ultimately proved) an injury in fact--a harm suffered by the plaintiff
that is concrete and actual or imminent, not conjectural or
hypothetical. Second, there must be causation--a fairly traceable
connection between the plaintiff’s injury and the complained-of
conduct. And third, there must be redressability--a likelihood that
the requested relief will redress the alleged injury. This triad of
injury in fact, causation, and redressability constitutes the core of
Article III’s case-or-controversy requirement, and the party invoking
federal jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing its existence.
Steel Co. , 523 U.S. at 102-04 (footnote, citations, and quotations omitted).
Mr. Hutchinson was unable to show that the alleged “real” E.M.J. Betty
exists, let alone that he will likely locate the painting and obtain it from any
current possessor. His claim of injury rests on “conjecture based on speculation
that is bottomed on surmise,” and cannot support federal jurisdiction under
Article III. Utah v. Babbitt , 137 F.3d 1193, 1210 n. 25 (10th Cir. 1998)
(quotation omitted) (future injury, contingent on matters “not presently known,”
too speculative for Article III standing); see United Transp. Union v. ICC , 891
F.2d 908, 912 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (“When considering any chain of allegations for
standing purposes, we may reject as overly speculative . . . predictions of future
events . . . .”); see also Sea Shore Corp. v. Sullivan , 158 F.3d 51, 56 (1st Cir.
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1998) (“Outside the sphere of economic theory, predicting future injury and the
behavior of third parties is usually suspect.”). For essentially the same reasons, a
remedial order curtailing the Pfeils’ use of the E.M.J. Betty name would not at
present--or likely in future--inure to Mr. Hutchinson’s benefit, so his action fails
under the redressibility prong as well. See Wyoming ex rel. Sullivan v. Lujan , 969
F.2d 877, 882 (10th Cir. 1992) (plaintiff lacks standing where possible benefit
from favorable ruling “founders on too many contingencies”).
Finally, Mr. Hutchinson contends the absence of demonstrable injury or
likely threat of harm is not preclusive with respect to injunctive relief, when the
objectionable representations are not just misleading but patently false. In
support of this argument, he relies on two lines of authority, neither of which is
apposite here. First, he cites several cases holding that the literal falsity of the
defendant’s statements obviates the need to present proof regarding likely
deception or confusion of the consumer. This principle, dubbed the “presumption
of deception” by one court, relates to the merits of the case, not the standing of
the plaintiff to seek redress for such statements. See Porous Media Corp. v. Pall
Corp. , 110 F.3d 1329, 1333 (8th Cir. 1997) (noting “presumption of deception”
allows factfinder “to assume actual deception, the second element of the cause of
action”); see also Mylan Lab., Inc. v. Matkari , 7 F.3d 1130, 1138 (4th Cir. 1993)
(holding representation “false on its face” or “likely to mislead” is “essential
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element” of Lanham Act violation); Castrol, Inc. v. Pennzoil Co. , 987 F.2d 939,
943 (3d Cir. 1993) (explaining literal falsity and likely confusion “are two
different theories of recovery” under Lanham Act). Thus, the cases do not invoke
this “presumption of deception” to resolve standing issues, but instead to assess
the merits of Lanham Act claims, usually asserted by manufacturers of competing
products whose obvious standing is not in question.
The second line of authority involves a “presumption of causation and
injury” that allows a factfinder to presume injury caused by representations which
are literally false or demonstrably deceptive. See Porous , 110 F.3d at 1333; see
also McNeil-P.C.C., Inc. v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. , 938 F.2d 1544, 1549 (2d
Cir. 1991); Abbott Lab. v. Mead Johnson & Co. , 971 F.2d 6, 16, 18 (7th Cir.
1992). As these cases reflect, this presumption is likewise invoked primarily to
resolve the merits of Lanham Act claims--to establish injury as an essential
element of the claim, or irreparable harm as a condition for injunctive
relief--when the plaintiff, typically a commercial competitor of the defendant,
clearly has standing. Such cases merely support the proposition that when a
plaintiff with an otherwise sufficient interest to have standing shows that its
interest has been subjected to patently false representations, harm sufficient to
sustain a claim and justify equitable relief may be presumed.
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We recognize that the merits issue to which this second presumption relates
does overlap conceptually with the injury prerequisite for standing, and the
presumption has been discussed, albeit rarely and unfavorably, in that connection.
See Ortho Pharm. Corp. v. Cosprophar, Inc. , 32 F.3d 690, 694-95 (2d Cir. 1994)
(considering but rejecting presumption in affirming dismissal of Lanham Act
claim for lack of standing); see also PDK Lab. , 103 F.3d at 1112 (citing Ortho as
“applying the general rule . . . against making presumptions of injury and
causation to Lanham Act standing question” (quotation omitted)). In any event,
the presumption is properly limited to circumstances in which injury would indeed
likely flow from the defendant’s objectionable statements, i.e., when the
defendant has explicitly compared its product to the plaintiff’s or the plaintiff is
an obvious competitor with respect to the misrepresented product. See Ortho , 32
F.3d at 694; Porous , 110 F.3d at 1335. Clearly neither of these conditions exists
here. Mr. Hutchinson’s standing is deficient precisely because he has no product
in competition with the Pfeils’ painting.
A demonstration that the Pfeils’ representations were patently false would
not avail Mr. Hutchinson in this case. It might assist his Lanham Act claims on
the merits, by obviating the need for proof of consumer confusion. Because he
lacks a cognizable interest affected by such confusion, however, he still lacks
standing to assert such claims in federal court.
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Denial of Amendment
Mr. Hutchinson contends the district court abused its discretion when it
refused to permit him to amend his pleadings to add a state tort law claim for
negligent misrepresentation. The district court cited delay and the inapt
procedural posture of the case, after summary judgment had already been granted
on standing, as the grounds for denying leave to amend. See App. II at 521-22;
App. III at 845. We do not question the soundness of this exercise of discretion, 6
but we deem it appropriate to affirm the denial of the attempted amendment on
the more fundamental ground of standing.
“Standing [under Article III] is, of course, a threshold issue in every case
before a federal court,” and diversity claims are no exception. Wolfe v. Gilmour
Mfg. Co. , 143 F.3d 1122, 1126 (8th Cir. 1998) (emphasis added); see also
Wheeler v. Travelers Ins. Co. , 22 F.3d 534, 537 (3d Cir. 1994). Thus, the
jurisdictional deficiency discussed above in connection with the Lanham Act
would be equally fatal to the proposed negligent misrepresentation claim, which
rests on the same speculative injury. Because Mr. Hutchinson lacked standing to
6
We note in this regard the speciousness of Mr. Hutchinson’s procedural
objection that the district court “[mis]led counsel to believe it would defer ruling
on [summary judgment] until after a scheduling conference was conducted and a
scheduling order entered,” lulling him into believing amendment could safely be
postponed. Opening Brief at 39. The court, in fact, conducted the conference, set
summary judgment for a subsequent hearing, and explained that further
scheduling would proceed only if needed. See docket entry for July 21, 1995.
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assert this new claim and does not argue that adding the “proposed plaintiffs”
cured this deficiency, his futile amendment was properly rejected in any event.
See TV Communications Network, Inc. v. Turner Network Television, Inc. , 964
F.2d 1022, 1028 (10th Cir. 1992) (“Where a complaint, as amended, would be
subject to dismissal, leave to amend need not be granted.”) (quotation omitted);
Manson v. Stacescu , 11 F.3d 1127, 1133 (2d Cir. 1993) (rejecting as futile
proposed amendment of claim plaintiffs lacked standing to assert).
Case Reassignment
Mr. Hutchinson argues that the district judge who entered judgment in this
case lacked authority to hear and decide it, because it had been transferred
unilaterally from another judge of the district in a manner not expressly
authorized by the local rules, specifically N.D. Okla. L. R. 40.1 (Assignment of
Cases). This court recently rejected essentially the same objection in a criminal
case, explaining:
In light of this [judicial] discretion in managing court business
[derived from 28 U.S.C. § 137 and Fed. R. Crim. P. 57(b) 7
], we agree
with the Fifth Circuit that: “[d]istrict judges may by rule, order or
consent transfer cases between themselves. . . . Each judge of a
multi-district court has the same power and authority as each other
judge. . . . Moreover, the District Judges have the inherent power to
transfer cases from one another for the expeditious administration of
justice.” United States v. Martinez , 686 F.2d 334, 338 (5th Cir.
7
In the present civil context, Fed. R. Civ. P. 83(b) is to the same effect.
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1982) (quoting United States v. Stone , 411 F.2d 597, 598 (5th Cir.
1969)) (emphasis added).
United States v. Diaz , 189 F.3d 1239, 1244 (10th Cir. 1999). Further, nothing in
Local Rule 40.1, which deals with the initial assignment of cases to judges in the
district, proscribes or limits the traditional discretionary power of intra-district
transfer recognized in Diaz . Finally, not only was the reassignment within the
discretion of the district court, Mr. Hutchinson has failed to allege that the
reassignment resulted in any constitutionally cognizable prejudice. See id. at
1244-45.
Protective Order
Finally, Mr. Hutchinson challenges the district court’s refusal to modify or
vacate a protective order entered by the magistrate judge covering testimony and
materials obtained through discovery in connection with this and related
litigation. Mr. Hutchinson has raised this same objection in more than one appeal
and, recently, another panel of this court expressly affirmed the challenged order.
See Hutchinson v. Pfeil , No. 98-5043, 1999 WL 1015557, at **5-**7 (10th Cir.
Nov. 9, 1999). Although that decision was not published, it is nevertheless
“binding . . . under the doctrines of res judicata, and collateral estoppel.” 10th
Cir. R. 36.3(A); see Miller v. American Trust Ins. Co. , 931 F.2d 703, 705 (10th
Cir.1991) (quoting prior version of Rule 36.3).
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Motions
There are two contested procedural matters on appeal yet to be resolved.
First, defendants have submitted as supplemental authority the Seventh Circuit’s
recent decision in Hutchinson v. Spanierman , 190 F.3d 815 (7th Cir. 1999),
holding Mr. Hutchinson barred by laches from claiming an interest in a collection
of Thomas Robinson paintings long held by other descendants of the artist. Mr.
Hutchinson has moved to strike the supplemental authority under Fed. R. App. P.
28(j), as irrelevant and argumentative. He has also submitted a request that we
take judicial notice of the petition for rehearing now pending in the case. Neither
party indicates whether an E.M.J. Betty , finished or unfinished, was ever included
in the collection addressed by the Spanierman decision. In any event, because our
analysis of Mr. Hutchinson’s standing does not depend on legal ownership issues
but, rather, the practical unavailability of the painting, Spanierman is immaterial
to our holding. The motion to strike and request to take judicial notice are
therefore denied as moot.
Second, as noted above, the Pfeils sold their E.M.J. Betty , and now Mr.
Hutchinson has submitted a request that this court conduct proceedings to
determine the identity of the undisclosed purchasers, so that he can add them as
appellees. Mr. Hutchinson’s lack of standing, which is dispositive of this case,
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does not turn on the identity of the present owners of the Pfeils’ E.M.J. Betty . His
request is therefore denied.
Conclusion
The appeal of intervenor-appellant Hope Cobb is DISMISSED as untimely.
The appeal of the proposed plaintiffs-appellants is DISMISSED for lack of
appellate standing. With regard to the appeal of plaintiff-appellant Thomas R.
Hutchinson, the judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern
District of Oklahoma is AFFIRMED in all respects. For reasons explained above,
all pending motions are DENIED.
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