NO.99-671
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2001 MT 78
IN THE MATTER OF THE CUSTODY
AND PARENTAL RIGHTS OF M.W. AND C.S.,
Youths in Need of Care.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the First Judicial District,
In and for the County of Lewis and Clark,
Honorable Dorothy McCarter, Judge Presiding
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellants:
@ t @ D w rdtrP @ ~ o ~ ~ . ~
Julia W. Swingley, Helena, Montana (For Father) STArE BF ~ ~ ; t j . g & ~
R. Clifton Caughron, Caughron and Associates, Helena, Montana
(For Mother)
Jeremy Gersovitz, Assistant Public Defender, Helena, Montana
(Guardian Ad Litem)
For Respondent:
Honorable Joseph P. Mazurek, Attorney General; Carol Schmidt,
Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Mike McGrath, County Attorney; Carolyn Clemens, Deputy
County Attorney, Helena, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: September 2 1,2000
Decided: May 1,2001
Filed:
Justice W. William Leaphart delivered the Opinion of the Court.
71 Heather, the natural mother 0fM.W. and C.S., and Jeremy, the natural father ofM.W.,
separately appeal the First Judicial District Court's order of July 26, 1999, terminating their
parental rights. The District Court found that the children were adjudicated youths in need
of care and that the best interests of the children required termination of the parental rights
of both Jeremy and Heather. We affirm the termination of Jeremy's parental rights to M.W.
We reverse the termination of Heather's parental rights to both children.
72 The following issues are raised on appeal:
I. Did the District Court err when it terminated Jeremy's parental rights?
11. Did the District Court err when it terminated Heather's parental rights?
Standard of Review
73 This Court reviews a district court's conclusions of law to determine whether the court
interpreted the law correctly, and we review a court's findings of fact to determine whether
the court's findings are clearly erroneous. In re J.N., 1999 MT 64,Y 11,293 Mont. 524,T 11,
977 P.2d 3 1 7 , l 11. A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if it is not supported by substantial
evidence; if the district court misapprehended the effect of the evidence; or, even if
substantial evidence exists and the effect of the evidence has not been misapprehended, if
this Court is left with a definite and firm conviction that the district court made a mistake.
Irz re M.A.E., 1999 MT 341, 71 17-18, 297 Mont. 434,77 17-18,99 1 P.2d 972,77 17-18.
74 The termination of parental rights invokes fundamental liberty interests which must
be protected by fundamentally fair procedures. In re J.N., T[ 12; Santosky v. Kramer (1982),
455 U.S. 745, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599. Thus, a district court must adequately
address and the party seeking to terminate parental rights must prove each of the applicable
statutory requirements before terminating an individual's parental rights. Irz re J.N., 7 12
(citations omitted). Additionally, courts must, when considering the criteria for termination
of parental rights, give primary consideration to the best interests of the child as
demonstrated by the child's physical, mental, and emotional needs. In re J.N., 7 13.
Factual Background
715 Heather is the natural mother of both C.S. and M.W., and Jeremy is the natural father
of M.W. In August of 1992, the children began living with Heather's mother, Patricia. Two
months later, Heather signed a "Consent to Adopt" statement allowing Patricia to adopt C.S.
and a "Transfer of Parental Rights and Custody Agreement" authorizing Patricia to care for
M.W. Although the "Consent" was not filed with the court, the court did appoint Patricia as
guardian of C.S. in September of 1993. In November 1993, shortly after Jeremy was granted
sole custody of M.W., he signed a statement giving Patricia authority to care for M.W. until
January 1994. This statement also was not filed with the court. Jeremy was subsequently
convicted of killing his girlfriend and her child and sentenced to two life terms with no parole
eligibility for sixty years.
76 Patricia contacted the Casey Family Program (the Program), seeking financial
assistance and respite services in March of 1995. The Program in turn contacted the
Department of Public Health and Human Services (DPHHS) which pursued emergency
financial assistance for Patricia. Heather and Patricia met with the Program, and in
November of 1995, C.S. and M.W. were enrolled. Heather was remarried at that time, and
she and her husband had a five-month-old child. DPHHS requested that the development of
a treatment plan be waived until the Program and DPHHS believed that Heather would be
able to successfully complete a plan. The long-term plan was that eventually Heather and her
husband would complete a treatment plan so that Heather could regain custody of C.S. and
M.W.
77 In February of 1996, the Court held a hearing on the State's "Petition for Temporary
Investigative Authority, Protective Services and Temporary Custody, for Termination of
Parental Rights of [Jeremy] and Permanent Legal Custody with Right to Consent to
Adoption, and for Adjudication of the Youths as Youths in Need of Care." Because Heather
was living in Oregon at the time and the State apparently failed to notify her of the hearing,
the State moved to vacate Heather's hearing set for February 16, 1996. Jeremy and his
attorney were present at the February 16 hearing after which the court issued its order that
C.S. and M.W. were youths in need of care, that DPHHS would have temporary custody of
M.W. with respect to Jeremy, that Jeremy's parental rights would be addressed after the
Supreme Court ruled on his criminal appeal, and that Heather's parental rights would be
addressed at a subsequent hearing.
78 In March of 1996, Heather, without benefit of legal counsel, met with the deputy
county attorney, a DPHHS social worker and an attorney for C.S. and M.W., to sign a
stipulation prepared by the County Attorney's office agreeing that the youths were youths in
need of care and granting DPHHS temporary custody ofthe youths until they reached the age
of 18. Jeff, C.S.'s father, also stipulated that C.S. was a youth in need of care and granted
DPHHS temporary custody of C.S. until he reached the age of 18. Jeff s stipulation stated
that C.S. should be placed in foster care with Patricia, but if Patricia could no longer care for
C.S., Jeff could work to complete a treatment plan. Both of these stipulations were approved
by the court.
79 The Program's records also include an undated document signed by Heather stating
that Heather placed her children in temporary legal custody with DPHHS on several
conditions: 1) Heather's parental rights would remain intact; 2) the children would live with
Patricia; 3) the Program would manage the children's cases; 4) Heather would always have
contact with her children even if the Program was required to intervene between Heather and
Patricia; and 5) at an appropriate time, when Heather was ready, the Program, DPHHS and
Heather would devise a treatment plan which she would complete in order to regain custody.
710 Subsequent to the court's approval of these stipulations, the Montana State Legislature
enacted 5 4 1-3-4 12, MCA, requiring a permanency plan hearing within twelve months after
a court finds that a child is a youth in need of care. DPHHS interpreted this legislation as
necessitating a change in the previously acceptable plan that C.S. and M.W. would remain
in temporary foster care with Patricia until they were eighteen years old. DPHHS drafted
treatment plans which Heather and Jeff signed and the court approved in August of 1998.
71 1 Within five months of the court's approval of the treatment plans, the State filed a
petition for the termination of the parental rights of Heather (based on failure to successfully
complete the treatment plan and a belief that the conduct and condition making her an unfit
parent was unlikely to change within a reasonable time), and of Jeremy (no treatment plan
had been prepared for Jeremy on the basis that, due to his incarceration, even if Jeremy were
to successfully complete a treatment plan, he would be physically incapable of parenting
M.W .). The court appointed attorneys for Heather and Jeremy pursuant to 5 4 1-3-40 1(12),
MCA.
712 During the hearing held on March 2, 1999, several therapists and social workers
recommended that C.S. be placed in Jeff's custody and that M.W. be placed in a therapeutic
foster home. At that time, Heather testified that she did not think it would be in the best
interests of the children for them to be removed from their home with Patricia and placed in
her custody. She testified that she wished for both children to continue living with Patricia.
Patricia testified that she wanted to adopt both children.
713 Before the court issued a ruling, Patricia unexpectedly died. Because of the changed
circumstances, the State requested a supplementalhearing which was held on April 26,1999.
Patricia's death made Heather's original wishes impossible to realize, and she began work to
complete her treatment plan in an attempt to regain custody of C.S. Heather testified that
because of M.W.'s special needs, she should be placed with Heather's aunt. The position of
the State and the guardian ad litem remained the same: that C.S. should live with his father
and M.W. should be placed in a therapeutic foster home.
114 On July 2 1, 1999, Jeremy and his attorney attended the hearing on the termination of
Jeremy's parental rights. The court allowed neither evidence nor testimony (other than the
fact of Jeremy's incarceration and the length of his sentence) to be presented at that hearing.
115 On July 26, 1999, the court issued an order in which it concluded that it was in the
children's best interest to adopt the permanency plans proposed by DPHHS and the guardian
ad litem and to terminate the parental rights of both Heather and Jeremy. The court denied
Heather's motion to reconsider and on motion, amended the order's language to allow
continued contact between M.W. and Jeremy if M.W.'s adoptive parents thought such contact
was in M.W.'s best interest.
Discussion
7 16 I. Did the District Court err when it terminated Jeremy's parental rights?
717 A. Did the District Court err when it determined that the implementation of
a treatment plan was impractical in light of the fact that Jeremy would be
incarcerated with no parole eligibility for sixty years?
118 The State petitioned to terminate Jeremy's parental rights pursuant to 5 41-3-
609(l)(e)(i), (ii) and (4)(b), MCA, which provides as follows:
(1) The court may order a termination of the parent-child legal relationship
upon a finding that any of the following circumstances exist:
....
(e) the child is an adjudicated youth in need of care and both of the
following exist:
(i) an appropriate treatment plan that has been approved by the
court has not been complied with by the parents or has not been successful; and
(ii) the conduct or condition of the parents rendering them unfit is
unlikely to change within a reasonable time. . . .
....
(4) A treatment plan is not required under this part upon a finding by the
court following hearing if:
...
(b) the parent is incarcerated for more than 1 year and a treatment
plan is not practical considering the incarceration . . . .
119 Jeremy acknowledges that M.W. was an adjudicated youth in need of care but argues
that the District Court erred when it found that the implementation of a treatment plan would
be impractical in light of Jeremy's extended incarceration. Jeremy relies on our decision in
I n ve W.Z. which we emphasized that before a district court may terminate parental rights,
in
it must first establish a treatment plan, "unless a showing of facts clearly proves the
impossibility of any workable plan." IIZre W.Z.
(1997), 285 Mont. 16,29,946 P.2d 125,133.
720 In In re W.Z., the District Court terminated the father's parental rights although
DPHHS had not attempted to create or implement a treatment plan with prison programs that
might have been incorporated into an acceptable plan. We concluded that the District Court
erred when it held that the mere fact of an unknown release date, by itself, made a treatment
plan impractical. A six-year sentence, with an unknown release date, does not necessarily
constitute clear proof of the impossibility of any workable plan.
72 1 Treatment plans are intended to improve a parent's ability to meet a child's needs in
order to help the parent regain custody and preserve the parent-child relationship. In the case
at hand, the District Court confronted facts that were substantially different from those
present in In re W.Z. In Jeremy's case, no treatment plan could cure the fact of his extended
incarceration. No treatment plan devised by DPHHS could remedy the fact that Jeremy will
be incarcerated, without possibility of parole, for sixty years. By the time Jeremy will be
eligible for parole, M.W. will be over sixty herself. Obviously, Jeremy's incarceration
presents an insurmountable, long-term impediment to his ability to provide for his child's
physical, mental, and emotional needs. Therefore, under the facts of this case, we conclude
that the District Court did not err when it determined that the facts clearly showed a treatment
plan was impractical.
722 Since a treatment plan was not required, the District Court needed only to consider
whether Jeremy's conduct or condition rendering him unfit as a parent is unlikely to change
within a reasonable period of time, pursuant to 5 41-3-609(l)(e)(ii), MCA. Section
41-3-609(2), MCA, requires that the court consider "present judicially ordered long-term
confinement of the parent" when determining whether the conduct or the condition of the
parent renders the parent unfit, unable, or unwilling to give the child adequate parental care.
Pursuant to that statute, the District Court appropriately found that Jeremy's sentence to two
life terms rendered him unable to provide M.W. with adequate parental care. Section
4 1-3-609(3), MCA, hrther provides that:
In considering any of the factors . . . in terminating the parent-child
relationship, the court shall give primary consideration to the physical, mental,
and emotional conditions and needs of the child.
7 23 In the case before us, the record supports the court's determination that Jeremy's
long-term confinement so severely limits his parenting abilities that a continuation of the
parent-child relationship is not in the child's best interests. The record further supports the
District Court's determination that Jeremy could not resume his parental responsibilities of
caring for his child within a reasonable time.
124 B. Did the court violate Jeremy's right to counsel when it failed to "provide
an opportunity" for Jeremy to be represented at two hearings held to address
the children's permanency plan and the termination of Heather's parental
rights?
125 The fundamental liberty interest in a parent's right to the care and custody of a child
requires that the State provide a fundamentally fair procedure for the termination of parental
rights. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 753-54, 102 S.Ct. at 1395, 71 L.Ed.2d. at 606-07. We have
previously held that fundamental fairness requires that a parent be represented by counsel at
proceedings to terminate parental rights in order to "have an equal opportunity to present
evidence and scrutinize the State's evidence." In re A.S.A., J.L.A., G.A. and A.J.A. (1993),
258 Mont. 194, 198, 852 P.2d 127, 129.
726 Jeremy claims that the two hearings in March and April were held to "terminate the
parental rights of M.W." and that he should therefore have been present, with counsel.
However, both of those hearings addressed the State's petition to terminate Heather's parental
rights. The State's petition to terminate Jeremy's parental rights was addressed at the July
10
hearing which both Jeremy and his attorney attended. Jeremy presents neither authority nor
argument for his proposition that a parent must be allowed to take part in a hearing to
terminate the other parent's rights. We decline to adopt such a rule.
127 Jeremy hrther argues that he should have been allowed to challenge the evidence
presented by the State regarding M.W.'s permanency plan. As the court explained during
Jeremy's hearing, the issue of a child's placement is separate from the issue of terminating
parental rights. The social workers and therapists testified in the earlier hearings as to what
placement would best serve the interests of the children. Jeremy acknowledges that the
testimony involved "recommendationsfor [M.W.'s] hture custody," rather than any evidence
regarding Jeremy's capabilities as a father. Jeremy himself cites our rule that in child
protective proceedings culminating in the termination of parental rights, due process of law
requires only that the parents have counsel prior to the permanent custody hearings. Due
process does not require that the parents have counsel during the initial stages of the
proceedings. In re T.C. & R.C. (1989), 240 Mont. 308,314,784 P.2d 392,396. The court,
therefore, was not required to provide Jeremy with an opportunity to scrutinize and challenge
the evidence and witnesses presented at the permanency plan hearings held prior to the
hearing to terminate his parental rights. We hold that the court did not err in failing to
require that Jeremy be represented at the permanency plan hearing.
728 C. Did the District Court violate Jeremy's right to due process when it failed
to provide him with the opportunity to present testimony and scrutinize the
State's evidence during the hearing on the termination of his parental rights?
729 On July 21, 1999, the District Court refused to allow Jeremy to testify on his own
behalf or to present evidence at the hearing on the State's petition to terminate his parental
rights. Jeremy argues that this refusal violated his due process rights. We enunciated in In
re A.S.A. that a parent should be provided with the opportunity to present evidence in a
termination proceeding. In re A.S.A., 258 Mont. at 198, 852 P.2d at 129.
730 At the hearing, the court refused to allow Jeremy's mother to testify on the basis that
although her testimony was relevant to M.W.'s placement, it was not relevant to Jeremy's
ability to father the child. The court also refused Jeremy's request to testify on the basis that
nothing Jeremy could say could alter the fact that he would be unavailable to parent for sixty
years.
73 1 Furthermore, for this Court to review an alleged error, an objection generally must be
made at the time the court made the alleged error, and it must be specific so that the court is
given an opportunity to correct itself. State v. Huerta (1997), 285 Mont. 245,260-61, 947
P.2d 483,492-93. The record indicates that Jeremy's counsel's response to the court's rehsal
to allow Jeremy to testify was, "Okay." In the absence of an objection on the record, the
issue is not preserved on appeal, and we decline to consider the issue.
732 However, even if we considered the issue, and assuming we found that the court erred
in refusing to allow Jeremy to testify, Jeremy has failed to demonstrate how such error
adversely affected the outcome of the hearing. Jeremy has not suggested that in testifying,
lie could have shown the court that he would be able to provide for his child's physical,
mental, and emotional needs. Having failed to do so, he has not established reversible error.
733 D. Did the court violate Jeremy's right to counsel when it appointed the Lewis
and Clark Public Defender's office to represent him, Heather and both
children?
734 Jeremy argues first that because he rejected an attorney from the Public Defender's
office in an earlier criminal trial, the court's appointment ofthe same Public Defender's office
to represent him in this case was "a flimsy and ineffectual appointment . . . made for the
record."
735 On the first day of his criminal trial, Jeremy told the court that he did not wish to be
represented by the two court-appointed attorneys from the Public Defender's office. State
v. Woods (1997), 283 Mont. 359, 374-75, 942 P.2d 88, 98. When the court strongly
recommended against his rejection of counsel and asserted that the attorneys were providing
highly competent legal assistance, Jeremy unequivocally insisted that he would represent
himself at trial. Woods, 283 Mont. at 374-75,942 P.2d at 98. Later, during the proceedings
to terminate his parental rights, the court appointed the same Public Defender's office to
represent Jeremy.
736 The rule that a defendant's right to effective assistance of counsel does not grant a
defendant the right to counsel of his choice is equally applicable to this proceeding in which
Jeremy was entitled to court-appointed counsel. State v. Craig (1995), 274 Mont. 140, 148-
49, 906 P.2d 683, 688. Here, Jeremy may not have liked his counsel, but he has not
suggested, nor does the record indicate, that his attorney provided anything but competent
legal assistance. Jeremy was entitled to assistance of counsel, but not to counsel of his
choice. Jeremy provides no authority for his argument that his rejection during a criminal
trial, of attorneys from the Public Defender's office (whom the court deemed to be
competently representing him), should somehow require that the court find alternative
counsel for him in a later proceeding. We therefore reject the argument that Jeremy's right
to counsel was denied.
737 Jeremy's second argument is that when the court appointed the same office to
represent Heather, Jeremy and both children, the court created a conflict of interest that
violated his right to counsel. As sole authority in support of his argument, Jeremy cites Rule
1.7 of the Montana Rules of Professional Conduct, which provides generally that a lawyer
shall not represent a client if the representation of that client will be directly adverse to
another client.
138 Jeremy has failed to explain how his interests were directly adverse to Heather's or
M.W.'s. However, even if we were to assume, arguendo, that Jeremy's interest was directly
adverse to his child's or to Heather's interest and that a rule of professional conduct had been
violated, such violation standing alone is insufficient to sustain a claim that Jeremy's right
to counsel was violated. We have previously held a person "must prove not that various
disciplinary rules were breached in his opinion; rather he must demonstrate that [the
attorney] failed in his legal duty." Carlson v. Morton (1987), 229 Mont. 234,240,745 P.2d
1 133,1137. Similarly, Jeremy's allegation that the Public Defenders had a conflict of interest
does not automatically create the presumption that Jeremy's right to counsel has been
violated.
739 In a recent case involving the question of an alleged conflict of interest, we held that
a trial court may consider attorney violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct if such
misconduct results in prejudice or adversely impacts the rights of the parties. Schuffv. A. T.
Klenzens & Son, 2000 MT 357,135,16 P.3d 1002, 135,57 St.Rep. 1499,135. An appellant
therefore must present evidence establishing that the representation created an actual conflict
of interest that in fact prejudiced the appellant. Jeremy has failed to even allege, much less
provide substantial evidence, that the alleged rule violation prejudiced him in any manner.
We therefore reject this argument as well.
140 Finally, Jeremy suggests that his right to counsel was violated when no attorney
appeared on his behalf at the two hearings held in March and April of 1999 to address
Heather's parental rights and the children's permanency plans. Pursuant to our holding above
in subsection B, that neither our case law nor our statutes require court appointment of
counsel for placement hearings, or for hearings involving another parent's rights, we reject
this contention that Jeremy was denied his right to counsel.
74 1 We hold that the District Court did not err when it terminated Jeremy's parental rights
after determining that the implementation of a treatment plan for Jeremy was impractical.
Jeremy has not presented evidence or authority for his claims that his right to counsel was
in any way denied during proceedings to terminate his parental rights. We therefore affirm
the District Court's termination of Jeremy's parental rights to M.W.
742 11. Did the District Court err when it terminated Heather's parental rights?
743 Heather argues that the entire case was fundamentally flawed and that termination of
her parental rights therefore should be reversed. Heather contends that M.W. and C.S. were
not adjudicated youths in need of care, and the court therefore could not satisfy the statutory
requirements to terminate her parental rights. Heather claims that she entered into a
stipulation with the State that M.W. and C.S. were youths in need of care only upon several
conditions. These conditions, listed in a separate document were: 1) Heather's parental rights
would remain intact; 2) the children would live with Patricia; 3) the Program would manage
the children's cases; 4) Heather would always have contact with her children even if the
Program was required to intervene between Heather and Patricia; and 5 ) at an appropriate
time, when Heather was ready, the Program, DPHHS and Heather would devise a treatment
plan which she would complete in order to regain custody.
7/44 At the March hearing, when the State first proposed a permanency plan that involved
removing the children from Patricia's care, the State failed to abide by those conditions, and,
Heather contends, the stipulation that M.W. and C.S. were youths in need of care was
therefore voided. Once the stipulation was voided, she asserts, M.W. and C.S. could not be
considered youths in need of care, and the court had no authority to terminate her parental
rights. Heather also contends that Patricia's sudden and unexpected death in the middle of
the proceedings changed the circumstances so significantly that the court should have
allowed more time for her to complete the treatment plan.
745 The State responds that the conditional document was signed by Heather alone, some
four months before the later stipulation that Heather, the Program and the State signed, and
therefore cannot be enforced against the State. The State also alleges that the adjudication
of M.W. and C.S. as youths in need of care that occurred in February 1996 was sufficient for
purposes of terminating parental rights.
746 For the District Court to have the jurisdictional authority to award DPHHS custody
of M.W. and C.S., the court needed to determine that they were youths in need of care. In
re J.B. (1996), 278 Mont. 160,164,923 P.2d 1096,1099. A youth in need of care is defined
as a "youth who is abused or neglected." Section 4 1-3-102(22), MCA (1997). A finding of
abuse or neglect is therefore a jurisdictional prerequisite for a court to order the transfer of
custody, and determination that M.W. and C.S. were youths in need of care would need to
have been based on evidence of abuse or neglect by Heather. Child abuse or neglect is
defined as:
(i) harm to a child's health or welfare; or
(ii) threatened harm to a child's health or welfare.
(b) The term includes harm or threatened harm to a child's health or welfare
by the acts or omissions of a person responsible for the child's welfare.
Section 41-3-102(6), MCA.
747 However, we have also held that a stipulation that a child is a youth in need of care,
when filed with the court, may be treated as an adjudication for the purposes of § 41-3-404,
17
MCA, and, therefore, may suffice for purposes of terminating parental rights pursuant to
$41-3-609, MCA. In reJH., 1998 MT 128,1 16,289 Mont. 11l , l 16,958 P.2d 1191,116.
While a stipulation may be an acceptable alternative to an adjudicatory hearing in many
circumstances, the fundamental nature of the rights of a parent requires that the process by
which a stipulation is drafted and signed needs to be closely scrutinized. This stipulation was
drafted by the County Attorney and signed by Heather without legal counsel. Because the
stipulation allowed the court to determine M.W. and C.S. to be youths in need of care
without having adjudicated that the children were in fact abused or neglected, and without
hearing from Heather as required by § 41-3-402, MCA, we will evaluate whether Heather's
fundamental rights were adequately protected during the proceedings.
1748 Heather argues that had an adjudicatory hearing been held, the court would have had
no basis for declaring M.W. and C.S. youths in need of care. She alleges, and the record
supports, that no evidence suggested the children had been abandoned or were either abused
or neglected, or in danger of being abused or neglected. Testimony at trial indicated that
Heather did not have a substance abuse problem, had not abandoned her children, had neither
a history of mental or emotional illness nor a history of violent behavior. In fact, experts
testified at trial that she was doing a fine job of raising another child.
749 The State's claim that the hearing held on February 16, 1996, to address Jeremy's
parental rights, was an adequate adjudication of M.W. and C.S. as youths in need of care in
regards to Heather is specious. Recognizing that Heather had a right to be heard, the State
itself moved to vacate Heather's hearing as it had failed to provide her with sufficient notice,
and she would not be present. Additionally, if the State truly believed that Jeremy's hearing
on February 16,1996, sufficed as an adjudication in regards to any person other than Jeremy,
there would have been no need to draft and have Heather and Jeff sign two separate
stipulations that M.W. and C.S. were youths in need of care. The State itself clearly also
understood that Jeremy's hearing had not adjudicated M.W. and C.S. as youths in need of
care in regards to either Jeff or Heather. We therefore hold that the February 16, 1996,
hearing did not adjudicate that M.W. and C.S. were youths in need of care in regards to
Heather.
150 Heather makes a compelling argument that she reasonably believed the State would
abide by her conditions-most significantly, the conditions that required that her parental
rights would remain intact and that the children would remain with Patricia until Heather was
ready to complete a treatment plan.
751 Additionally, Heather points to the stipulation signed by Jeff, C.S.'s father, who,
contrary to Heather, was represented by an attorney when he signed his stipulation. Jeff s
stipulation contained an important clause, absent in Heather's stipulation but very similar to
one of Heather's conditions: "In the event that Patricia. . .is no longer able to care for [C.S.],
it is agreed that Jeff. . . may choose to work a treatment plan aimed at reuniting him with
[C.S.], or Jeff shall be involved in the plans for [C.S.]'s placement." This provision protected
Jeff s parental rights in precisely the way that Heather, unassisted by legal counsel, thought
her rights were protected by the conditions she had signed prior to executing the stipulation.
752 At the first hearing to terminate her parental rights, Heather testified that she felt
conflicted about removing her children from Patricia's care because she feared it would be
very disruptive for them as they had lived with Patricia for most of their lives. Due to these
conflicted feelings, and relying on her understanding that DPHHS would neither remove the
children from Patricia's home, nor terminate her parental rights, Heather did not complete her
treatment plan.
753 Until shortly before the March hearing, Heather thought DPHHS, pursuant to the
conditions to the stipulation, would recommend that the children stay with Patricia. Only a
few days after the first hearing, Patricia unexpectedly died. Patricia's death suddenly and
drastically changed the circumstances for M.W. and C.S. as well as for Heather. Heather
promptly began work towards completion of the treatment plan and had made significant
progress, particularly considering the very recent death of her mother, by the time of the
second hearing. Recognizing that Patricia's death had changed the situation, the State moved
for and the court granted a supplemental hearing. Despite the change in circumstances
resulting from Patricia's death, the District Court did not grant Heather additional time to
complete her treatment plan.
754 In light of the unique facts of this case, we hold that the District Court incorrectly
found that the stipulation sufficed as an adjudication that M.W. and C.S. were youths in need
of care in regards to Heather. Without such an adjudication, the court lacked the
jurisdictional prerequisite to terminate Heather's parental rights pursuant to 5 4 1-3-609(e),
MCA. We therefore reverse the District Court's termination of Heather's parental rights.
Justice /
We concur:
In Re the Custody & Parental Rights of M.W.
Court: Montana Supreme Court
Date filed: 2001-05-01
Citations: 2001 MT 78, 23 P.3d 206, 305 Mont. 80
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