The issues in this cause, introduced with much solemnity by reason of -the greatness of the estate; present no real difiL culty .either of law or of fact. They are those very' common in" this court: Want of testamentary'capacity of the testatrix and undue influence exerted over her by or in the interest of the beneficiaries of the will. The want of testamentary capacity here claimed is, however, of a subtle kind, and on the final argument it was not much pressed (for I
[ 1 ] Either the will offered in this cause was the product of a scheme of deliberate fraud and baseness, exerted over a helpless and feeble testatrix, or it was her valid testamentary act. I at least must, at the outset, assume that the contestants’ charges are deliberaely made, with full knowledge of their gravity and consequences, if I am expected to apply correctly the rules of law applicable in this court to such serious allegations. There is no such thing in law as dolus bonus or fraud which contains no element of wrongdoing. In the Roman law there was no such thing as theft of land, yet if a person removed the landmarks, and thus appropriated it by inches, he was guilty of an analogous offense. So in our law, undue influence, while not a crime, is an offense against law and morality, or it would not be redressed in courts of justice. If I find undue influence in this matter, then the persons charged with exerting it must be convicted by established rules of law, and not on evidence or assertions and relations entirely consistent with good faith and fair dealing. In respect of any kind of fraud there is no via media, and I cannot accept the disclaimers of contestants of moral delinquency on the part of proponent, if I am expected to find against the will and those most concerned in its production.
Maria L. Campbell, whose formal testamentary intentions are the subject of this proceeding, died in this county in the year 1911 possessed of a very large personal estate and seised of considerable real property of much less value. Miss Campbell was the aged survivor of a family of brothers and sisters who had either died childless or unmarried. She was the last of her immediate race. The brothers and the sisters, while unmarried, all lived- together in this city until successive deaths finally left the testatrix alone in her residence, 177 Fifth avenue, where the family had removed from the still older residential parts of the town. The family life of testatrix was marked by a simplicity, seclusion, and- dignity characteristic of the old-fashioned world to which the testatrix obviously belonged, and- which is not without its legal significance. By successive inheritances and saving habits Miss Campbell had become in her lifetime a very rich woman. The history of the original inheritance illustrates to some extent how completely the tes
The contestants and the proponents in this cause were all related to testatrix through her mother, who was of the family of Bayard. But the great fortune of the testatrix was derived not from her mother, but through her father, Duncan Pearsall Campbell, from his mother, who was an heiress, of the family of Pearsall. It is curious that not one of the contestants or one of the beneficiaries under testatrix’s will had a drop of Pearsall blood in their veins. The estate of testatrix had been also- augmented by an inheritance from her deceased brother, who had in turn inherited it from his wife, a Miss Sanderson, an English lady of fortune, and the fortune of this lady ultimately had passed to testatrix. None of the contestants or the beneficiaries was related to the Sanderson lady in question. While the sources of fortune held in full property and dominion have a legal bearing only in cases of intestacy, when the law leans tó the ancient maxim, “Paterna paternis, materna maternis,” in some instances, yet the facts just denoted place some emphasis on the moral, as well as the legal, right of testatrix to do what she liked with her estate, irrespective of her maternal kindred, the Bayards, and their descendants and branches. Matter of Cornell, 43 App. Div. at page 244, 60 N. Y. Supp. 53. The testatrix left no surviving kindred of the Pearsall or English stocks indicated, whose moral rights in abstracto to expectations of inheritance from testatrix might have been better founded than any presented in this cause. The bare legal rights of contestants to share in the real estate in the event of intestacy are, however, on the other hand, clear. They can in no event assert rights in the personal estate of the deceased.
In her well-regulated and long life it appears that the testatrix had been most intimate with the immediate family of her maternal aunt, Mrs. Stephen Van Rensselaer, of Albany, who was her mother’s sister. It is this aunt’s children who are the principal beneficiaries under the will propounded. Mrs. Townsend, the daughter of Mrs. Stephen Van Rensselaer, had in the youthful days of testatrix passed a whole winter while at school in New York with her aunt, Mrs. Campbell, the mother of testatrix. 'Thus testatrix and her cousin, Mrs. Townsend, had grown up together. After the brothers and sisters of testatrix had passed away, the surrogate is able to perceive no more natural object of testatrix’s bounty than her first cousin, Mrs. Townsend, and Mrs. Townsend’s surviving brother and her sisters, Mrs. Berry and Mrs. Crosby, who were contemporaries of testatrix and her first cousins. It was at their father’s manor house in Albany that the maternal grandmother of testatrix, Mrs. Bayard, had lived and died. There is no doubt from the record that the testatrix and the immediate survivors of the family of General Stephen Van Rensselaer were, at the time of the will, not only the most closely related to testatrix, but on the most intimate terms of all the parties to this proceeding. It is apparent that even those survivors of Gen. Van Rensselaer’s family who lived at a distance from testatrix were never forgotten by testatrix in
The contestants are all in degree more distantly related to testatrix than are Mrs. Townsend, Mrs. Crosby, and Mr. Eugene Van Rensselaer, the principal beneficiaries of the will. The legal right of such contestants to share by descent to some extent in the real property of Miss Campbell in the event of her intestacy is, however, clear. The canons of descent are more liberal than the statute of distributions to the remoter kindred of an intestate. But although the relationship of contestants may be only a degree more distant, it is apparent to me from the testimony that their intercourse with the testatrix during her lifetime was also less intimate in degree than was the intimacy of testatrix with her cousins of the Gen. Van Rensselaer branch of her maternal connections. This is a material fact. But as the right of the more distant cousins to share in the inheritance of testatrix is fixed by law, such right is to be respected by this court. But the courts sometimes deny in effect that, for the application of rules of law, distant cousins stand to the fullest extent among those who are in law termed the “natural objects of a testator’s bounty.”
In Matter of McCarty, 141 App. Div. 816, 820, 126 N. Y. Supp. 699, 702, the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court very recently said that such natural objects of a testator’s bounty as second and third cousins “have something of the character of a dissolving view; at least, they are not as formidable in fact as they appear in rhetoric, and we are of the opinion that a person of sound and disposing mind might absolutely close his eyes and his mind to the existence of his cousins and grant his entire estate to intimate business and social associates without giving rise to the presumption of having been defrauded by undue influence in the disposition of his property.” This is the weighty and recent utterance of a great court of this commonwealth. But, as I have stated, the locus standi of contestants to dispute the will is complete in this matter. The justice of their invocation of maxims, which are applicable to testators who disinherit those “natural objects of their bounty” who have been dependent on testators in the lifetime of both, is another and weightier consideration. I doubt, for example, if remote cousins have the same standing to invoke the rigid maxims which are applicable in probate causes in the instance of such close relationship as father and son. What would be unjust to a son might not be unjust to a third cousin. I am not sure that what would! be a fraud or wrong towards a son in respect to a father’s inheritance would be in law a fraud or a wrong
At the outset of this- cause there was a disposition apparent in connection with.the charge of undue influence to regard the rights of the contestants as- heirs presumptive of Miss Campbell as being fixed, even during her lifetime. Thus, gifts made by testatrix to her own brother and - heir presumptive during their joint lives were invoked as some evidence of fraud by the donee upon the second and third cousins of testatrix, or else- as furnishing the motive of one of the persons charged with the exercise of undue influence over testatrix. But on the .final argument of this cause I am happy to say that I detect no reference to this irrelevant claim. In any event, I can hardly think it very material to the charge of undue influence. It would add a new terror to the death of the possessor of a great' fortune if every gift of such childless possessor during his whole life was to be made subject to the tacit approval of those who might by any possibility ultimately be entitled to share in his inheritance as heirs general. Such a pretense as that stated being either out of this case or subordinated to the charges of want of_ capacity and undue influence exerted from other motives, we may pass on to the next consideration in order.
[2] Having referred generally to the situation Of the testatrix in respect of her- property and kindred, I shall next proceed' to consider the effect of such of the testimony as bears upon the allegations of want of testamentary capacity of testatrix and the undue influence charged to have been exerted over her. When testatrix in 1908 came to make the will offered for probate, she was in or about the seventy-seventh year of her age. She was then the sole survivor of her im-mediate family and lived alone in the family residence in this city. That she mourned deeply, and with the tenderest affection, the departed sisters and brothers who had preceded her to the tomb, is apparent at every stage of the evidence. The last sister of testatrix, Catherine, the “Kitty” of the evidence, died July 2, 1904, and the last brother, Thomas Pearsall Campbell, died November 26, 1906.
.:;Th'e will of testatrix was executed October 21, 1908. Her’s had been a life of singularly dignified seclusion. Its activities had all centered either in her immediate family or in her favorite charities, in which she had always exhibited a generous and, I may add, an intelligent, interest. On the whole, Miss Campbell’s life had been an elevated and exemplary life; devoted in an unusual degree to the narrowing’circle at home. As to each of the brothers and sisters departed, there had been on the part' of testatrix an unusual tenderness in life, so it ended after their deaths in an intense and pathetic sorrow, now •permitted to figure in the charge of mental unbalance, although perhaps consistent with mere morbidity and a peculiar sense of isolation on" the part of testatrix.
-Towards the latter end of her life testatrix had several severe falls, characteristic of old people, and she was much confined to her house; but with the exception of accidents her general health, mental
The documentary and other evidence on the part of the proponents is most convincing, and conclusively shows that the testatrix had a rather unusually correct business method of conducting her expenditures, which continued almost down to the moment of her death. Her checkbooks, in her own clear handwriting, were models of neatness and accuracy. I noticed that she even accented accurately a French word. • Both testatrix and her sister had, however, a habit of keeping dividend checks for a long period, or until a visit to the bank, at some convenient date, reduced the. sums into possession. As the testatrix was a very rich woman, of few wants and relatively small expenditures, and as the ■ companies whose checks were thus accumulated were strong and solvent corporations," I cannot say that this belated habit bears much evidence of insanity. I canhot, from a collection of unrelated eccentricities or solitary, habits, infer testamentary incapacity, in the face of overwhelming counter evidence. The documentary evidence of testatrix’s own construction is a very powerful index of her mental condition in and about the time when she is alleged by contestants to have been incompetent to testaméntate. These bear evidence of her thoughtful care of her servants and of her evident attention to- details of expenditure throughout all her later
The law of the land is wisely indulgent to the proper exercise of the testamentary power. All persons, except idiots, persons of.unsound mind, and infants, may, in this state, make a will. Sections 10, 15, Decedent Estate Daw (Consol. Laws 1909, c. 13). Testamentary capacity in the abstract doubtless involves profound problems of psychology and psychiatry, or that science which involves the psychical phenomena of the brain. In the hands of some experts such subjects are apt to degenerate into refinements. In the concrete application of the truer tests of testamentary capacity, courts of justice have been compelled to formulate for themselves certain rules which are at this day practical aids in the administration of justice and the result of accumulated experience in everyday matters. A close study of this subject must convince us all that any departure from the rules thus laid down would be as unwise as it is unauthorized. It would be a bold and proud judge who would venture to substitute his own conception on this subject for such deliberate and weighty rules. In courts of justice there, is little room for pride of individual opinion. But while in courts of probate there is a greater liberality than in other courts on questions of mental responsibility, so, no doubt, a will may be defeated in a probate cause by reason of the existence of mental states which would not be regarded as insanity in some other tribunals. The doctrines of this court are very well established by authoritative precedents.
[3, 4] If a person have sufficient capacity to comprehend perfectly the condition of his property, his relations to the persons who would or should or might have been the objects of his bounty, and the scope or bearing of the provisions of his will, he has testamentary capacity. Delafield v. Parrish, 25 N. Y. 9, 109; Kinne v. Johnson, 60 Barb, at pages 72, 73; Watson v. Donnelly, 28 Barb, at page 655; Roche v. Nason, 105 App. Div. 256, 93 N. Y. Supp. 565, affirmed 185 N. Y. 128, 77 N. E. 1007; Matter of Johnson, 60 Misc. Rep. at page 279, 113 N. Y. Supp. 283. The fact that a testator supervises his own large estate wisely, benevolently, and prudently until his death is evidence that he understands the condition of his property within the definition just cited. Testator’s perception of his relation to the persons who should be objects of his bounty does not within such definition, mean that he should know and recognize every distant relative who is entitled to inherit from him under the existing canons of descent. If that were the test of a capacity to devise, the. ablest
[5] The effect of mental disorder upon the faculty of capacity of the afflicted to' make a will having so long been the subject of the most careful judicial consideration, the rules on the subject must be regarded as settled. Thus it is that in courts of probate, though a man may have lapses of memory and show childishness at times, if he can manage his affairs prudently and correctly, show a due appreciation of the nature and amount of his property and of the claims of near and dear relations, his testamentary capacity is sufficient. Kinleside v. Harrison, 2 Phill. 449; Loder v. Whelpley, 111 N. Y. at page 250, 18 N. E. 874; Haughian v. Coulan, 86 App. Div. 290, 83 N. Y. Supp. 830.
[6,7] Feebleness of intellect will not invalidate a will. Newhouse v. Godwin, 17 Barb. 256. A testator may be peculiar, even insane, upon some special topic, and yet have sufficient capacity to make a will. Calligan v. Haskell, 143 App. Div. 574, 128 N. Y. Supp. 293. A man may not have sufficient strength of memory and vigor of intellect to make and digest all parts of a contract, and yet be competent to make a will. Stevens and Wife v. Vancleve, 4 Wash. C. C. 262, Fed. Cas. No. 13,412; Harrison v. Rowan, 3 Wash. C. C. 580, Fed. Cas. No. 6,141. Such are the wise rules prescribed for testamentary capacity in this court. It is thus apparent that the capacity required by law for an act of testamentation is much inferior to that required by equity in the enforcement of executory obligations of a contractual kind. But it is unnecessary to refer in the abstract to such general principles of testamentary law.
[8] It is established that there is no presumption of testamentary incapacity by reason of advanced years (Van Alst v. Hunter, 5 Johns. Ch. 148, 158; Horn v. Pullman, 72 N. Y. 269), but there is no categorical definition of insanity of universal application. Each case must always depend on its own peculiar circumstances. Mudway v. Croft, 3 Curt. 671.
[9] In this cause I am bound to pay some attention to the testimony on the part of the contestants regarding -the delusions of Miss Campbell, for the testimony comes from a respectable, even if interested, source. The evidence consists, in the main, of certain declarations of Miss Campbell regarding the earthly presence of a dearly loved sister who had, after a long life led in common, predeceased testatrix. The courts of justice of this state have, as it seems to me, with great wisdom, precluded lay witnesses from giving their direct opinion concerning the sanity or insanity of persons whose competency is the subject of judicial investigation. They confine such witnesses to facts, such as the conversation and the conduct which they have observed in the testator, and then permit the witness to state whether in their opinion such conduct and conversation of a testator were or were not
[10] Delusions, although generally proved in this court by declarations of deceased persons, are issuable facts regarded as relevant to the main issue, and therefore they stand on a footing, perhaps, independent .of the rules governing ordinary declarations of deceased! testators; but the evidence of the delusions depends nevertheless on the truth of the declarations' of the deluded.
[11] I shall for a moment- consider the general value of the evidence of insanity in probate causes. The declarations' written or spoken of deceased! persons whose sanity is the subject of judicial investigation are always ■ competent evidence, not-of the truth of the statement involved, but to enable the court to reconstruct, as it were, for. himself the mind of the declarant and thus, subject it to tests determinative of testamentary capacity. ‘This is the same process pm sued in other scientific investigations where inductive or deductive processes are involved. The difficulty lies with the character of the proof. It is evident to me that spoken declarations of the kind mentioned are less trustworthy than written declarations, if for no reason other than that. they are nearly always converted into the speech of the witness. We rarely get the exact words of' the dead, unless written by them. All studénts of language are familiar with the difficulty of even transposing any speech from the direct to the indirect discourse (oratio recta to.the oratio obliqua). -All logicians tell us of the ambiguities in words or terms—a- change o"f a word may alter the entire meaning of the declaration. If we add.tto these known-difficulties the invasion of the peculiar tricks of speech common' to most 'translators in' the - course of trañslatión of" any kind, we have as a result of the process of transposition alone often a very different product from that of the declarant’s own words. The same thing is true of proofs' of spoken 'admission's, which at times, .tbetefore, are regarded as small evidence. Again, courts must weigh the interest,' the imagination, the desire, and the bias'of the "witness to such declarations. The best witness in repeating a declaration may unintentionally -pervert the séñse of the original, declaration. - An uneducated man, for instance, who would give evidence of the declarations -of a scientist on an abstruse subject, would, with the best intentions", be apt to misrepresent the speaker whose language he converted to his own.
[12] Can we.not apply these considerations to the declarations of Miss Campbell given in evidence, to the effect .“that".-her sister. “Kitty.
I will, however, assume that the declarations of Miss Canwhell were just as testified to by the highly respectable witnesses called for the contestants. But even then, when measured by legal tests, do such delusions prove the testafiientary incapacity of Miss. Campbell? The surrogate thinks not. Here, by the evidence, is a testatrix who conducts her own household and ordinary property affairs intelligently through a long and respectable life; who avoided all complications ; a lady dignified and considerate to her servants and always just and faithful to them; devoted to her family; affectionate to her friends; a woman. religious, charitable, destitute of all false pride, kindly and true in all the. walks of life—is such a person to be declared incompetent in this court under the rules of law here applicable because she ■may entertain a delusion in regard to a departed sister’s continual presence to her, when such delusion has no connection with her will? This is the legal question before me. There are some delusions of an ■immaterial character in law.
[13] In courts of probate the question is (and this is most important), not whether the testatrix was sane in every particular, but whether she had sufficient competency for the testamentary act in .question. It is to this point that the authorities in this court go and to no other. If testator’s delusions subsist along with testator’s rationality on.every other subject, unless such delusions enter into the substance or fabric and context of the will itself, they do not per se establish the testamentary incapacity of the deluded testator. In .Banks v. Goodfellow, infra, Lord Cockburn said even of a delusion which enters into the will itself:
“If it refer only to a single relative, the rest of them being properly remembered, I think we should hesitate to break the will for that reason alone.’’
It will be remarked in this cause before the surrogate that not a ■single alleged delusion had anything at all to do with the will of Miss Campbell. -So liberal is the law of this court in respect to testamentary capacity that it is sometimes doubted, where a man wills his property to his heirs at law, whether mania per se or the insanity of the testator in the abstract has any relevancy to such an act of testamentation. But be this as it may, and I express no opinion on it, ■the effect of- irrelevant or partial delusions of an otherwise sane testator is now well settled in this court. If the will is not the offspring .'of the delusion, the dielusion per se will not avoid the will. Dobie v. Armstrong, infra.
Having reference to the authorities bearing on testamentary capacity 1 and delusions, I cannot help thinking that the counsel for contestants in this cause were wise at their final argument in placing their contention on other grounds besides testatrix’s legal incapacity to make her will on the 21st of October, 1908. It is to be observed that she lived on for several years after making her will, conducting her household and private affairs, and yet that she never revoked or altered the will in any respect. A great probate judge of England, Sir John Nicholl, considered this an important fact in cases of this character.
I come now to the consideration of the real contention on the part of the contestants, that the will offered for probate was the product of fraud and undue influence, exerted over a weak and feeble-minded testatrix, really incapable of an act of testamentation. Thus the allegation of testamentary incapacity,' although disavowed directly, is transferred as an element of the charge of circumvention and undue influence, and it is invoked in that connection. In, this aspect the capacity of testatrix must be reconsidered. The persons unquestionably pointed out as the instruments of the wrongs charged are Mr. Howard Townsend and the sister-in-law of the testatrix, Mrs. Mary Campbell,.the widow of Thomas Pearsall Campbell, the last surviving brother of testatrix. Curiously neither of these persons take any real beneficial interest under the will. But Mr., Howard Townsend is the son of Mrs. Justine Van Rensselaer Townsend, one of the heirs .at law and one of the next of kin of testatrix, who profits by the will. Mr. Townsend is a lawyer by profession and was professionally engaged in the preparation of the will. This fact last mentioned and the fact that he is the heir apparent of his mother are asserted, by contestants to Have placed him under legal obligations which were
Mr. Howard Townsend, the gentleman thus implicated, was not only the son of one of the principal beneficiaries under the paper propounded, but he was himself a kinsman of testatrix, standing in the same degree to her as the nearest of the contestants. For a long time prior to the death of the testatrix, he liad, as a lawyer, been employed as a general supervisor of the estate of testatrix, and in this respect he unquestionably occupied a position toward testatrix somewhat intimate and at times confidential. Mr. Townsend’s was not the ordinary relation of attorney to client only, but something more by reason of established family relations of an intimate and personal character. As noticed before, his mother was the first cousin of testatrix and sprung of a household greatly considered by testatrix. After the death of Mr. Pearsall Campbell, it is in evidence that testatrix took a great interest in Mr. Townsend and regarded him as the “male representative of the family.” It is also apparent that testatrix was especially fond of Mr. Townsend’s mother and especially fond of him. 1 It is also in evidence that Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, the grandfather of Mr. Townsend; Mr. Townsend’s mother, Mrs. Justine Van Rensselaer Townsend; and Mr. Townsend himself—were the kinsmen outside of her own household nearest to testatrix, in domestic association at least. Some regard must be paid to this fact when we come to consider propositions of law which originate with associations and professional relations destitute of this feature.
[14] That the ordinary professional man who takes a substantial benefit under a will, or, in other words, qui se scripsit heredera, is bound to justify in a court of probate his action, is a fair proposition of testamentary law somewhat roughly outlined!. But it has its defined limitations. By the Roman law one who wrote himself heir in a will could take no benefit under such will (D. 48, 10, 15 ; D. 34, 8, 1); but this was not a part of the law of England, ever binding on us, nor is it now the law of this state (Paske v. Ollat, 2 Phill. 323; Matter of Will of Smith, 95 N. Y. 516). The only effect of so doing by our own law is to enlarge the burden of proof.
It is not, however, here claimed that Mr. Townsend directly wrote himself in the will of Miss Campbell as a substantial legatee, but that he wrote his mother into her will, and thus indirectly comes within the principles of testamentary law relating to one qui se scripsit heredem. This construction of the rule would seem justified in Roman law. D. 48, 10, 15. But it is to be noted at this point that Mr. Townsend’s mother was a presumptive heir at law and one of the presumptive next of kin of testatrix, and that the benefit Mrs. Townsend derived by the will over her rights by law on an intestate succession to Miss Campbell was not great, being less than $100,000. The chance that Mr. Townsend might survive his mother is also to be taken into the reckoning in our consideration of the justice of the charge that Mr. Townsend really wrote himself intentionally and
If the law itself prefers a person by descent, can there be any presumption of unfairness against that same person in the course of a testamentary succession by that person, however induced? I take leave to doubt it. In the next place,- is not an allegation of Mr. Townsend’s possible hope of succession to his mother .too remote for legal consideration in connection with the principle involved? Is a mere hope of succession to the last surviving of two living persons (spes successionis) to be regarded as a motive for fraudulent action in connection with the principles of law invoked by contestants? I have examined the cases cited on this'point by the véry able counsel for contestants, and I do not think them controlling on the facts before me.. Considering the ordinary relations Mr. Townsend and Mrs. Mary Campbell occupied to the testatrix during life, I can see no valid reason for assuming that the testamentary script, propounded in this cause, was the product of either cupidity, mistaken confidence, or unfairness..
[15] That the burden of proof in testamentary causes lies in every cáse upon "the person"propounding a will, and -that he-must satisfy" the conscience óf the court that the instrument propounded is the last will of a free, and capable testator, is undoubted law. If contestants' intend to assert that, in every case in "which "the party preparing a will derives a benefit under it, the onus probandi is shifted, and that not only a certain measure but a particular species of proof is re-" quired in such .cases," I have no hesitation in saying they misapprehend .the law. The final rule on this point was- established in Barry v. Butlin, 2 Moo. P. C., 1 Curt. 637, where many of the utterances on this point by Sir John Nicholl, cited by counsel for contestants as" law, were examined and strictly limited. Barry v. Butlin has been since confirmed and followed many times by the Court of Appeals of this state. The only rule now relevant in testamentary" causes where the draftsman takes a benefit under the will he .writes is that i.t excites the suspicion of the court, and unless that suspicion be removed the court will not pronounce for the will. Barry v. Butlin, 1 Curt. 637; Burling v. Loveland, 2 Curt. 226; Coffin v. Coffin, 23 N. Y. at page 13, 80 Am. Dec. 235; Matter of Will of Smith, 95 N. Y. 516; Clarke v. Schell, 84 Hun, 28, 31 N. Y. Supp. 1053; Matter of Suydam, 84 Hun, 514, 32 N. Y. Supp. 449.
[17] Certainly testatrix was not in duty bound to provide for all her second and third cousins in every instance; The property devised had not even come from their common stock of descent. That she did so provide in one instance creates no presumption against the will. Testatrix selected her first cousins, or those who were by law her next of kin, as the principal objects of her bounty, and only in one instance, the children of one first cousin (Mrs. Berry) were included as legatees. It should be remembered that Mrs. Berry was the sister of Mrs. Townsend and a daughter of Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, who had married the aunt of testatrix.
It was conceded on the argument and in the proofs that, by reason of several intervening deaths, Mrs. Justine Van Rensselaer Townsend, the mother of Mr. Townsend, would now take more if the will of Miss Campbell were rejected from probate than she" would take under the will itself, and such is the fact. If her son, Mr. Townsend, were so destitute of principle as to be actuated' by the sordid motives ascribed to him in the production of this will, he would ndt now, I think, be stoutly maintaining the’will for probate. He would benefit if he survived his mother by the rejection of the will. If motives are to be inferred from benefits alone, why-not also infer them from disadvantages of a pecuniary kind? But irrespective of this consideration I can detect no evidence of fraud on the part of Mr. Townsend or Mrs. Mary Campbell in respect of the will of the testatri-x.
[13] I come now to the consideration of the final and most subtle
[19] I have already considered the charge of fraud implied in the contestants’ invocation of the rules relating to one “qui se scripsit heredera,” and I have also shown that undue influence was in law a species of fraud. But undue influence is not such a species of fraud as is always provable under a bare allegation of fraud; it must, in most jurisdictions, be separately alleged (see Mortimer on Probate Law & Practice, p. 74, note), and I am inclined to think that this rule now prevails in this jurisdiction. Undue influence is, however, sufficiently alleged in this cause.
[20] In a recent case I had occasion to notice that a charge of undue influence was .inconsistent with a charge of non compos mentis, which is always the gist of an allegation of testamentary incapacity. Matter of Hock, 74 Misc. Rep. 15, 29, 129 N. Y. Supp. 196. The same point had been taken in Kinne v. Johnson, 60 Barb, at page 75, on which I relied. .But, no doubt, under a charge of undue influence contestants are at liberty to show mental feebleness as an element of coercion. Ingraham v. Wyatt, 3 Ecc. Rep. 168, 187, 188, 204; Kinne v. Johnson, 60 Barb, at page 75.
[21, 22] The books of the law are full of cases where undue influence has been exerted over feeble-minded persons possessed of testamentary capacity. Undue influence being, however, a species of fraud, like all other frauds it must be established by good and sufficient proofs. It is needless to say that it is not necessary to establish undue influence by direct evidence, for, like any other fraud, undue influence may be established circumstantially. Children’s Aid Soc. v. Loveridge, 70 N. Y. at page 395. But it must be established in some way to be availed of either in a testamentary cause or in any other cause. Loder v. Whelpley, 111 N. Y. at page 250, 18 N. E. 874. In a case of this magnitude it is not necessary to refer further to the authorities bearing on such elementary principles of law. Nor will I attempt to collate the numberless cases defining undue influence. It will be sufficient to point out that in probate law undue influence is an unlawful coercion which destroys the free agency of a testator and thus substitutes for his free and disposing mind some will other than testator’s own. The methods of accomplishing this offense against the law are sometimes very subtle, but they “are never imaginative. The proofs in every case of undue influence must be sufficient to justify a conviction, and they must establish conduct inconsistent with fair dealing and
As was well said by Sir James Hannen in Wingrove v. Wingrove (1886) 11 P. D. at page 82:
“There is no subject upon which there is a greater misapprehension than upon that of undue influence. The misapprehension * * * arises from the particular form of the expression. * * * It is not because one' person has an unbounded influence over another that therefore, when exercised, even though it may be very bad indeed, it is undue influence in the legal sense of the word. A young man may be caught in the toils of a harlot, who makes use of her influence to induce him to make a will in her favor, to the exclusion of his relatives. * * * A man may be the companion of another, and may encourage him in evil courses, and so obtain what is called an undue influence over him, and the consequence may be a will in his favor.”
But neither of these cases, shocking as they are, amounts to undue influence in law. “To be undue influence in law there must be—to sum it up in one word—coercion.” These are exceedingly discriminating words of this English judge upon a subject which often needs discrimination. But the words of this English judge voice the deliberate conclusion of our own courts as often expressed. Children’s Aid Soc. v. Loveridge, 70 N. Y. at page 394; Marx v. McGlynn, 88 N. Y. 357; Matter of Will of Smith, 95 N. Y. 516; Matter of Will of Martin, 98 N. Y. at page 196; Matter of Klinzner, 71 Misc. Rep. 620, 627, 130 N. Y. Supp. 1059. Proof of mere opportunity to exercise undue influence, the existence of confidential relations, fair solicitation by a legatee or executor, are insufficient in themselves to establish undue influence. Gardiner v. Gardiner, 34 N. Y. 155; Cudney v. Cudney, 68 N. Y. 148, 152; Post v. Mason, 91 N. Y. 539, 43 Am. Rep. 689; Matter of Patterson, 13 N. Y. Supp. 463; Blanchard v. Nestle, 3 Denio, 37; Tunison v. Tunison, 4 Bradf. 138; Hazard v. Hefford, 2 Hun, 443; Wait v. Breeze, 18 Hun, 403; Matter of Eddy, 41 Misc. Rep. 283, 84 N. Y. Supp. 218; Matter of Will of Benjamin, 136 N. Y. Supp. 1070. In the Matter of Benjamin it is to be observed that a jury afterwards came to the same conclusion on the issue of undue influence as the surrogate.
[23] It has been frequently held that a change of testamentary intention is sometimes an important circumstance bearing upon proof of undue influence. Matter of Donohue, 97 App. Div. 205, 89 N. Y. Supp. 871. In this cause now before me a claim of unexplained change of testamentary intention is a circumstance which is greatly emphasized by counsel for contestants. But what is the proof of a change of testamentary intention in this cause ? It is not a former will duly executed. It is not even a writing. Miss Campbell never made any other will than this before me. It is some oral proof of Miss Campbell’s intention to die intestate upon which contestants found this particular assertion. Is such proof sufficient in law to establish a testamentary intention; and again, how can an intention to
[24] The admission of oral proof to vary or explain wills has been the questio vexata of testamentary law. Volumes have been written on this subject, but the courts are as firm as the rock of Gilbraltar on this one point of law, that oral proof is inadmissible except there is an equivocation. Yet, if the contention of the contestants is accurate in this regard, a sufficient testamentary intention may be now established by parol evidence of contestants themselves, and a subsequent deviation from it may then be proof of undue influence. Such a contention seems to my mind to undermine all the foundations of the law of wills. To sanction such a rule would involve all the vice generally attributed to parol or extrinsic evidence of testamentary intention. It would leave contested wills in the hands of contestants. They would set up something only to knock it down.
While declarations of testator on an issue of mental capacity or undue influence are admissible for some purposes (Waterman v. Whitney, 11 N. Y. 157, 62 Am. Dec. 71; Marx v. McGlynn, 88 N. Y. 357; Matter of Kennedy, 167 N. Y. at page 171, 60 N. E. 442), they are not evidence of the fact stated in the declaration (Cudney v. Cudney, 68 N. Y. at page 152; Marx v. McGlynn, 88 N. Y. at page 374). How far mere oral declarations ought to be evidence of testamentary intention I confess I have great doubts. It is a general principle of law that no extrinsic evidence, -however conclusive in its nature, can be admitted with a view of setting up an intention inconsistent with the writing itself. Charter v. Charter, L. R., 7 Ho. L. 364; Earl of Newburgh v. Countess of Newburgh, 5 Madd. 364; Hodgson v. Hodgson, 2 Vern. 593; Beaumont v. Fell, 2 P. Wms. 141. It seems to me that extrinsic proof of an intention not to testaméntate set up against a will is inconsistent with the subsequent written will and ought to be prohibited by the spirit of the doctrine stated. In Jackson v. Kniffen, 2 Johns. 31, 3 Am. Dec. 390, a great judge of this state, Thompson, J., said:
“* * * To allow (a will) to foe impeached by the parol declarations of the testator himself would in my judgment foe eluding the statute” of wills.
In most of the cases where a fixed testamentary intention has been established as the basis of a charge of an unexplained change of testamentary intention, it has been so established by writing, executed pursuant to the statute of wills. Brydges v. King, 1 Hagg. 256, 310; Marsh v. Tyrrell, 2 Hagg. 84, 141; Delafield v. Parish, 25 N. Y. 85: McLaughlin v. McDevitt, 63 N. Y. at page 217; Children’s Aid Soc. v. Loveridge, 70 N. Y. at page 395; Matter of Way, 6 Misc. Rep. 484, 27 N. Y. Supp. 235; Swenarton v. Hancock, 9 Abb. N. C. 326. I cannot help thinking that the language of the Court of Appeals, disapproving of oral declarations of testators as proofs o'f a testator’s intentions in ordinary cases, might well be extended to oral declarations of an intent to die intestate (Matter of Kennedy, 167 N. Y. 170, 176, 60 N. E. 442) when offered against a subsequent written will.
[25, 26] But it must be remembered that it is only in case of a great change of testamentary intentions, long adhered to, and evidenced by a sudden departure from such former testamentary intentions, so long adhered to, that such change is conceded to demand explanation where the person in whose favor the change is made possesses great influence and authority and originates and conducts the whole transaction. Marsh v. Tyrrell, 2 Hagg. at page 110. Such are some of the limitations of the rule of law invoked by contestants. Now I am greatly in doubt whether the parol proof of Miss Campbell’s intentions not to make a will is sufficient in this cause to require consideration.
But in any event there is no proof that such intentions of Miss Campbell to die intestate were long adhered to in the sense that they existed for a long time. Her mere passive conduct of being intestate is not to be taken as the basis of such an important inference. As matter of fact I find no substantial change of testamentary intention on the part of Miss Campbell in this cause which calls for more explanation on the part of proponent than given in evidence in the cause. If an intention to die intestate means anything, it means that testatrix wished her estate to go to those the law names in cases of intestacy. In this aspect of the wdll the change of intention, if any, was very slight, as the will favored thos.e who were the nearest of living kin by law, except in one instance, where it involved the children of Mrs. Berry, only lately deceased. As to the devises of the realty, the will again follows pretty closely the prevailing canons of descent, except that the will excluded some of those who were more remote from the common stock of descent, and remote from testatrix. It is extremely doubtful, therefore, if in fact the will does evince a sudden or unexplained change of intention, within the true meaning of the rule invoked by contestants. See Matter of Green, 67 Hun, 537, 538, 22 N. Y. Supp. 1112.
[27] There is no proof in this cause of unlawful importunity. The inducement offered to Miss Campbell to make her will was, in my judgment, legitimate. Her sister-in-1'áw,. Mrs. Mary Campbell, who was seised of real property held in common with testatrix, desired Miss Campbell in a perfectly lawful way to make her will, so as to avoid the effects of an intestacy. Respectable and even eminent conveyancers advised that Miss Campbell should make her will in order to save her cotenant in common the bother and vexation incident to a judicial partition of property of great value. Miss Campbell owed that to her sister-in-law. Is such a request upon the part of a sister-in-law of testatrix, not otherwise benefited by the will, to be regarded
The factum of will was sufficiently established in this cause. The actors having to do with the testamentary act were all people of the highest respectability. Neither of the attesting witnesses took anything under the will. One of them, Mrs. Mary Campbell, was excluded absolutely from the will. To be sure, she had a fortune of her own, but it was open to testatrix to give her more, as she was shown to be on terms of affectionate intercourse with testatrix. Doubtless is it that Mr. Howard Townsend, the draftsman of the will, could have thrown much light upon the inception and creation of the paper propounded, as he was its draftsman; but contestants themselves closed the door to Mr. Townsend’s evidence by strenuous objections invoking the benefit of both sections 829 and 835 of the Code of Civil Procedure. It is not the fault of Mr. Townsend that proofs were 'not substituted for presumptions. Contestants insisted upon his incompetency to testify.
[28] By the will of testatrix Mr. Howard Townsend was given the right of nomination to the beds endowed in various hospitals by testatrix. This was claimed by contestants to make him a legatee and give him a beneficial interest in supporting the will, which excluded him under section 829, Code Civ. Proc., from giving testimony on points which were not excluded under section 835, Code Civ. Proc. The surrogate held on the spot that the bequest of such a right of presentation was not beneficial, or within the spirit of section 829, Code Civ. Proc.; that it was more in the nature of a charitable use or trust, or like an advowson in gross, or an executorship. Matter of Will of Wilson, 103 N. Y. 374, 8 N. E. 731. While the surrogate had no doubts, the proponents hesitated to rely on the accuracy of this ruling on a novel point, and Mr. Townsend then released his right of presentation and became clearly qualified to testify to matters not falling within the inhibition of section 835, Code Civ. Proc. As Mr. Howard Townsend had acted in a friendly way, or as a man of business, for testatrix, as well as professionally, in drafting her will, there was much he could testify to without valid objection. Only confidential and professional relations are to be excluded under that section. His evidence was good and frank and to the point, as far as it was allowed to proceed. But his relation as counsel to testatrix excluded much evidence.
The wisdom of excluding the testimony of lawyers who draw wills after the death of testators has been questioned. A will is a public, not a private, act in law. By the weight of authority it is held in all other states that the principle excluding evidence of confidential communications between lawyer and client has no application after the death of testators to instructions to their lawyers to draw their wills, or to the facts about the execution of such wills, and that it is
The very able counsel for contestants have made a powerful presentation based on untenable inferences. They could not do more with the facts in their possession. It is impossible to fashion out of nothing a legal fabric of strength. The surrogate would consider himself highly remiss in his duty if in so clear a cause he hesitated or refused to pronounce that the factum of will had been established.
The script propounded is entitled to probate as the last will and testament of Maria R. Campbell-, deceased. Let the findings and the decree to that end be presented for signature in the usual course.