—Order of disposition, Family Court, New York County (Leah Marks, J.), entered on or about September 20, 1996, which adjudicated appellant a juvenile delinquent and placed him with the Division for Youth for a period of 18 months upon a fact-finding determination that appellant committed acts which, if committed by an adult, would constitute the crimes of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree, criminal possession of a controlled substance in the fourth degree, and criminally using drug paraphernalia in the second degree, reversed, on the law, without costs, and the petition dismissed.
At the suppression hearing, Officer Miller, assigned to the Street Crime Unit, testified that he was participating in an organized program to conduct safety checks of taxi cabs, including both medallion taxis as well as livery and “gypsy” cabs. He stated that the safety check involved asking “the passengers to step out briefly while we look through under [sfc] the seats or in between the slots where the back seat meets the backrest.” He testified that while officers assigned to the program were not acting pursuant to any written instructions, departmental procedures required that the stops “be done in [sic] a set basis and not just arbitrarily”.
Working the 6:00 p.m. to 2:00 a.m. shift, Officer Miller and his partner, Officer Morley, were driving an unmarked car and dressed in civilian attire. Officer Miller stated that they “were out there looking for street crimes and also taxi robberies” and that he had decided to stop “one in three occupied cabs”. At about 11:00 p.m., they pulled over a non-medallion cab carrying three male passengers in front of 256 West 145th Street in Manhattan. The cab was selected because it was the third one encountered, not because there was anything unusual or suspicious about it. At the officers’ approach, appellant was observed to “turn around nervously and quickly look over his shoulder” and then kick something under the front passenger seat. After asking the passengers to get out of the cab, Officer Miller
On cross-examination, Officer Miller testified that he could not recall the number of cabs he had stopped or the number of safety pamphlets he had handed out to cab drivers during the course of the evening. He stated that, depending on the location and what hours he was working, the number of cabs stopped was “anywhere from five to some nights, probably as high as 20”. The officer stated that while he had been given procedures and tactics regarding the stopping of cabs, there were no written directives. Furthermore, he was not required to “memorialize” or document the stops he made.
The taxicab driver testified that, at approximately 11:00 p.m., on July 7, 1996, he picked up three passengers at 152 Amsterdam Avenue. As he was driving with the. passengers on 145th Street between 7th and 8th Avenues the police stopped his cab and told him they wanted to check it. The police told the three passengers to exit the car and patted them down. The police then looked in the car and took a bag containing drugs, which they showed him. He stated that the police let him leave because he had nothing to do with the contraband.
Appellant contends that his suppression motion should have been granted because the police stopped the livery cab without any suspicion that the occupants were engaged in wrongdoing. On a motion to suppress physical evidence, the Presentment Agency has the burden of going forward to show the legality of the police conduct in the first instance (People v Berrios, 28 NY2d 361, 366-367). Once this burden is met, the defendant bears the burden of proving its illegality by a preponderance of the evidence (supra).
The use of suspicionless fixed checkpoint stops has been upheld by the United States Supreme Court. In United States v Martinez-Fuerte (428 US 543, 558), the Court held that the Border Patrol’s routine stopping of a vehicle at a permanent checkpoint located on a major highway from the Mexican border for brief questioning of the occupants was consistent with the Fourth Amendment. The Court held that such limited seizure is not rendered unconstitutional by the absence of individualized suspicion that the particular vehicle contains illegal aliens. Likewise, in Michigan Dept. of State Police v Sitz (496 US 444, 453), the Court upheld sobriety checkpoints operated pursuant to written guidelines in which “uniformed police officers stop every approaching vehicle.”
Rulings in this State reflect this dichotomy. In People v Scott (63 NY2d 518, 523), the Court of Appeals endorsed the use of fixed checkpoints for the purpose of conducting sobriety checks where established according to written procedures for avoiding discrimination by stopping every vehicle (or every second, third or fourth vehicle). The Court concluded that the constitutionality of the procedure was not “affected by the shifting and temporary nature of the checkpoints.” (Supra, at 527.) The Court emphasized that “the kind of fright or annoyance that invalidates a random stop made by a roving patrol is obviated in the case of a temporary checkpoint by the visible signs of authority which the checkpoint entails — signs announcing the purpose, lighting, and identifiable police vehicles and the observable fact that there is a uniform system for stopping cars” (supra, at 527, citing United States v Hernandez, 739 F2d 484, cert denied 469 US 1021; Little v State, 300 Md 485, 479 A2d 903).
The Court of Appeals has endorsed the use of a “roving roadblock in a uniform and nondiscriminatory manner in a sparsely populated area in which there has been a recent series of burglaries” (People v John BB., 56 NY2d 482, 489, cert denied 459 US 1010). In that case, three police vehicles were used to stop every car encountered for the purpose of interviewing all persons about the burglaries. The Court reasoned, in a footnote, that the investigative method employed “eliminates any element of arbitrariness in the decision to apply the procedure to a particular vehicle or individual” (56 NY2d, supra, at 489, n).
The procedure employed in the instant matter leaves far too much to the unfettered discretion of the individual officer in selecting which vehicle to stop for the purpose of detaining and questioning its occupants (United States v Santiago, 950 F Supp 590, 596-597 [invalidating stop of taxi by the identical officers using the same procedure]). Conspicuously absent is “the administrative adoption of standards, guidelines or procedures promulgated by higher governmental officials than the police officer in the field” (People v John BB., supra, at 490 [Meyer,
Nor can the method employed be said to be “minimally intrusive”. To the contrary, it fails to meet the criterion enunciated by the United States Supreme Court in United States v Martinez-Fuerte (428 US 543, supra). As the Court pointed out (at 558), while the “objective intrusion” of a roving stop— questioning occupants and visually inspecting the vehicle — is the same, “the subjective intrusion — the generating of concern or even fright on the part of lawful travelers — is appreciably less in the case of a checkpoint stop.” Moreover, the avowed purpose of stopping the vehicle to give the driver a safety pamphlet is no less pretextual than that of conducting a license and registration check, struck down in Delaware v Prouse (440 US 648, supra). Finally, the officers’ practice of stopping only occupied taxi cabs indicates that their interest was to observe the passengers, not to educate the drivers about safety issues. Concur — Rosenberger, Rubin and Tom, JJ.