No. 3--07--0112
_________________________________________________________________
Filed June 24, 2008
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
A.D., 2008
In re K.L.S-P., Appeal from
) the Circuit Court
) of the 10th Judicial Circuit,
a Minor ) Peoria County, Illinois,
)
(The People of the State of )
Illinois, )
)
Petitioner-Appellee, ) No. 06--JA--112
)
v. )
)
Amber P., ) Honorable
) David J. Dubicki,
Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge, Presiding.
_________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE O’BRIEN delivered the opinion of the court:
_________________________________________________________________
K.L.S-P. is the minor child of the respondent mother, Amber P. The trial court adjudged
the minor to be neglected. Following the dispositional hearing, the court made the child a ward
of the court, and gave the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) custody and
guardianship of the minor. On appeal, the respondent argued that the court erred by (1)
adjudging the child to be neglected; and (2) granting DCFS custody and guardianship of the
minor. We reversed.
On April 8, 2008, the State filed a petition for rehearing, in which it contended that the
custody issue in this case does not meet the requirements of the public interest exception to the
mootness doctrine. Additionally, the State submitted that, under the relevant statute (705 ILCS
405/2--23(1)(a) (West 2006)), a trial court may not restore custody of a child to a parent whose
acts formed the basis of a neglect finding without first determining that the parent is both (1) fit;
and (2) able to care for the minor without endangering the minor's health and safety. We
disagree with the arguments in the State's petition, and modify our order accordingly.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Adjudication of Neglect
K.L.S-P., a male, was born on April 26, 2006. On May 8, 2006, the State filed a juvenile
petition alleging that K.L.S-P. was neglected because of an injurious environment. In the
petition, the State said that the child's environment was injurious for eight reasons, which the
State alleged in paragraphs A to H.
In paragraph A, the State noted that the respondent mother was previously found unfit
regarding K.L.S-P.'s two older siblings in November 2004 and July 2005, respectively, without a
subsequent finding of fitness. Paragraph B made the same allegation as paragraph A, but with
regard to the respondent father. Also, paragraph B alleged that the father's motion for fitness was
denied in both cases regarding the siblings on April 18, 2006.
In paragraph C, the State submitted that the parents had not completed services that
would allow the return home of the siblings. Paragraph D stated that the parents were previously
indicated by DCFS for (1) the death of a fourth child by neglect and malnutrition in June 2002;
and (2) risk of harm in September 2003 and October 2004. Paragraph D did not specify which
child or children were the subjects of DCFS' risk of harm indications.
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In paragraph E, the State alleged that on September 1, 2004, the parents took one of the
minor's siblings from DCFS' protective custody and fled. Paragraph F listed the father's
convictions for (1) driving while his license was revoked in 2004; (2) child abduction and
concealment in 2004; (3) reckless driving in 2003; (4) possession of drug paraphernalia in 1999;
and (5) possession of cannabis in 1994. In paragraph G, the State enumerated the mother's
convictions for (1) child abduction and concealment in 2004; (2) retail theft in 1999; and (3)
domestic battery in 1996.
Paragraph H submitted that the parents had a difficult time preventing the minor's siblings
from encountering dangerous and harmful situations as evidenced by (1) a sibling crawling
toward a space heater on September 5, 2005; (2) a sibling falling off a couch on October 20,
2005; (3) a sibling picking up a medicine bottle and a spray can on October 20, 2005; (4) a
sibling playing in kitty litter spilled on the kitchen floor on December 1, 2005; (5) the mother
giving a sibling a chicken nugget that was too large for the child to eat on March 28, 2006; and
(6) a "sibling being left on concrete steps to climb up on his own" on April 4, 2006. In the
respondent's answer to the petition, she "stipulate[d] that the State would call witnesses at
Adjudication who would support the allegations contained in" paragraphs A, B, D, E, and G.
At the conclusion of the adjudicatory hearing, the court noted that the respondent had
stipulated to the facts alleged in paragraphs A, B, D, E, and G. The court said that the State had
proved paragraph F through exhibits. Regarding paragraph H, the court ruled that (1) none of the
incidents concerning the space heater, the spray can, the kitty litter, the chicken nugget, and the
concrete steps contributed to an injurious environment; and (2) it gave minimal weight to the
child falling off the couch. Therefore, we will not discuss further the evidence that was
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presented during the hearing concerning paragraphs A, B, D, E, F, and G, and those portions of
paragraph H that the court either found to be of minimal value or did not consider in its ruling.
At the adjudicatory hearing, the State submitted exhibits 1 and 2 with reference to
paragraph C of the neglect petition. These exhibits contained, among other things, the mother
and father's motions for restoration of fitness regarding K.L.S-P.'s siblings. In the motions, the
parents argued that they had substantially completed all of the tasks assigned to them by the court
in previous dispositional orders concerning the siblings. These exhibits did not contain
documents showing the court's rulings on these motions. The exhibits also did not include any
documents indicating whether the parents had completed the tasks assigned to them in the
previous dispositional orders.
The respondent father did not appear at the adjudicatory hearing. The respondent mother
testified that regarding the tasks assigned to her concerning K.L.S-P.'s siblings, she had
completed (1) three parenting classes; (2) a domestic violence training course; (3) a CPR adult
and infant training course; (4) an intensive outpatient and aftercare treatment program for drug
and alcohol abuse; and (5) a nutrition class. She said that she continued to provide random urine
specimens twice per month, all of which had been negative for the presence of illegal drugs since
the beginning of the present case. The mother stated that she and the father were in ongoing
couples counseling, after which they would enter individual counseling. She had completed a
neuropsychological evaluation and was following its recommendations. The mother also had
completed a child development evaluation. In summary, the mother testified that she had
substantially completed all of the services assigned to her in K.L.S-P.'s siblings cases, except for
ongoing drug drops and counseling.
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Susie Marizetts testified that she was a family advocate for Catholic Charities regarding
this case. Marizetts stated that during her visit to the home on October 20, 2005, the mother and
K.L.S-P.'s siblings were present. One of the siblings, who was born on October 14, 2004, picked
up a bottle of prescription pills from a coffee table. Marizetts asked the mother to take the bottle
from the child, which the mother did. On cross-examination, Marizetts acknowledged that
during a subsequent visit to the residence, the respondent told Marizetts that the prescription pill
bottles in the home had child-proof lids.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the court discussed the evidence presented regarding
paragraphs A to H of the neglect petition. The court noted that (1) the respondent stipulated to
the facts in paragraphs A, B, D, E, and G; (2) the State had proved paragraph C by the
submission of exhibits 1 and 2, as well as the mother's testimony; and (3) the State had proved
paragraph F through exhibits. The court did not state how much weight it gave to paragraphs A
to G.
As noted above, the court gave either little or no weight to those portions of paragraph H
except for the incident concerning the prescription pill bottle. The court stated that, regardless of
the bottle's child-proof cap, the sibling's access to the bottle could have led to "disastrous"
results. The court found, therefore, that this incident contributed to an injurious environment.
The court adjudged that K.L.S-P. was neglected.
B. Dispositional Order
At the conclusion of the dispositional hearing, the court made K.L.S-P. a ward of the
court and orally found the respondent to be dispositionally "fit but reserved." Additionally, the
court stated that "fit but reserved is fit." In the court's written dispositional order, the court
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checked the box next to the statement that the respondent was "fit but reserved." The record does
not indicate, and the court did not find, that the respondent was either unable or unwilling to care
for the child. The court gave DCFS custody and guardianship of the child. The respondent
appealed.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Adjudication of Neglect
The respondent contends that the trial court erred by finding K.L.S-P. to be neglected
because of an injurious environment.
It is the State's burden to prove allegations of neglect by a preponderance of the evidence.
In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d 441, 819 N.E.2d 734 (2004). On appeal, a trial court's ruling of
neglect will not be reversed unless it was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Arthur H.,
212 Ill. 2d 441, 819 N.E.2d 734. A court's finding is against the manifest weight of the evidence
only if the opposite conclusion is clearly evident. Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d 441, 819 N.E.2d 734.
The terms "neglect" and "injurious environment" do not have fixed definitions but, rather,
take their meaning from the particular circumstances of each case. In re Gabriel E., 372 Ill. App.
3d 817, 867 N.E.2d 59 (2007). Thus, cases involving such allegations are sui generis and must
be decided on the basis of their individual facts. Gabriel E., 372 Ill. App. 3d 817, 867 N.E.2d 59.
Nonetheless, Illinois courts have described "neglect" as (1) the failure to exercise the care that
circumstances justly demand; and (2) encompassing both willful and unintentional disregard of
parental duty. Gabriel E., 372 Ill. App. 3d 817, 867 N.E.2d 59. Similarly, our courts have stated
that even though an "injurious environment" is an amorphous concept, it has been interpreted to
include the breach of a parent's duty to ensure a safe and nurturing shelter for her child. Gabriel
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E., 372 Ill. App. 3d 817, 867 N.E.2d 59.
In this case, the State filed its neglect petition on May 8, 2006. Following the
adjudicatory hearing, the court found that the respondent had stipulated to the facts in paragraphs
A, B, D, E, and G. We emphasize that the respondent only stipulated that the State would call
witnesses whose testimony would support the allegations in these paragraphs. The respondent
did not stipulate to the legal conclusion that K.L.S-P. was neglected because of these allegations.
Furthermore, the court did not indicate how much weight it gave to the stipulated
paragraphs. Concerning paragraphs A and B, the respondent stipulated that in November 2004
and July 2005 the court had found both parents unfit with regard to K.L.S-P.'s two siblings
without a subsequent finding of fitness. However, the evidence presented by the State did not
show how these previous findings of unfitness were related to conditions in May 2006. See
Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d 441, 819 N.E.2d 734.
Regarding paragraph D, the respondent stipulated that she was previously indicated by
DCFS in June 2002, September 2003, and October 2004. Concerning paragraph E, the
respondent stipulated to an incident of child abduction that occurred in September 2004.
Regarding paragraph G, the respondent stipulated that she had criminal convictions in 1996,
1999, and 2004. Through exhibits, the State proved the contentions in paragraph F that the father
had criminal convictions in 1994, 1999, 2003, and 2004. Again, the evidence did not show how
the allegations in paragraphs D to G contributed to an injurious environment in May 2006.
The court found that the State proved paragraph C through exhibits 1 and 2, as well as
through the respondent's testimony. We disagree. Paragraph C stated that the parents had not
completed services that would allow the return home of K.L.S-P's siblings. Exhibits 1 and 2
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contained the respondents' motions for restoration of fitness regarding the siblings. These
exhibits did not include the court's order denying the motions or any other evidence that the
parents failed to complete their services regarding the siblings. Similarly, the respondent's
testimony did not show such a failure to complete services. To the contrary, the respondent
testified that she had substantially completed the services, except for those services that were
ongoing, such as drug drops and counseling. Thus, we find that the State failed to prove the
allegations in paragraph C.
Regarding the contentions in paragraph H, the court only gave substantial weight to the
incident with the prescription pill bottle. This incident did not show evidence of an injurious
environment. The sibling in question was born on October 14, 2004. The event took place on
October 20, 2005. We find it extremely unlikely that a one-year-old toddler would be able to
open a prescription pill bottle with a child-proof cap, resulting in the kind of "disastrous"
consequences to which the court referred.
In summary, the evidence presented at the adjudicatory hearing did not show (1) the
breach of the respondent's duty to ensure a safe and nurturing shelter for K.L.S-P.; (2) the
respondent's failure to exercise the care that the circumstances justly demanded; or (3) either the
willful or unintentional disregard of the respondent's parental duties. See Gabriel E., 372 Ill.
App. 3d 817, 867 N.E.2d 59. We hold, therefore, that it was against the manifest weight of the
evidence for the trial court to find K.L.S-P. to be neglected, because the opposite conclusion was
clearly evident. See Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d 441, 819 N.E.2d 734.
B. Dispositional Order
The respondent submits that the court erred by granting the custody and guardianship of
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K.L.S-P. to DCFS. We note that our reversal of the court's finding of neglect renders this issue
moot. Nevertheless, we may consider the respondent's question under the public interest
exception to the mootness doctrine. See Felzak v. Hruby, 226 Ill. 2d 382, 876 N.E.2d 650
(2007). Application of the public interest exception requires: (1) the existence of a question of
public importance; (2) the desirability of an authoritative ruling for the purpose of guiding public
officials in the performance of their duties; and (3) the likelihood that the issue will recur. In re
J.T., 221 Ill. 2d 338, 350, 851 N.E.2d 1, 8 (2006).
In its petition for rehearing, the State concedes that this issue presents a question of public
importance. Additionally, we find that it is desirable to guide trial judges in the performance of
their duties because we have not previously ruled that a trial court may not make a child a ward
of the court, and give custody and guardianship of the child to DCFS, after finding the parents fit.
Furthermore, it is likely the question will recur because we have not previously so ruled.
Therefore, we hold that the fitness issue in this case meets the three requirements of the public
interest exception to the mootness doctrine. See J.T., 221 Ill. 2d at 350, 851 N.E.2d at 8.
Once a trial court adjudicates a child to be neglected, the court shall hold a dispositional
hearing. 705 ILCS 405/2--21(2) (West 2006). In order to make a child a ward of the court, the
court must determine that the parent is dispositionally unfit to care for the child. 705 ILCS
405/2--27(1) (West 2006); In re April C., 326 Ill. App. 3d 225, 760 N.E.2d 85 (2001).
If the child is made a ward of the court at the dispositional hearing, the court shall
determine the proper disposition. 705 ILCS 405/2--22(1) (West 2006). If the child was found
neglected, the court shall not return the child to the custody of the parent until the court enters an
order finding the parent to be fit to care for the child. 705 ILCS 405/2--23(1)(a) (West 2006). If
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the court determines that the parent is unfit, unable, or unwilling to care for the child, the court
may commit the child to the care of DCFS. 705 ILCS 405/2--27(1)(d) (West 2006). We will
reverse a trial court's dispositional determination only if the findings of fact are against the
manifest weight of the evidence, or if the trial court committed an abuse of discretion by
selecting an inappropriate dispositional order. April C., 326 Ill. App. 3d 225, 760 N.E.2d 85.
When a trial court's oral pronouncement is in conflict with its written order, the oral
pronouncement prevails. In re Taylor B., 359 Ill. App. 3d 647, 834 N.E.2d 605 (2005). A trial
court's disposition that is not authorized by statute is void. In re D.W., 214 Ill. 2d 289, 827
N.E.2d 466 (2005).
In In re R.W., 371 Ill. App. 3d 1171, 864 N.E.2d 1007 (2007), the trial court made both
oral and written findings that the respondent was dispositionally “fit but reserved.” The trial
court also orally stated that it was reserving the respondent's fitness. In R.W., this court noted
that the relevant juvenile statutes do not authorize a dispositional finding of “fit but reserved,”
but only a finding that a respondent is either fit or unfit. Consequently, we found the trial court's
statements to be void that the respondent was “fit but reserved.” However, we also said that the
court's oral pronouncement that it was reserving the respondent's fitness was valid, which
prevailed over its written and oral statements that the respondent was “fit but reserved.”
Therefore, we remanded the matter for the trial court to determine whether the respondent was
dispositionally fit or unfit. R.W., 371 Ill. App. 3d 1171, 864 N.E.2d 1007.
Similarly, in this case, the trial court made both written and oral findings that the
respondent was "fit but reserved." Unlike the facts in R.W., however, the court in the present
case orally pronounced the respondent to be fit by stating that "fit but reserved is fit." As in
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R.W., the court's findings that the respondent was "fit but reserved" were void because they were
not authorized by statute. Applying the rationale of R.W. to this case, the court's oral
pronouncement that the respondent was "fit" was a valid finding that prevailed over the court's
written and oral findings that the respondent was "fit but reserved." See R.W., 371 Ill. App. 3d
1171, 864 N.E.2d 1007. Put simply, the trial court in this case found the respondent to be
dispositionally fit.
We reiterate that the record does not indicate, and the court did not find, that the
respondent was either unable or unwilling to care for the child. Having found the respondent to
be fit, the trial court was not authorized to make the child a ward of the court and to grant
custody and guardianship of the minor to DCFS. See 705 ILCS 405/2--23(1)(a), 2--27(1) (West
2006); April C., 326 Ill. App. 3d 225, 760 N.E.2d 85. Thus, we hold that the trial court abused
its discretion by committing the minor to the care of DCFS after having found the respondent to
be dispositionally fit and without having found the respondent to be either unable or unwilling to
care for the child.
In its petition for rehearing, the State contends that under the second paragraph of section
2--23(1)(a) (705 ILCS 405/2--23(1)(a) (West 2006)), a trial court may not restore custody of a
child to a parent whose acts formed the basis of a neglect finding without first determining that
the parent is both (1) fit; and (2) able to care for the minor without endangering the minor's
health and safety.
We disagree with the State's grammatical construction of the relevant portion of the
statute. The plain language of the passage states that the court shall not restore custody of the
minor to a parent whose acts formed the basis of the neglect finding, "until such time as a hearing
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is held on the issue of the best interests of the minor and the fitness of such parent *** to care for
the minor without endangering the minor's health or safety," and the court enters an order that the
parent is fit. 705 ILCS 405/2--23(1)(a) (West 2006).
In the relevant portion of the statute, the phrase "to care for the minor without
endangering the minor's health or safety" modifies "the fitness of such parent." 705 ILCS 405/2--
23(1)(a) (West 2006). Thus, under the plain language of the statute, a finding of fitness is,
necessarily, a finding of "fitness *** to care for the minor without endangering the minor's health
or safety." 705 ILCS 405/2--23(1)(a) (West 2006). Contrary to the State's assertion, the statute
does not require separate findings, in the conjunctive, of (1) fitness; and (2) ability to care for the
minor without endangering its health or safety. Put simply, the State's construction of the statute
is grammatically incorrect. Therefore, we reject this argument in the State's petition for
rehearing.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the Peoria County circuit court's (1) finding that
K.L.S-P. was neglected; and (2) dispositional order granting custody and guardianship of K.L.S-
P. to DCFS.
Reversed.
MCDADE, P.J., and LYTTON, J., concur.
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In re K.L.S-P.
Combined Opinion