No. 95-404
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
1996
IN RE GUARDIANSHIP OF D.T.N., APR 0 5 1ggB
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twenty-First Judicial
District, In and for the County of Ravalli,
The Honorable Jeffrey H. Langton, Judge presiding.
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Mary Rose Heller, Sanders & Heller,
Hamilton, Montana
For Respondent:
Judith A. Loring, Attorney at Law,
Stevensville, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: January 4, 1996
Decided: April 5, 1996
Filed:
Justice Terry N. Trieweiler delivered the opinion of the Court.
Thomas and Joanne Nichols filed a petition in the District
Court for the Twenty-First Judicial District in Ravalli County for
permanent guardianship of D.T.N. After a hearing, the court
entered its order in which it appointed the petitioners as D.T.N.'s
permanent guardians. Krista Dickman, the mother of D.T.N., appeals
the court's order. We reverse the order of the District Court.
The issue on appeal is whether the District Court erred when
it appointed the Nicholses to be D.T.N. 's permanent guardians.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Krista Dickman is the natural mother of D.T.N., who was born
on July 27, 1992. Arturo T. Nichols is D.T.N.'s natural father.
Krista and Art were never married to each other and no
determination has been made that one is entitled to D.T.N.'s
custody as opposed to the other.
After D.T.N.'s birth, Art and Krista lived together or
separately in various places including Montana, Washington, and
California. In July 1994, Krista arrived in Idaho where, on
July 12, 1994, she executed a notarized document which evidenced
her intent to temporarily relinquish physical custody of D.T.N. to
her sister and mother. Krista then left and traveled across the
country.
Eventually, Krista's sister brought D.T.N. back to Montana and
in September 1994, Thomas and Joanne Nichols, the paternal
grandparents of D.T.N., began taking care of him. On September 23,
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1994, the Nicholses filed a petition for a temporary guardianship
of D.T.N. The court heard evidence in support of the petition.
However, before an order was entered, Krista and the Nicholses
entered into an agreement in which Krista consented to the
guardianship on a temporary six-month basis. Arturo, D.T.N.'s
father, also consented to the guardianship, and on October 26,
1994, the court included the parties' agreement in its order
granting temporary guardianship of D.T.N. to the Nicholses.
In December 1994, the Nicholses traveled with D.T.N. to
California. While they were gone, Krista married Jeff Dickman and
the couple moved into an apartment.
On February 21, 1995, the Nicholses moved the court to appoint
them permanent guardians. On March 8, 1995, the court held a
hearing to consider that motion. However, before a decision was
made by the court, the Nicholses and Krista entered into another
agreement in which Krista agreed to satisfy certain conditions
during the remaining period of the temporary guardianship. The
conditions required that Krista and her new husband take parenting
classes, be evaluated for chemical dependency, and if necessary,
take chemical dependency classes.
On April 12, 1995, the Nicholses filed a petition for
appointment as permanent guardians. On April 18, 1995, Krista
filed a withdrawal of consent to temporary guardianship and a
petition for removal of guardians and termination of temporary
guardianship. The temporary guardianship expired by law on
April 25, 1995.
On May 30, 1995, the court held a hearing to consider the
parties' claims. On June 20, 1995, the court issued its order in
which it granted the Nicholses' petition. It found that pursuant
to § 40-4-221, MCA, the Nicholses had physical custody of the child
and that when the physical custody commenced the child was not in
the physical custody of either parent; that the natural father
consented to the guardianship; that Krista "voluntarily
relinquished physical custody of the child in the early summer of
1994" and "did not evidence or demonstrate an intent to resume
custody or to provide for the child's care"; that when the child
was in Krista's care he was neglected and/or dependent as those
terms are defined by § 41-3-102, MCA; and that the child's best
interest, pursuant to § 40-4-212, MCA, would be served by the
appointment of the petitioners as D.T.N.'s permanent guardians. It
also found that Krista and the child's natural father, Arturo T.
Nichols, had agreed to resolve ultimate custody and visitation
issues by April 25, 1995, the date the Nicholses' temporary
guardianship status would otherwise terminate, but that they had
failed to do so. The court then concluded that the Nicholses
should be awarded permanent guardianship.
DISCUSSION
The issue on appeal is whether the District Court erred when
it appointed the Nicholses to be D.T.N.'s permanent guardians.
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We review a district court's conclusions of law related to the
appointment of a guardian, as we do in other cases, to determine if
they are correct. Jim’sExcavatingServ.,Inc. V. HKMAssocs. (1994) , 265 Mont.
494, 501, 878 P.2d 248, 252. We review the underlying factual
findings to determine whether they are clearly erroneous.
Rule 52(a), M.R.Civ.P.; Bvownv. Tintinger (19901, 245 Mont. 373, 377,
801 P.2d 607, 609.
The Nicholses petitioned for appointment as permanent
guardians of D.T.N. pursuant to the guardianship provisions of the
Uniform Probate Code, found at §§ 72-5-201 through -234, MCA. The
Nicholses' arguments and the District Court's order incorporate
provisions of the U.P.C., Montana's Uniform Marriage and Divorce
Act, and this state's statutes relating to abused and neglected
children to construct the legal justification for the District
Court's decision. However, since the Nicholses sought permanent
guardianship of D.T.N. pursuant to the U.P.C., we will consider the
merits of Krista's appeal in that context.
Section 72-5-225(2), MCA, provides in part that:
Upon hearing, if the court finds that a qualified
person seeks appointment, venue is proper, the required
notices have been given, the requirements of 72-5-222
have been met, and the welfare and best interests of the
minor will be served by the requested appointment, it
shall make the appointment.
(Emphasis added). Section 72-5-222(l), MCA, referred to in
5 72-5-225(2), MCA, provides that "[tlhe court may appoint a
guardian for an unmarried minor if all parental rights of custody
have been terminated or suspended by circumstances or prior court
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order." All criteria set forth in -225(2), MCA, and the
requirement imposed by -222(l), MCA, must be satisfied before a
court may grant any application for appointment of a permanent
guardian.
After a hearing, the District Court granted the Nicholses'
petition for permanent guardianship; however, it failed to make a
specific finding that Krista's parental rights were "terminated or
suspended by circumstances or prior court order." Instead, the
court seemingly ignored the requirements of § 72-5-222(l), MCA,
made several findings related to custody determinations made
pursuant to the Marriage and Divorce Act or termination of parental
rights, and concluded that the child's best interest would be
served if D.T.N. remained with the Nicholses. We will, however,
review the record to determine if Krista's parental rights were
"terminated or suspended" as 5 72-5-222(l), MCA, requires.
On appeal, Krista contends that her parental rights had not
been suspended or terminated by circumstances or prior court order.
In fact, both parties concede that no prior court order terminated
or suspended her parental right of custody. Therefore, we must
determine whether the facts support a finding that Krista's
parental rights of custody were "suspended by circumstances."
This Court has interpreted the term "suspended by
circumstances" in only one case, InreAschenbrenner (1979), 182 Mont.
540, 597 P.2d 1156. In Aschenbrenner , the natural mother of three
children also entrusted the care of her children to paternal
6
!
grandparents, although in that case it was for a period of three
weeks. When she left the children with the paternal grandparents
on a second occasion for a shorter period of time, they refused to
return the children to her. Instead, they petitioned for
appointment as the children's guardian. Aschenbrenner , 182 Mont. at
542-43, 597 P.2d at 1159.
After considering evidence, including the testimony of a
social worker who questioned the mother's ability as a parent, the
district court granted the petition for a permanent guardianship
based on findings similar to those made in this case. Aschenbrenner ,
182 Mont. at 543-44, 597 P.2d at 1159. The court concluded that
based on the mother's inadequacy as a parent, the children were
dependent and neglected and that their best interests were served
by placing them in the care of their grandparents. Aschenbrenner, 182
Mont. at 544, 597 P.2d at 1159. When the mother appealed from the
district court's decision, we were asked to decide whether a
guardianship proceeding may be used to terminate the custodial
rights of a natural parent. We held that parental rights could not
be terminated in that manner. Aschenbrenner, 182 Mont. at 547-48, 597
P.2d at 1161.
In Aschenbrenner we first noted the jurisdictional requirement at
§ 72-5-222(l), MCA, that parental rights be terminated before a
permanent guardian can be appointed, and then considered whether
that mother's parental rights of custody had been "suspended by
circumstances." Aschenbrenner , 182 Mont. at 545, 597 P.2d at 1160.
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Based on the facts in that case, we held that they had not been
terminated. Although it was not a guardianship case, we cited Inre
Doney (1977), 174 Mont. 282, 570 P.2d. 575, in support of our
conclusion. Because that case includes facts similar to those in
this case, it is worth quoting that part of OUT Aschenbrenner
decision.
InMatterofGuardianshipofDoney (1977), 174 Mont. 282, 570 P.2d.
575, the natural father of the children left them with
his sister-in-law for a period of two months "while he
composed himself and prepared to take the children into
his home" and thereafter even signed guardianship papers,
giving his consent to give temporary custody of the
children to his sister-in-law. In rejecting the argument
that this showed an abandonment of parental custodial
rights, we stated: "Surrender of custody of a minor
child by a parent is presumed to be temporary unless the
contrary is made to appear." Done-y, 570 P.2d at 577.
Aschenbrenner, 182 Mont. at 547, 597 P.2d at 1161.
In Aschenbrenner we also concluded that whether the grandparents
were better able to provide a good environment for the children
than the mother was irrelevant because the mother had a fundamental
constitutional right to the custody of her children. We quoted
again from Doney to the effect that the "best interest of the child"
test is only relevant after there has been a showing of dependency
or abuse or neglect pursuant to our termination of parental rights
statutes, or in custody disputes between two natural parents.
Aschenbrenner , 182 Mont. at 549, 597 P.2d at 1162. We stated that:
‘I However, where thirdparties seek custody, it has long been the law in Montana that
the right of the natural parent prevails until a showing of a forfeiture of this right.
ExparteBorquin, 88 Mont. 118, 290 P. 250 (1930). See also
MatterofFisher, 169 Mont. 254, 545 P.2d 654 (1976) . The
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Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act does not change this
law. This forfeiture can result only where the parent's
conduct does not meet the minimum standards of the child
abuse, neglect and dependency statutes."
Aschenbrenner, 182 Mont. at 550, 597 P.2d at 1162-63 (quoting Henderson
v.Henderson (1977), 174 Mont. 1, 10, 568 P.2d 177, 182).
Although the district court in Aschenbrenner found, as did the
District Court in this case, that the children were "dependent and
neglected," we held that that kind of determination could not be
made in a guardianship proceeding instituted by paternal
grandparents, but only in a proceeding instituted to have children
declared dependent and neglected, brought by the county attorney
pursuant to Title 41, Chapter 3, of the Montana Code Annotated.
Aschenbrenner, 182 Mont. at 551, 597 P.2d at 1163.
We noted in Aschenbrenner that while the district court ' s
confusion was understandable based on the various statutory schemes
governing the termination of parental rights or the custody of
children, each scheme had a specific and distinct purpose with its
own procedures which must be followed. We held that:
T o insure that minors involved received the full
protection of these laws, the procedures should be
"rigorously followed." In re Guardianship ofEvans (1978) , 179
Mont. 438, 445, 587 P.2d 372, 376. District [clourts
must identify and adhere to the proper procedure and
standards to be used in the proceedings before them.
Only then will the fundamental rights and relationship
existing between parent and child be fully realized or,
when necessary, properly severed.
Aschenbrenner , 182 Mont. at 553, 597 P.2d at 1164.
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The phrase "suspended by circumstances" was more recently
considered by the Supreme Court of Idaho in a case which involved
facts similar to those that exist in this case. 1n In re Copenhaver
(Idaho 1993), 865 P.2d 979, 980, two minor children had been left
in the care and custody of the petitioners in June 1990. on
September 13, 1990, they petitioned for guardianship pursuant to
Idaho's version of the Uniform Probate Code. They alleged that the
mother had voluntarily surrendered their custody and was currently
residing in Arizona, that neither of the children's natural fathers
had provided any support or care for them, and therefore, that
parental rights had been "suspended by circumstances." Temporary
guardianship was granted. However, the natural parents moved to
set aside the temporary guardianship based on their intent to claim
their rights as natural parents. Copenhaver , 865 P.2d at 980-81.
Instead, after a hearing, a permanent guardianship was granted
and the mother appealed. Copenhaver , 865 P.2d at 981.
On appeal, the Supreme Court of Idaho noted that the
application for appointment of a guardian of a minor is a statutory
proceeding which must proceed based on statutory terms, and not
based on principles of equity. Copenhaver , 865 P.2d at 983. Based
on a guardianship statute identical to Montana's, it concluded
that, under the circumstances in that case, before a guardian could
be appointed it must first be established that the natural parent's
right to custody had been suspended by circumstances. Without such
a finding, the Idaho Court acknowledged that an inquiry about the
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children's best interest would be irrelevant. Copenhaver , 8 6 5 P .2 d
at 983-84.
The Idaho Supreme Court noted that in that case the minor
children had been left with the petitioners from June 1990 to the
date of the hearing in March 1991; that the natural mother had
stated that she could not afford her children; and that during
their placement with the petitioners the mother had had little
contact with her children. In fact, the petitioners had little
information about the mother's whereabouts and she had been
difficult to locate. In addition, the trial court made findings
intended to demonstrate an inadequate level of maternal care,
including alcohol and drug abuse. Copenhaver , 865 P.2d at 984.
Nevertheless, after reviewing decisions from other jurisdictions
which had interpreted the phrase "suspended by circumstances," the
Idaho Court concluded that when the natural mother appeared in the
guardianship proceeding, objected to the guardianship, made it
clear that she no longer desired to leave the children and that she
was willing and capable of caring for them, and made her
whereabouts known, her parental rights were no longer suspended by
circumstances. The Idaho Supreme Court held that at that point the
magistrate's findings regarding the children's living situation,
school enrollment, financial support, and contact with their mother
no longer had any relevance. Copenhaver , 865 P.2d at 984-85.
The drafting committee's Comment to § 5-204 (the corresponding
U.P.C. section to § 72-5-222(l), MCA), promulgated by the National
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Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, also indicates
the restrictive nature of the section. The Comment states:
Nothins in this Article is intended to deal with the
status of a so-called natural guardian, with the
authority of a parent over a child, or with authority
over a child or children that may be conferred bv other
state laws.
The court [under the Probate Code] is not authorized
to aopoint a guardian for one for whom a parent has
custodial riqhts or for one who has a parental
guardian.
Uniform Probate Code 5 5-204 (Comment), 8 U.L.A. 445 (1983)
(emphasis added). Similarly, as observed by Richard V. Wellman, in
2 Uniform Probate Code Practice Manual, at 5 I I ( 19 7 7 ) :
Under the [Uniform Probate] Code, the power of the court
to appoint a guardian for a minor is narrowly limited.
. It should be remembered, however, that the court
has no power to appoint a guardian at all if the minor
has a living parent entitled to his custodv or a auardian
appointed bv the will of a parent [who] is willinq to
a. The parents and their testamentary appointees have,
therefore, priority over everyone whom the court might
appoint unless the parents have been deprived of custody.
(Emphasis added.)
We agree that the guardianship provisions of the Probate Code
were never intended as a substitute for the custody provisions of
our Marriage and Divorce Act, nor the prescribed and demanding
procedures established for the termination of parental rights. See
55 40-4-211 through -226, MCA; §§ 41-3-601 through -612, MCA.
We conclude that Krista's parental rights were not terminated
by circumstance. Krista appeared in this action, withdrew her
consent to the temporary guardianship, and filed a petition to
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terminate the temporary guardianship. These actions indicate that
she is present and that she has not voluntarily relinquished her
right to physical custody of her child. Moreover, Krista's
previous surrender of D.T.N. and consent to the implementation of
the temporary guardianship is presumed to be temporary unless the
contrary is made to appear. Aschenbrenner , 597 P.2d at 1161 (quoting
Doney, 570 P.2d at 577). Therefore, while Krista did voluntarily
relinquish physical custody of D.T.N. and consented to the
temporary guardianship, that guardianship ended on April 25, 1995.
It could not form the basis for termination of her rights as a
parent because it was limited by its terms and by statute to a
specific period of time.
For these reasons, we conclude that the requirements of
5 72-5-222(l), MCA, were not met. Based on our review of the
record, Krista's parental rights of custody have not been
terminated or suspended by circumstance or prior court order. We
therefore conclude that the District Court erred when it awarded
permanent guardianship to the Nicholses and we reverse the District
Court's order.
13
Chief Justice
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