STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
In re CLEVE WESTBROOK III.
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
April 19, 2018
Petitioner-Appellee,
v No. 338559
Kalamazoo Circuit Court
CLEVE WESTBROOK III, LC No. 2012-000251-DL
Respondent-Appellant.
Before: GLEICHER, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and CAMERON, JJ..
PER CURIAM.
Respondent appeals the family court’s order waiving jurisdiction and allowing for his
prosecution in an adult circuit court. We affirm.
Respondent was a 16-year-old minor while on juvenile intensive probation and in the
ON-TRAC Residential Treatment Unit, which is a cognitive behavioral program in Kalamazoo
County. Although respondent initially failed to make any progress for the first six months of his
probation, he eventually progressed in the ON-TRAC program to the point that he earned a 75-
day community pass, which required monitoring via a GPS tether.
After entering the community, however, respondent cut off his GPS tether and engaged in
a two-day crime spree, during which he committed at least 10 felonies. On the first day,
respondent used a handgun to cause a disturbance inside of a local business, fled the scene in a
vehicle, refused to pull over for police, and abandoned the vehicle leaving behind a handgun,
marijuana, and Xanax pills. Two days later, respondent again refused to stop for police while
driving a vehicle, attempted to elude the police, and jumped out of the vehicle while it was still
moving, which caused it to almost hit a house. Respondent was apprehended after this incident,
and police again found a handgun, marijuana, and pills inside the vehicle.
The prosecution motioned the family court to waive jurisdiction over respondent so that
he could be processed as an adult in the circuit court for two counts of fleeing from a police
officer, two counts of felony-firearm, two counts of carrying a concealed weapon, two counts of
possession of a controlled substance, receiving and concealing a firearm, and assaulting a police
officer. The family court granted the motion, and respondent now appeals.
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Respondent argues that the family court erred in its evaluation of the statutory factors in
making its determination to waive jurisdiction over him. We disagree.
The family court’s findings of fact are reviewed for clear error. MCR 3.902(A); MCR
2.613(C); In re Fultz, 211 Mich App 299, 306; 535 NW2d 590 (1995), rev’d on other grounds
453 Mich 937 (1996). “Clear error exists if the reviewing court is left with a definite and firm
conviction that a mistake has been made.” People v Miller, 482 Mich 540, 544; 759 NW2d 850
(2008) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
“A probate court’s[1] order waiving jurisdiction will be affirmed whenever that court's
findings, based on substantial evidence and thorough investigation, show either that the juvenile
is not amenable to treatment or that, despite his potential for treatment, the nature of his
difficulty is likely to render him dangerous to the public, if released at age nineteen or twenty-
one, or to disrupt the rehabilitation of other children.” People v Fowler, 193 Mich App 358, 363;
483 NW2d 626 (1992), citing People v Dunbar, 423 Mich 380, 387; 377 NW2d 262 (1985).
The family court’s ability to waive jurisdiction is governed by MCL 712A.4 and MCR
3.950. A family court may waive jurisdiction over a juvenile offender on motion of the
prosecution if the juvenile offender is 14 years old or older and is accused of committing a
felony. MCL 712A.4(1). The waiver hearing is conducted in two phases. MCR 3.950(D). The
first phase is to determine if the juvenile offender committed a crime that would be considered a
felony if committed by an adult. MCR 3.950(D)(1); MCL 712A.4(3). Respondent waived the
first phase of the hearing, as allowed by MCR 3.950(D)(1)(c)(ii). Therefore, only the family
court’s findings and decision regarding phase two are at issue on appeal.
Phase two of the hearing seeks to determine “whether the interests of the juvenile and the
public would best be served by granting the motion.” MCR 3.950(D)(2); see also MCL
712A.4(4). The prosecutor has the burden of proof to establish “by a preponderance of the
evidence that the best interests of the juvenile and the public would be served by waiver.” MCR
3.950(D)(2)(c). In making its determination on the second phase of the hearing, the family court
is to consider:
(i) the seriousness of the alleged offense in terms of community
protection, including, but not limited to, the existence of any aggravating factors
recognized by the sentencing guidelines, the use of a firearm or other dangerous
weapon, and the effect on any victim;
(ii) the culpability of the juvenile in committing the alleged offense,
including, but not limited to, the level of the juvenile's participation in planning
and carrying out the offense and the existence of any aggravating or mitigating
factors recognized by the sentencing guidelines;
1
The former version of MCL 712A.4, amended in 1996, read that the transfer would be to the
juvenile division of the probate court, rather than to the family division of the circuit court. See
MCL 712A.4, as amended by 1996 PA 409.
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(iii) the juvenile’s prior record of delinquency including, but not limited
to, any record of detention, any police record, any school record, or any other
evidence indicating prior delinquent behavior;
(iv) the juvenile’s programming history, including, but not limited to, the
juvenile's past willingness to participate meaningfully in available programming;
(v) the adequacy of the punishment or programming available in the
juvenile justice system;
(vi) the dispositional options available for the juvenile. [MCR
3.950(D)(2)(d)(i) to (vi); see also MCL 712A.4(4)(a) to (f).]
Of the six factors, the family court must give “greater weight to the seriousness of the
alleged offense and the juvenile’s prior record of delinquency than to the other criteria.” MCL
712A.4(4). In addition to the statutory factors, when making its determination regarding waiver
of jurisdiction, there must also be evidence on the record, to which the family court must refer,
regarding the relative suitability of programs and facilities available in the juvenile and adult
correctional systems. Dunbar, 423 Mich at 388.
We note that respondent does not address the trial court’s findings as to the first three
factors, including the two that must be given greater weight—the seriousness of the alleged
offense under factor (i) and the juvenile’s prior record of delinquency under factor (iii). Instead,
respondent only takes issue with the family court’s analysis and consideration of factors (iv) to
(vi) in addition to its analysis of the relative suitability of programs and facilities available in the
juvenile and adult correctional systems. We address each factor in order.
Turning first to the seriousness of the alleged offense, the family court noted the severity
of the 10 alleged felonies against respondent. They included fleeing police, weapons charges,
and drug charges. Notably, respondent entered a local business with a 9-millimeter hand gun,
causing a disturbance to those inside. In a matter of days, respondent fled police on two separate
occasions, was in possession of analogue pills and marijuana, and even jumped from a moving
vehicle causing it to drive up onto a curb. His police chases endangered the community, and it
was fortunate that no one was injured. The serious nature of these offenses cannot be
understated, and the family court did not err when it concluded that the seriousness of the
offenses weighed in favor of waiving jurisdiction.
As to factor (ii), the culpability of the respondent, the trial court concluded that
respondent was highly culpable in all of the alleged offenses. He was the one wielding the
firearm, driving the vehicle, running from the police, and possessing the drugs. Moreover,
respondent’s choice to leave the juvenile facility and cut the tether was his choice alone, and he
appeared to be the leader of the group that caused the disturbance inside a local business. We
conclude that the family court did not err in weighing this factor in favor of waiving jurisdiction.
Respondent has a lengthy juvenile record, as the family court noted under factor (iii).
Respondent’s criminal history began when he was only 13 years old. His record included
weapons charges, drug charges, resisting arrest, unlawful driving away of a vehicle, and home
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invasion. In fact, he had previously cut his tether and went on the run in 2014. The trial court
also acknowledged respondent’s poor history in school, which included numerous behavioral
issues and poor performance. Overall, the trial court did not err in finding that factor (iii)
weighed in favor of waiving jurisdiction.
On appeal, respondent has taken issue with the final three factors under MCR
3.950(D)(2)(d). These arguments are without merit.
The family court noted that respondent received services in his school and through the
Department of Health and Human Services before becoming involved with the juvenile justice
system. It also noted that respondent had been on intensive probations, including his placement
in in-home detention with GPS monitoring. It took notice of respondent’s having cut off his
GPS tether at least three times during that placement. It then discussed that respondent was
involved in a plethora of programs, including those offered through ON-TRAC. The family
court also took note that respondent did not take advantage of the Job-Corps opportunity that was
offered to him through ON-TRAC. The family court opined:
[Respondent] has participated in many services, but appears to have just
gone through the motions. He has participated in so many activities and so many
people have worked with him to help him, and yet he continues to participate in
criminal activities that are risky, involving weapons, drugs, and dangerous
operation of vehicles.
The family court also discussed that the threat of juvenile detention was “not a serious
deterrent for [respondent].” That is, juvenile detention was not an adequate punishment. The
family court also noted that, despite respondent’s participation in programs and services,
including the most intensive services that could be offered (ON-TRAC), he still engaged in a life
of violent and dangerous crimes at his earliest opportunity. That is, the programs were
inadequate to address respondent’s issues. This is buttressed by the family court’s specific
statement that “[p]rogramming available in the Juvenile Home is inadequate for [respondent].”
The family court additionally noted that the ON-TRAC program director was willing to
accept respondent back into the program and modify it to fit his needs. However, the family
court also noted that, despite his participation in the program, respondent did not seem to be
benefiting from it. Moreover, the family court noted when respondent reached the age of 17,
which was less than three months away, he would “age out and be removed from the [ON-
TRAC] program.” It further opined, “Maintaining him in the Juvenile Home and modifying
programs further for him, this [c]ourt believes will not change his thinking and behavior
sufficient that he will not continue to be a danger to the community.” The family court stated
that “the dispositional options available for [respondent] as a juvenile” were “inadequate.”
Lastly, the family court discussed that at least one of the programs, Moral Recognition
Therapy, was also available in the adult justice system, which the on-staff psychologist at ON-
TRAC confirmed. Additionally, the family court discussed that respondent had a mentor, who
was willing and able to continue mentoring respondent if respondent were placed in the adult
justice system. The family court noted that the mentor’s role was to help adult inmates with
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community service, to find part-time employment, enroll in AA/NA, and find other recovery
services.
Considering the above evidence, we are not “left with a definite and firm conviction that
a mistake has been made.” Miller, 482 Mich at 544 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The
family court addressed respondent’s programming history, the adequacy of the punishments
available in the juvenile justice system, and the dispositional options available to respondent.
Taken together, the trial court properly concluded that, despite some progress made later in these
programs, the overwhelming evidence weighed in favor of waiving jurisdiction. Therefore, we
hold that “based on substantial evidence and thorough investigation . . . despite [respondent’s]
potential for treatment, the nature of his difficulty is likely to render him dangerous to the public,
if released at age nineteen or twenty-one, or to disrupt the rehabilitation of other children.”
Fowler, 193 Mich App at 363. Accordingly, we hold that the family court did not err in waiving
jurisdiction over respondent.
Affirmed.
/s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
/s/ Michael J. Kelly
/s/ Thomas C. Cameron
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in Re Cleve Westbrook III
Combined Opinion