of Jamaica, 30 july, 1762, had executed 15 bonds for payment of money to James Hunter, at successive yearly payments, with interest at six per cent from the days of.' payment, and for securing principal and interest had executed a mortgage of an estate called Salem in. Jamaica, the bonds and mortgage were deposited with Hibbert and Jackson residing in Jamaica attorneys of James Hunter, the principal and interest due by the 1,2, 3, 4 and 5, bonds had been received by James Hunter, no part of the principal or interest due by the other 10 bonds was ever paid to the executors of James Hunter; but Hibbert and Jackson had received the whole of' the principal money and interest due by the 6 bond, and part of' the principal money and interest due by the 7 bond, which they retained, and on which II. Hibbert, their representative, refuse th to account for interest.
25 day of april, 1785, Adam Hunter the heir, residuary legatee, and one of the executors, of James Hunter, entered into-the following agreement with Daniel L. Hylton :
‘ Memorandum of agreement with Daniel L. Hylton, esquire., ‘the subscriber, executor to the will of James Hunter deceased,, ‘ bargaineth to assign over to the said Hylton all his right and ‘ title in nine bonds, granted by John Dixon, esquire, oí the-island of Jamaica, for the sums-under mentioned, viz.
‘ also his right in a mortgage, granted to James Hunter, by the ‘ said Dixon, on an estate, called Salem estate, in Hanover, for- ‘ merly the property of John Campbell, esquire, in said island, ‘ as collateral security for payment of said bonds, in considera- ‘ tion wdiereof, the said Hylton agrees to pay the said Hunter ‘ the sum of 5500 pounds, current money of Virginia, in gold ‘ and silver, at the rates now current, to say, guineas, &c ; at
27 day of april, 1785, Adam Hunter aud Abner Vernon, the two executors of .Tames Hunter, executed a bond, in the penalty of 20000 pounds, of current money of Virginia, payable to Daniel L. Hylton and to William Hylton, in Jamaica.
To this bond, after a recital, ‘ that John Dixon, on the 30 day ‘ of july, 1762, had executed 14 several bonds to James Huuter, ‘ 9 of which still remain due and unpaid, aud amounted, in the ‘whole, to 147941. 2s. 6d. Jamaica currency, to he discharged ‘by payment of 7347 1. Is. 3d. at several days of payment, as ‘would fully appear by reference to the bonds, and all which ‘bonds, together with the interest accruing thereon, still re‘mained due and unpaid ; — that John Dixon had executed to ‘ James Hunter, as a further security for payment of the moneys ‘due by the bonds, a mortgage for the estate of John Dixon, ‘ called Salem, in Hanover, in Jamaica, formerly the property £of John Hodges Campbell; — and that it had been agreed bo- ‘ tween Adam Hunter and Abner Vernon, on the one part, aud ‘ Daniel L. Hylton and William Hylton, on the other part, that ‘ they Adam Hunter and Abner Vernon, would, by their attorney to be made by them for that purpose in Jamaica, for a ‘ valuable consideration, which they acknowledged themselves ‘to have received, transfer and assign to Daniel L. Hylton and ‘William Hylton, as soon as their attorney should be required ‘ so do to, all the before mentioned obligations, with the interest ‘which had accrued thereon, as also the mortgage aforemen- ‘ tioued,’ was annexed a condition, ‘that if Adam Hunter and ‘ Afiiei Vernon should comply with the abovernentioued agreement, then the bond should be void.’
21 day of june, 1.785, Daniel L. Hylton executed a bond, in the penalty of 20Ü00 pounds, of current money of Virginia, payable to Adam Hunter and Abner Vernon.
To this bond, after a recital, ‘ that Adam Hunter had sold to ‘Daniel L. Hylton a debt, which was due from John Dixon, of ‘Jamaica, on account of John Campbell, formerly of Spotsyl-
On the day when this latter bond was executed, the following written statement was signed by Adam Hunter and Abner Vernon:
Richmond, june 21, 1785.
‘ Statement of nine bonds from John Dixon, of the island of ‘Jamaica, to James Hunter, esquire, deceased, sold' messieurs ‘ William Hylton and Daniel L. Hylton, viz.
1 day of august, 1785, Daniel L. Hylton, with Francis Eppes and John Tayloe Griffin, his sureties, executed three bonds, each in the penalty of 36661. 13s. 4d. with conditions for payment, of 18331 6s. 8d. of current money of Virginia — one the 16 day of February, 1786, another 16 day of november, 178S, and the third 16 day of november, 1787.
William Hylton, then in Jamaica, had demanded from the íbrenamed R. Hibbert interest for the money before mentioned to have been received by those whom he represented ; to which demand he gave this written answer : ‘ Kingston, 19 november, ‘ 1783, i inclose you a sketch of the account, balance 9201. 14s. ‘ lid. which as i have never made use of it, and have been constantly ready to pay it, i shall not allow one six pence interest (on it, even if no legal representative appears for twenty years ‘ to come, so far from it, i think an allowance ought to be made ¿ to me, for the risk i have run, in preserving them from five ‘ hurricanes, and for such a length of time, our state of bonds e must be right, because it agrees with the bonds themselves, ‘ and mortgage, no. 7 has due upon it 5061. 14s. with interest ‘ from 26 july, 1777, and no. 8 to no. 14 are for 700 pounds ‘each, and are iutire, as is no. 15, which is for 11091. 17s. 7d.
(b) 7815 14 7
Adam Hunter, to whom the state of the account immediately preceding had been communicated on the 27 of february, 1787, consented to make a deduction for the supposed difference between the money due by the bonds, assigned to Daniel L. Hylton and William Hyllon, and the money re-aly due from the obligor in those bonds,out of the money to be-paid for them by the Hyltons ; which difference was erroneously stated, by one to whom the parties referred the matter, to be Woo pounds, current money of Virginia ; and Adam Hunter accordingly indorsed credit for 527 1. 10s. on the second bond,, and the same on the third bond, given by the Hyltons.
Adam Hunter, having discovered the error, mentioned it in a letter to D. L. Hylton,’who in answer thereto, by letter, dated 18 of September, 1788, assured Adam Hunter every mistake-should be rectified, and the correction of this mistake was referred by the parties no less than three times, as if it had been, a question of difficulty, first to Henry Banks and William Hay,. then to Jerman Baker and John Marshall, and lastly to George-Weir.
After this affair was adjusted, the executors agreed with D. L, Hylton not to commence suits against him, for some time, on pretense that the assignment of the bonds and mortgage, and the power to collect the money due thereby, were insufficient.
A few days before this time expired as to one of D. L. Hyltons bonds, in the county court of Heurico suits were commenced, upon all of them, against him, who suffered judgements to pass, without claming the deduction for the 1055 pounds.
Afterwards, in the same court in chancery, he brought a bill for an injunction, which was granted, in answer to that bill, the executors of James Hunter adwited. to be just the clame for a deduction, such as, at that time, they thought right, a motion was made to dissolve the injunction, which was nevertheless continued for the whole.
The cause being afterwards removed, by certiorari, into the high court of chancery, the defendents, by a su-ppletory answer, retracted their consent in the former answer, for reasons which will be stated in the following
OPINION and DECREE:
‘ This cause came on the last term, and again this 25 day of may, in the year of our lord 1793, to he heard on the bill,
ARTICLE I..
A deduction of 1055 pounds from the 5500 pounds, to pay' which, at three installments, the plaiutiil had given his bonds ; for which deduction he clameth a credit, alleging that the Jamaica debts assigned did not amount to w much money as the parties supposed at the time of the agreement; and excepte th to the commissioners report for disallowing the clame, the plaintiff in the referrences, among the exhibits, first to Henry Banks and William Hay, and afterwards to Jerman Baker and John Marshall, supposed the sum of the Jamaica debts, agreed to be assigned, to be 9561 1. 6s. 2d. and the deficiency to be 7791. 8s. 5d. and in the reference to George Weir, also among the exhibits, suppost d the sum of debts, agreed to be assigned, to be' the same, but the deficiency to be 821 1. 6s. 8d.
Which ever it was, the deduction could not be 1055 pounds, if the former were the deficiency, 9561J. 6s. 2d. : 55001. :: 7791. 8s. 5d. : 4481. 7s, if the later were the deficiency, 9561 I. 6s. 2d. : 55001. :: 8211. 6s. 8d. : 4721. 9s. 2d, and the deficiency ought to liave been 1833' pounds, to intitle the plaintiff to th© 1055 pounds.
Yet he persisteth in the clame, and would justify it, in his-remarks on the commissioners report by propounding the question, and giving to it the answer, following: ‘ if 5500 pounds' is to produce 9596 pounds, what must 821 pounds produce ? answer, £ Jamaica currency 1055 pounds,’ saith he ; supposing the deficiency now to be 9596, instead of 9561 h 6s. 2d.; on which is observed : first, the four terms in the question and answer are not, as they ought to be, geometrical proportionals ; for the product of the extreme terms is not equal to the product of the mean terms, secondly, the fourth term, the deduction, is Jamaica currency; whereas the deduction clamed is Virginia currency, thirdly, the first term is Virginia currency, and the others are Jamaica currency ; whereas the first ought to have been of the same denomination with the third, fourthly, if the question propounded by the plaintiff be resolved by the problem, by which questions of that kind are usually resolved, that is, by dividing the product of the second and third terms by the first term, and if the deficieney had been more than it was sup
But enough hath been said on the ratio, by which the deduction ought to be adjusted, and to have said any thing of it was unnecessary, if the opinion, the foundation of which shall now be explaned, namely, that the plaintiff is not intitled to any deduction, be correct, eveiy part of the agreement made the 25 day of April, 1785, which Adam Hunter had bound himself to perform, was effectually performed by him. first, he assigned his right and title in John Dixon’s nine bonds, and also in one other bond, which, although not-enumerated in the list, which forms part of that agreement, was transferred, by assignment of the.mortgage, to Daniel Baurence Hylton ; secondly, the sum of the principal moneys, which had been due by the ten bonds¿ exceed the 73471. Is. 3d. which were supposed by the agreement to be due on the nine bonds ; and thirdly, the money due upon the first of the nine bonds, that is number 6, and part of the money due upon the second of the nine-bonds, that is number 7, which had been paid to Hibbert and Jackson, the attorneys of James Hunter, was refunded to D. B. Hylton, that is, was paid for his use, and by his authority, to his brother William Hylton.
But the representative of Hibbert and Jackson refuseth to account for interest of the money so received by them — for this interest the plaintiff clames the credit, which he would have deducted from the 5500 pounds, the principal money due by his own bonds.
He must be intitled to it, if intitled to it at all, either by the agreement of 25 of april, 1785, or some other agreement posterior to it.
I. Not by the agreement of 25 of april, 1785, — by that Adam Hunter bargained to assign his right and title in certain bonds ; if he had a right and title to interest upon the money which had been due by those bonds, or any of them, the plaintiff, by the assignment had the same right and title ; and therefore might have recovered the interest from those who were account able for it. if Adam Hunter had not a right and title to interest on the money, which had been received by Hibbert and Jackson, the-attorneys of James Hunter, the plaintiff had no right
II. Is he intitled to it by any posterin' agreement?
1. In the condition of the bond, executed by Hunters executors, 27 of april, 1785, obliging themselves to make the assignment, is contained a recital, that of John Dixons bonds to James Hunter, nine, amounting to 73471. Is. 3d. with the interest accruing thereon, still remained due and unpaid, these words, £ with the interest still remain due and unpaid,’ are understood by the plaintiff to refer, as well to the interest on the bonds, of which one had been wholy, and the other, partly, discharged by payments to Hibbert and Jackson, as to the interest on the other bonds, but this exposition is rejected, because it is inconsistent with the agreement, made two days before ; an agreement which doth not appear to have been set aside by the parties, but, on the contrary, is supposed to be the agreement recited in the same condition ; and to be the agreement in execution of which this bond was granted : and therefore to be still in force.
The inconsistency of the exposition is manifest; for the agreement supposed part of the bonds might have been paid to Hibbert and Jackson, because it had, in that event, provided that the sums, which had been paid to Hibbert and Jackson, should be refunded to Daniel L. Hylton, not that more than the sums paid to Hibbert and Jackson should be accounted for to Daniel Laurence Hylton.
The words, £ all which bonds, together with the interest accruing thereon still remain due and unpaid,’ in the recital, therefore, ought to refer to the agreement, and, congruously with it, to be understood thus : all which bonds, together with the interest accruing thereon, still remain due and unpaid, notwithstanding any act of the obligors ; and if, by act of Hibbert and Jackson, any of the bonds had been paid, in that case, the sums paid to them should be refunded.
The plaintiff, in his remarks, saith £ in case Hibbert had re- £ ceived the whole, and witheld or failed in any respect to pay it £ to the plaintiff', the defendents were obliged to make it good.’ if by, ‘ the defendents were obliged to make it good,’ be meaned the defendents must have refunded, or were obliged to make good, the whole which Hibbert had received, the proposition is
2. By a statement, 21 june, 1785, to which are the signatures of Adam Hunter and Abner Vernon, the nine bonds with interest are supposed to amount to 95611. 6s. 2d. to this statement, as well as to another paper hereafter to be mentioned, the plaintiff is believed to allude, where, among the questions^ preliminary to his remarks upon the commissioners report, he propounded the following : ‘ have the defendents not covenanted ‘and warranted to make a title to a certain interest, specifying a ‘ fixed sum to be due therein, at the time of agreement, with a ‘condition annexed to refund whatever was short of this sum?’ to which question the answers are : first, the statement containeth no express terms by which the defendents covenanted to do any tiring, or warranted any thing; and seemeth designed, not to make a new agreement, as to the amount of the debts assigned, but only to give the plaintiff the best account, which the books of the defendents testator enabled them to give, of the bonds, the money due by which he or they had not received. and secondly, the warranty, which might be perhaps implied in the term, ‘sold,’ in the statement, if a formal agreement had not been made, ought not to be further obligatory on the defendents than the agreement of the 25 of april preceding, the extent of which hath been defined : because this very sale was contracted by that agreement; because the same agreement is mentioned in the condition of the plaintiffs bond to 'the defendents, of the same date with the statement, and appeareth thereby to have been considered by the parties as a pact not invalidated, nor altered ; and because, by the terms of the agreement recited in the condition of that bond, of the 21 of june, 1785, compared with the agreement of 25 of april, the defendents were liberated from obligation to make good any deficiency, refund any money, or allow any deduction, more than the money which Hibbert and Jackson had received, and that money, not with interest.
3. A paper, introduced by the plaintiffs counsil at the hearing last term, called an extract from the record of an assignment, enrolled in the secretarys office of Jamaica, seemed relied upon to prove, that ‘ the defendents had covenanted and warranted a ‘ title to a certain interest, specifying a fixed sum to be due on ‘the bonds, at the time of assignment.’ this paper is not authenticated, and therefore not allowed to be a proper exhibit; but, if it were a proper exhibit, it would not prove the money, actualy assigned, to be so much as the defendents admit it to be.
5. The defendents first answer is also relied upon by the plaintiff to prove the agreement to make a deduction for some deficiency, but the defendents ought not to be bound by their concession in that answer, for the reasons stated in the next preceding section; especially the defendents having retracted that concession in a suppletory answer.
ARTICLE XL
The defendents clame a credit for 621. 16s. 4d. of current money of jamaica, the money due by the ten bonds, whereof the plaintiff had the benefit, by so much exceeding the amount of tile money, supposed to be due by the nine bonds, enumerated in the agreement of the 25 april, 1785. and if the foregoing opinion be correct, the defendents seem intitled undoubtedly to this credit, reduced to Virginia current money, by the ratio of that agreement, with interest.
ARTICLE III.
Exception by the plaintiff to the commencement of interest on his bonds, at periods too early, that is, at the times when, by the conditions of the bonds, the principal moneys were payable. the legal title to interest generally commonceth when the time, limited by the contract, for payment of the principal ex-pireth. by the agreement of the 25 of april, 1.785, the terms of payment were for one third of the 5500 pounds, six months, for another third, fifteen months, and for the remaining third, twenty seven months, after the date of assignment, the defendents, as appeareth by a recital in the condition of their bond to the plaintiff, executed two days after, had agreed that they would, by their attorney, to be made by them for that purpose in Jamaica, transfer and assign to the plaintiff and William Hylton the bonds and mortgage, so soon as their attorney should he required so to do. the day when the assignment was made doth
ARTICLE IV.
Expenses incurred by the plaintiff in authenticating the second poAvers and assignment, for which the plaintiff clameth a credit, and expenses incurred by the defendents in procuring the execution of those second powers and assignment, for which the defendents clame a credit: the rejection of the former and the admission of the later by the commissioner are approved ; because the insufficiency of the first powers and assignment doth
ARTICLE V.
Half the expenses incurred by the defendents, in negotiation of the plaintiffs bill on Shootbred and Moody, with part of which half only the plaintiff, in his remarks on the commissioners report, admiteth himself to be chargeable, the charge of half the expenses is allowed; because the report stateth the parties to have agreed to divide between them the expenses, that is, to divide the whole expenses equaly.
ARTICLE VI.
Costs of suit on the third bond, with which the plaintiff, excepting to the report, allegeth he ought not to be charged, because the action was commenced a few days before the time, when it ought, by the agreement, endorsed on the bond, to have been commenced, this exception is disallowed, because, if the commencement of the action were premature, the plaintiff might have pleaded it, and he waved it, by not pleading it, and because the money was confessedly due before the judgement was rendered.
Therefore the court, upon the whole matter, disallowing the plaintiffs exceptions to the report, and approving the same report corrected, and by the supplements thereto accommodated to the preceding opinion, doth adjudge order and decree that the injunction, to stay execution of the defendents judgements, be perpetual, as to the whole of the first judgement, and as to so much of the second judgement as excedes 9481. Os. 3d. and the costs, with interest upon 9361. 8s. 2f, from the 24 day of november, in the year 1791, and that the said injunction be dissolved, as to the said 9481. Os. 3d. with costs, recovered by the second judgement, with interest upon the said 9361. 8s. 2f-. from the 24 day of november, in the year 1791, and also be dissolved, as to the third judgement, which was to be discharged by the payment of 18331. 6s. 8d with interest thereon, from the 16 day of november, 1787, and the costs ; and that the plaintiff, who appeareth to have complained against the defendents without just cause in every instance, except where they controverted the credit clamed by him for his order on James and Macomb, and who appeareth to have delayed the defendents unrighteously, do pay unto the defendents the costs expended by them in their defence, both in the county court, and in this court.’
OPINION and DECREE.
‘ The court is of opinion that there is no error, in so much of the said decree, as disalloweth the clame of the appellant, to suspend the commencement of interest on his bonds, contrary to the terms of them, on account of the supposed delay in the transfer of the subject purchased, nor in the allowance to the appellee of half the expenses only in' negotiating the bill on Shoolbred and Moody, nor in awarding the appellant to pay all costs in the suits at law, nor in allowing the appellant a credit for his order on James and Macomb ; but that the said decree is erroneous, so far as it disallows the clame of the appellant, for a deficiency, m the subject assigned, of what it was stated to be, at the time of the contract, and allowing the appellee for .a supposed surplus in the transfer, beyond the said first state ; ■on which subject this court is of opinion that there was a deficiency in the assignment, of what it was stated to be of 14351. 11s. 7d. from which, deducting the sum of 9201. 14s. lid. re■ceived of Hibbert by the appellant, which is all the appellant ■ought to be accountable for on that occasion, there remains a balance of 5141. 16s. 8d. for which, with interest from the 1 .day of april, 1785, the appellant is intitled to a credit against his bonds, without recourse to any rule of proportion for increasing or diminishing the sum, so as to throw either gain or loss upon the appellant; that the said decree is also erroneous, in this, that the court disallowed the appellants expenses, in the .execution of the second power, and allowed the appellee his expenses, on that occasion, since neither of the parties appearing to be more in fault than the other, in producing the defect in the first power, the expenses of both ought to be allowed, and being added, together equaly borne by the parties ; and also in this, that the appellant is decreed to pay the whole costs in equity, whereas being relieved partly in the said court of chancery and more extensively in this court, he ought to recover his costs in equity, as well in the said court of chancery, as in the county court; and that the account, stated by the commissioner, so far as it is inconsistent with this decree, ought to be set aside, and stand as to the residue, therefore it is decreed and ordered, that the said decree, so far as the same is above stated not to he erroneous be affirmed ; that the residue thereof be reversed and annulled, and that the appellee, out of his testators estate, in his hands to he administered pay to the appellant his costs by
REMARKS.
1. The principal question controverted l>y the parties was, whether James Hunters executors were bound, by their contract, to account with Daniel Laurence Hylton for the interest of that money, which Hibbert and Jackson had received, and for which they refused to pay interest whilst they retained it? which question was resolved into this other, in the language of the court of appeals, whether a deficiency was in the subject assigned by the executors to D. L. Hylton?
The judge of the high court of chancery, in a lengthy perhaps taedious discussion, which preceded his decree, endeavored to prove the executors not bound, or, in other words, to prove no deficiency.
This is refuted by the court of appeals, after mature deliberation, in the following terms :
‘ The court is of opinion that the said decree is erroneous, so far as it disallows the dame of the appelhmt for a deficiency, in the subject assigned, of what it was stated to be, at tht time of the contract * on which subject, this court is of opinion, that there was a deficiency, in the assignment, of what it teas stated to be, of one thousand dpc.’ that is, this courtis of opinion the said decree is erroneous, in disalLowing a clame, which this court is of opinion ought to have been allowed.
This specimen of refutation seemeth not less happy than compendious. 1, it is oeconomical, for by it are saved the expenses of time and labour requisite, in a dialectic investigation, which is sometimes perplexed with stubborn difficulties. 2, it is a safe mode; for fallacy, if it exist in the refutation, cannot be detected. 3, it prevents unimportant discussion ; for a detection of fallacy would be nugatory, the doom of judges in appeal being fate.
2. The allowance of a surplus to the executors is confessed to be erroneous, if the subject assigned, instead of being superabundant, were deficient.
3. The rule of proportion, at a recourse to which in the reversed decree, the reversing decree seems to glance, as if it had been impertinent, was not introduced, as is there supposed, for increasing or diminishing the sum so as to throw either gain or loss upon the appellant, which would have been truly ridiculous,
4. In defence of that part of the decree, which disallowed the appellants expenses in execution of the second power, and allowed the appellee his expenses on that occasion, and which is condemned of error, the author of that decree propounds for examination these questions : 1, whether any proof hath been exhibited of defect in the first power ? 2, whether every purchaser doth not prepare the acts by which the right to the thing purchased’is transfered? 3, if the purchaser, who hath accepted a transfer, and bound himself to pay the purchase money, discovering a defect in the transfering act, and desiring it to be supplied, ought not to pay the expenses incured thereby?
5 In many cases, determined by the high court of chancery, the plaintiff, partly successful!, hath recovered only part of the costs, in some hath recovered no costs, and in some hath been condemned to pay all the costs ; and the present judge of that court will feel grievous distress, if he is to understand these words in the reversing decree: the appellant being relieved partly in the court of chancery he ought to recover his costs in equity, to be the canon, prescribed for his regulation in awarding costs in future, from which no circumstance can justify a deviation— however that the plaintiff is intitled to his costs in this case, as much as he is intitled to the extensive relief afforded to him by the court of appeals, the judge of the h. c. c. will admit without haesitation.
(a).
In one of the exhibits called James Dickson.
(b).
