Filed 3/19/14 In re T.V. CA2/5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FIVE
In re T.V., a Person Coming Under the B251396
Juvenile Court Law. (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. CK71493)
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND
FAMILY SERVICES,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
C.V. et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of the County of Los Angeles,
Debra Losnick, Commissioner. Affirmed.
Rich Pfeiffer, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant C.V.
Michelle L. Jarvis, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant M.H.
John F. Krattli, County Counsel, James M. Owens, Assistant County Counsel,
Navid Nakhjavani, Deputy County Counsel for Plaintiff and Respondent.
INTRODUCTION
M.H. (mother) and C.V. (father) (collectively the parents) appeal from the juvenile
court’s order terminating their parental rights over their daughter, T.V. (born August
2012) under Welfare and Institutions Code section 366.26.1 Mother contends that the
juvenile court erred in failing to find the parental visitation exception to the termination
of parental rights under section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i). Father contends that if
mother’s parental rights are reinstated, his parental rights must be reinstated as well.
The juvenile court acted within its discretion in concluding that termination of
parental rights would not be detrimental to T.V. We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Child Welfare History
In May 2008, the juvenile court sustained a section 300 petition filed on behalf of
one of T.V.’s siblings (injured sibling2) after injured sibling was medically examined in
January 2008, and found to be suffering a detrimental condition consisting of a fracture
of the distal right femur with deep tissue swelling and a pelvic blood drainage condition.
The parents’ explanations of injured sibling’s injuries were not consistent with the actual
injuries. In September 2008, the juvenile court sustained a section 300 petition filed on
behalf of T.V.’s second sibling K.V., based on injured sibling’s injuries.
In March 2010, the juvenile court terminated the parents’ family reunification
services and in August 2010, terminated the parents’ parental rights over injured sibling
and K.V. On December 13, 2011, the adoptions of injured sibling and K.V. were
finalized. In October 2010, the juvenile court sustained a section 300 petition filed on
1
All statutory citations are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
2
T.V.’s minor siblings have unique first names that may defeat the objective of
anonymity if they are used here. We therefore use initials for them instead of their first
names and first initial of their last name. Two of T.V.’s minor siblings share the same
initials. We therefore refer to one of those two siblings as “injured sibling.”
2
behalf of T.V.’s third sibling, K.H., and in May 2012, terminated the parents’ family
reunification services regarding the child.
B. Current Circumstances
The Department filed a detention report, dated August 10, 2012, stating that on
August 7, 2012, plaintiff and respondent Department of Family and Children’s Services
(Department) received a referral alleging that mother may be using drugs. According to
the referral, mother was admitted to the hospital to give birth to T.V., had not received
any prenatal care, and mother’s hospital room emanated an odor of marijuana.
According to the referral, mother refused to cooperate with hospital staff in that she
would not provide any identification, complete T.V.’s birth certificate, or fill out T.V.’s
application for medical insurance. Mother provided the hospital staff with two different-
home addresses and various dates of birth, and refused to provide information on her
other children to hospital staff. Mother provided the Department with a false name.
The August 10, 2012, report stated that the Department told mother that it was
placing T.V. in protective custody because her safety could not be assessed, and provided
mother with information about the up-coming court date. Mother responded, “I know
where this place is. This is why I don’t trust you motherfuckers. Bring me my baby
before I knock you out. I’m not kidding. You better bring me my baby before I get my
attorney and the news up here.” T.V. was placed in the same foster home as one of her
siblings, K.H.
On August 10, 2012, Department filed a petition on behalf of newborn T.V.,
pursuant to section 300, subdivisions (a),(b) and (j), based on injured sibling’s injuries,
and that three of T.V.’s siblings—injured sibling, K.V., and K.H.—were receiving
permanent placement service due to those injuries.
At the August 10, 2012, detention hearing, the juvenile court found a prima facie
case for detaining T.V. and that she was a minor described by section 300, subdivisions
(a), (b), and (j). The juvenile court ordered the parents to receive monitored visits with
T.V. “3 [times] or 3 hours per week.”
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The Department filed a jurisdiction/disposition report, dated September 14, 2012,
stating that there were not any concerns regarding the parent’s weekly supervised visits
with T.V. and that the parents interacted appropriately at visits. On November 9, 2012,
T.V.’s caregivers filed a caregiver information form stating that mother visited T.V.
about once a week for two to three hours from August 9, 2012, through November 1,
2012.
The Department filed an interim review report dated November 14, 2012, stating
that the parents were largely compliant with visitation, visiting T.V. at the Department’s
office for three hours every Thursday. The Department reported that the parents were
appropriate with T.V., took turns holding and feeding her, and spent time bonding with
her. The report attached T.V.’s multidisciplinary assessment team summary of findings
report stating that mother refused to participate in the assessment. T.V.’s caregivers
participated in the assessment and stated that T.V. did not show any signs of distress, was
comfortable with them, recognized their voices, and “knows them as home.” The
Department observed that T.V. appeared be attached to, and comfortable with, her
caregivers, and her caregivers wanted “to provide permanency for T.V. The Department
stated that T.V.’s sister, K.H., lived in the same home and was reportedly loving and
affectionate toward T.V. T.V. appeared to have adjusted well to her placement and was
making progress toward meeting age appropriate developmental milestones. On
November 14, 2012, the juvenile court terminated the parents’ parental rights over K.H.
The Department filed an interim review report, dated February 13, 2013, stating
that the parents visited T.V. at the Department’s office for three hours every Thursday.
The Department again reported the parents were appropriate with T.V., took turns
holding and feeding her, and spent time bonding with her. The Department’s
Dependency Investigator reported that mother was “very reluctant” to speak with her and
“did not provide any information regarding what steps [mother] had taken to address the
issues that brought her family to the attention of [Department] and the court.”
At the February 13, 2013, jurisdictional hearing, the juvenile court sustained the
petition filed on behalf of T.V. At the February 14, 2013, contested dispositional
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hearing, the juvenile court denied both parents family reunification services, and ordered
monitored visits for the parents.
The Department filed a status review report, dated May 15, 2013, stating that
T.V. continued to reside in the home of her caregivers, along with her sister, K.H.; T.V.’s
caregivers had applied to adopt T.V.; and T.V. was meeting her developmental
milestones. The Department observed that T.V.’s caregivers appeared to be loving and
caring toward T.V. The caregivers said K.H. enjoyed having her little sister, T.V., in the
home; was very playful with her; and was attentive to her needs. K.H. and T.V. shared a
bedroom at the caregivers’ home.
The May 15, 2013, status review report states that mother regularly visited T.V.
every Thursday for about three hours. The Department reported, “[T]he child appears to
enjoy visits with the parents. Initially there were issues with [T.V.] being unable to be
comforted by the parents as [T.V.] was unfamiliar with the parents and displaying
appropriate ‘stranger danger’ reflexes and one occasion the visit had to be terminated
early as [T.V.] was crying for the majority of the visit. More often than not [T.V.]
appears to enjoy visits with the parents. The [p]arents are appropriate in bringing
necessary items for the child including formula, food, diapers, [and] entertainment items
such as toys and music.”
The Department filed a section 366.26 report, dated May 15, 2013, stating that
T.V. was adoptable and had adjusted well to the home of her caretakers who were
meeting all of T.V.’s needs. The Department had discussed the consequences and
responsibilities of adoption with T.V.’s caretakers, and they were committed to providing
T.V. with a loving, stable home. The Department recommended that the juvenile court
terminate parental rights over T.V.
The Department prepared a delivered service log for weekly detailing the parents’
weekly visits with T.V. from November 15, 2012 through June 6, 2013. Overall,
mother’s visits with T.V. were positive, appropriate and affectionate.
On July 1, 2013, the Department filed a last minute information for the court
report stating that, “It is highly likely that [T.V.] will be adopted should parental rights be
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terminated. [T.V.] was placed with the prospective adoptive parents on August 8, 2012.
The prospective adoptive parents have expressed a strong desire to adopt [T.V.] as they
had her since birth. As indicated by the prospective adoptive parents, [T.V.] appears to
be well adjusted, happy and well cared for in her placement. The prospective adoptive
parents appear to be meeting all of [T.V.]’s medical, emotional and physical needs. The
prospective adoptive parents have completed an adoption home study, which was
approved on August 28, 2012 . . . and an updated home study was approved on June 26,
2013. . . . The prospective adoptive parents are therefore ready to proceed with adoption
should parental rights be terminated. Therefore, the Department anticipates no
difficulties or delays in proceeding with adoptive placement and finalizing [T.V.]’s
adoption should parental rights be terminated.”
A section 366.26 hearing was held on September 17, 2013. T.V. was about one
year old.
Christopher Perdue, a children’s social worker (CSW) with the Department,
testified at the hearing that since T.V. was detained mother regularly and consistently
visited T.V. at the Department’s office on a weekly basis, three house each week.
Mother acted appropriately during the visits, was attentive to T.V., engaged in
appropriate play activities with her, and occasionally played music for T.V. Mother’s
visits with T.V. were positive, and Perdue did not have any concerns with mother’s
interactions with T.V. Mother brought appropriate items to the visits, including food,
toys, and cold medicine. Purdue agreed that “it appear[s] as if mother acts in a motherly
role while visiting [T.V.]” Mother fed and cared for T.V., changed T.V.’s diaper when
appropriate, “and [did] the things a mother would do . . . .” T.V. smiled at and reacted to
mother.
Perdue testified that, “[the parents were] not there as much as parents would be
because of the situation. The bond, as I say, wouldn’t be as strong with biological
parents if they were living with [T.V.], but [T.V.] [did] enjoy the visits.” The parents
have never visited with T.V. outside of the Department’s offices. Mother has only been
alone with T.V. during the hospital stay when T.V. was born. Perdue testified that, “I
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don’t believe that visits are enough for the case to be continued and for the case to not be
terminated.”
Father testified at the hearing that mother does “motherly things” with T.V.,
including playing “peek-a-boo” with her. Mother was attentive to T.V. during the visits.
Father said that he had heard T.V. say “mom” to mother. Father testified, “[W]e only
have a small, small room as well as a . . . small amount of time to work with [T.V.] and
understand what she likes and what she dislikes as she gets older.”
Mother’s counsel joined with father’s counsel in requesting that the juvenile court
apply the parent-child beneficial relationship exception and not terminate parental rights.
T.V.’s counsel acknowledged the parents’ regular and positive visitation with T.V. but
argued, “I don’t believe that the court can find that what the parents have done thus far
meet that—where it would cause a detriment to [T.V.] if the court terminated parental
rights.” The Department’s counsel agreed, stating that the parents had only monitored
visits with T.V., have never had custody of T.V., and have not maintained a parental role
with her.
The juvenile court found that the parental visitation exception to the termination of
parental rights under section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i) did not apply, and
terminated parental rights over T.V., stating, “I agree with [T.V.’s counsel] that the
father’s testimony was—I think she used the word ‘impressive.’ What the social worker
said was what the mother did was what a parent would do. I don’t know that he said she
does everything a mother would do which would be essentially the same thing. [¶] It is
clear to me that the parents did what they could as the child’s parents during visits, but
the court cannot look at that exclusively. That is not what the statute requires that I
do. [¶] . . . This child is very clearly adoptable. [¶] I agree with counsel’s assessment
that Autumn H. essentially means pretty much daily parenting. It doesn’t mean the three
hours that you have during a monitored setting in a D.C.F.S. office. [¶] [T]his court
cannot find a compelling reason which would prevent me from following the
Department’s recommendation to terminate parental rights as the court is charged with
doing, finding a permanent home for children that find themselves in a .26
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situation. [¶] The benefit of the relationship currently is not outweighed by this child
having a permanent home and being with her sibling. [¶] . . . [¶] The court is not finding
that any exception or legal impediment applies to this case, and I am ordering that
parental rights be severed, that this child be placed for adoption.”
DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
“Section 366.26 provides an exception to the general legislative preference for
adoption when “[t]he court finds a compelling reason for determining that termination
would be detrimental to the child” (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)) because “[t]he parents have
maintained regular visitation and contact with the child and the child would benefit from
continuing the relationship. . . .” (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i).) [¶] For years California
courts have diverged in their view about the applicable standard of review for an
appellate challenge to a juvenile court ruling rejecting a claim that an adoption exception
[i.e., the parental visitation exception] applies. Most courts have applied the substantial
evidence standard of review to this determination (see, e.g., In re Autumn H. [(1994)] 27
Cal.App.4th [567,] 576; In re L. Y. L. (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 942, 953 [124 Cal.Rptr.2d
688]), although at least one court has concluded that it is properly reviewed for an abuse
of discretion (In re Jasmine D. [(2000)] 78 Cal.App.4th [1339,] 1351). Recently, the
Sixth Appellate District has cogently expressed the view that the review of an adoption
exception incorporates both the substantial evidence and the abuse of discretion standards
of review. (In re Bailey J. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1308, 1314-1315 [117 Cal.Rptr.3d
568] (Bailey J.).) The Bailey J. court observed that the juvenile court’s decision whether
an adoption exception applies involves two component determinations: a factual and a
discretionary one. The first determination—most commonly whether a beneficial
parental or sibling relationship exists, although section 366.26 does contain other
exceptions—is, because of its factual nature, properly reviewed for substantial evidence.
(189 Cal.App.4th at p. 1314.) The second determination in the exception analysis is
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whether the existence of that relationship or other specified statutory circumstance
constitutes ‘a compelling reason for determining that termination would be detrimental to
the child.’ (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B); see Bailey J., at p. 1315.) This ‘“quintessentially”
discretionary decision, which calls for the juvenile court to determine the importance of
the relationship in terms of the detrimental impact that its severance can be expected to
have on the child and to weigh that against the benefit to the child of adoption,’ is
appropriately reviewed under the deferential abuse of discretion standard. (Bailey J., at
p. 1315.)” 3 (In re K.P. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 614, 621-622.) We apply the standard of
review set forth in In re K.P.
B. Applicable Law
The parental visitation exception in section 366.26(c)(1)(B)(i) provides that
parental rights will not be terminated and a child freed for adoption if parent has
“maintained regular visitation and contact with the child and the child would benefit from
continuing the relationship.” Parents bear the burden of establishing that the visitation
exception to termination of parental rights applies. (In re Zachary G. (1999) 77
Cal.App.4th 799, 809.)
Application of the parental visitation exception requires a two-prong analysis. (In
re Aaliyah R. (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 437, 449-450.) The first is whether there has been
regular visitation and contact between parent and child. (Id. at p. 450.) The second is
whether there is a sufficiently strong bond between parent and child that the child would
suffer detriment from its termination. (Ibid.) The parent/child relationship must promote
“the well-being of the child to such a degree as to outweigh the well-being the child
would gain in a permanent home with new, adoptive parents. In other words, the court
balances the strength and quality of the natural parent/child relationship in a tenuous
placement against the security and the sense of belonging a new family would confer. If
3
“The practical differences between the [substantial evidence and abuse of
discretion] standards of review are not significant.” (In re Jasmine D., supra, 78
Cal.App.4th at p. 1351.)
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severing the natural parent/child relationship would deprive the child of a substantial,
positive emotional attachment such that the child would be greatly harmed, the
preference for adoption is overcome and the natural parent’s rights are not terminated.”
(In re Autumn H., supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 575; In re Dakota H. (2005) 132
Cal.App.4th 212, 229.) The visitation exception does not apply when a parent fails to
occupy a parental role in his child’s life. (In re Jasmine D., supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p.
1350; In re Beatrice M. (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1411, 1418-1419; In re Casey D. (1999)
70 Cal.App.4th 38, 51.)
Whether the exception applies is determined “on a case-by-case basis, taking into
account the many variables which affect a parent/child bond. The age of the child, the
portion of the child’s life spent in the parent’s custody, the ‘positive’ or ‘negative’ effect
of interaction between parent and child, and the child’s particular needs are some of the
variables which logically affect a parent/child bond.” (In re Autumn H., supra, 27
Cal.App.4th at p. 576.) “Because a section 366.26 hearing occurs only after the court has
repeatedly found the parent unable to meet the child’s needs, it is only in an extraordinary
case that preservation of the parent’s rights will prevail over the Legislature's preference
for adoptive placement.” (In re Jasmine D., supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 1350.)
C. Analysis
The Department concedes that mother has shown that she maintained consistent
and regular contact with T.V., but contends that the juvenile court did not abuse its
discretion by determining that the relationship did not constitute a compelling reason for
concluding that termination of mother’s parental rights would be detrimental to T.V.
Mother contends that the juvenile court erred because there was evidence that she
assumed a motherly role with T.V. during mother’s weekly three-hour visit with her, and
the juvenile court “stated that it thought that in order for the exception to apply, daily
parenting was required . . . .” “The relationship that gives rise to [the parental visitation]
exception to the statutory preference for adoption ‘characteristically aris[es] from day-to-
day interaction, companionship and shared experiences. Day-to-day contact is not
10
necessarily required, although it is typical in a parent-child relationship.’ [Citation.]”
(In re K.P., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p 621.)
The juvenile court stated that “pretty much” daily parenting was required for the
parental visitation exception to the termination of parental rights to apply. Even if the
juvenile court statement reasonably means that it believed daily parenting was required
for the exception to apply, and is not necessarily a correct statement of the law, “[i]t is the
ruling, and not the reason for the ruling, that is reviewed on appeal.” (Muller v. Fresno
Community Hospital & Medical Center (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 887, 906-907;
Schabarum v. California Legislature (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1205, 1216; In re Jonathan
B. (1992) 5 Cal.App.4th 873, 876.)
“[T]o establish the exception in section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(A), parents
must do more than demonstrate ‘frequent and loving contact’ [citation], an emotional
bond with the child, or that the parents and child find their visits pleasant. [Citation.]”
(In re Andrea R. (1999) 75 Cal.App.4th 1093, 1108.) A parent must show that a benefit
to the child from continuing the relationship would result. (In re Mary G., (2007) 151
Cal.App.4th 184, 207; In re Derek W. (1999) 73 Cal.App.4th 823, 826-827.) “The parent
must show he or she occupies a parental role in the child’s life, resulting in a significant,
positive, emotional attachment between child and parent. [Citations.]” (In re Mary G.,
supra, 151 Cal.App.4th at p. 207; see In re Helen W. (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 71, 80-81;
In re Beatrice M., supra, 29 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1416-1418.) “Interaction between natural
parent and child will always confer some incidental benefit to the child. The significant
attachment from child to parent results from the adult’s attention to the child’s needs for
physical care, nourishment, comfort, affection and stimulation. [Citation.]” (In re
Autumn H., supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 575.)
Although day-to-day contact between the parent and child is not necessarily
required, it is nonetheless typical in a parent-child relationship. (In re K.P., supra, 203
Cal.App.4th at p. 621.) “‘[B]ecause a section 366.26 hearing occurs only after the court
has repeatedly found the parent unable to meet the child’s needs, it is only in an
extraordinary case that preservation of the parent’s rights will prevail over the
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Legislature’s preference for adoptive placement.’ [Citation.]” (In re K.P., supra, 203
Cal.App.4th at p. 621.) It is the legislator’s “intent that adoption should be ordered
unless exceptional circumstances exist, one of those exceptional circumstances being the
existence of such a strong and beneficial parent-child relationship that terminating
parental rights would be detrimental to the child and outweighs the child’s need for a
stable and permanent home that would come with adoption. That showing will be
difficult to make in the situation, such as the one here, where the parents have essentially
never had custody of the child nor advanced beyond supervised visitation. The difficulty
is due to the factual circumstances of the parents in failing to reunify and establish a
parental, rather than caretaker or friendly visitor relationship with the child.” (In re
Casey D., supra, 70 Cal.App.4th at p. 51.)
As in In re Casey D., supra, 70 Cal.App.4th 38, mother here never had custody of
T.V. It is undisputed that mother visited T.V. on a regular basis, albeit in a monitored
setting. It is equally undisputed, however, that mother’s visitation never advanced from
the three hours per week initially ordered by the juvenile court in August 2012, or to an
unmonitored setting. There is evidence that for over one year, mother made little or no
progress in occupying a parental role in T.V.’s life.
By contrast, at the time of the section 366.26 hearing, the evidence confirmed that
T.V. was securely bonded to her prospective adoptive parents. According to T.V.’s MAT
assessment, she appeared attached to, and comfortable with, them. She was sleeping and
feeding well and making progress toward meeting age appropriate developmental
milestones. T.V.’s prospective adoptive parents completed their home study program.
They reported that T.V. did not show any signs of distress, was comfortable with them,
recognized their voices, and knew them as “home.” The Department stated that T.V. was
attached and bonded to her prospective adoptive parents with whom T.V. had lived her
entire life.
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Based on the evidence it was not arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd—the
criteria for an abuse of discretion (In re Shirley K. (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 65, 70, 71)—
for the juvenile court to conclude that termination of mother’s parental rights would not
be detrimental to T.V. The juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that
the benefits to be derived by T.V. from adoption by a family to which she was bonded
outweighed any benefit T.V. might derive from a continued relationship with mother.
The juvenile court also did not abuse its discretion in determining that the evidence did
not support a reasonable inference that this was the “extraordinary” type of case
necessary to overcome the statutory preference for adoption.
DISPOSITION
The juvenile court’s order is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
MOSK, J.
We concur:
TURNER, P. J.
KRIEGLER, J.
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