IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 14-0858
Filed February 25, 2015
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF ELYSE SCHNITZLER
AND JOHN P. SCHNITZLER
Upon the Petition of
ELYSE SCHNITZLER,
Petitioner-Appellant,
And Concerning
JOHN P. SCHNITZLER,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Winneshiek County, Richard D.
Stochl, Judge.
Elyse Schnitzler appeals the district court’s grant of joint physical care and
the property valuation in the decree dissolving her marriage. AFFIRMED.
James J. Burns of Miller, Pearson, Gloe, Burns, Beatty & Parrish, P.L.C.,
Decorah, for appellant.
Erik W. Fern of Putnam Law Office, Decorah, for appellee.
Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Doyle and Tabor, JJ.
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TABOR, J.
Elyse Schnitzler challenges two provisions of the decree dissolving her
marriage to John (Pete) Schnitzler. First, she believes joint physical care of their
two children is unworkable given the level of conflict in the parties’ relationship.
Second, she contests the district court’s acceptance of Pete’s property valuations
and contends she is entitled to a greater equalization payment.
On the first issue, while we are concerned by the hostility between the
parties, we defer to the district court’s credibility assessments and determination
they will be able to “set aside their differences in the best interests of the
children.” On the second issue, we find the court’s valuation of Pete’s business
assets to be within the permissible range of evidence. Accordingly, we affirm.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
Elyse and Pete married in 2005, separated in 2013, and divorced in 2014.
They both live in Decorah, have extended families nearby, and intend to stay in
that community. The first issue on appeal involves the physical care of their two
children. At the time of trial, their daughter E.S. was seven, and their son T.S.
was five. From her first marriage, Elyse has another daughter, B.M., who was
twelve, and who enjoyed a close relationship with her half-siblings and Pete.
During Pete’s separation from Elyse, he developed a friendship with her
first husband, Mike Miculinich. Pete previously had a negative attitude toward
Mike, but claimed his opinion was largely influenced by Elyse. Pete called Mike
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to testify on his behalf at the dissolution trial.1 Mike testified he admired Pete’s
parenting skills and was supportive of Pete’s relationship with B.M. Mike also
testified he is able to communicate with Elyse about visitation exchanges through
text messaging.
Both Elyse and Pete work outside the home and did so during their
marriage. At various times, each parent was required to work long hours, and
the other would then take over the care of the children. Elyse is a nurse at
Winneshiek County Medical Center. She works part-time and earns $28,569 per
year. Pete is a self-employed electrician and plumber. While his annual income
was just $15,080 in the year before the divorce, for the purposes of the decree
the district court imputed income to Pete equal to Elyse’s income. The value of
his tools and equipment for the business were a source of dispute at the
dissolution trial.
Another point of disagreement was the significance to be attached to
several incidents of aggression perpetrated by Pete during the marriage and
separation. Elyse testified that during the marriage Pete had pushed her, thrown
things, and punched the wall. During their separation, the confrontations
increased between Pete and Elyse. Elyse testified when she was trying to move
out of the house, Pete took her car keys and kept her from leaving until she
called a family member. On another occasion, she came by the marital home to
pick up sandals for T.S. and as she left, Pete hurled a metal cake dome at the
1
When asked on cross-examination if he and Mike talked about “ways of handling Elyse
in court,” Pete acknowledged: “It maybe gets brought up once in a while, but for the most
part it’s a situation that both of us kind of agree just to put behind us and move forward.”
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car’s windshield. Elyse also related an incident where Pete pulled his truck
alongside her car, forcing her to pull over to the curb and talk with him.
The most troublesome event occurred on August 7, 2013, when the
children were spending time with Pete in the marital home. As agreed, Elyse
stopped by the house to see them, and she and Pete started to yell at one
another. The argument ended when Pete slammed the door closed on Elyse’s
head, causing her a concussion and a black eye. E.S. and T.S. were in the
house during their parents’ fight.
Pete referred to the August 7 confrontation as “a horrible incident” that he
regretted. But he further explained he felt “trapped” and was trying to go into the
house when she followed him and “was forcing her way in through the door.” He
admitted pushing on the door, but said he only did so with his left hand because
he had recently dislocated his right shoulder. According to Pete, “At some time
Elyse got caught in the door, got the bruise on her forehead.” He testified his
intent was to “deescalate things, get a barrier between us and let things cool off.”
Both Elyse and Pete called the police on August 7 to report the incident.
The police arrested Pete for domestic abuse assault. In addition to the no-
contact order entered in the criminal case, Elyse obtained a civil domestic abuse
protective order under Iowa Code chapter 236 (2013). She testified she did so
because she was frightened of Pete and was not sure of the duration of the
criminal order. In October 2013, the Winneshiek County Attorney offered to defer
the prosecution against Pete if he completed anger management and community
service. Pete had satisfied those requirements by the time of the dissolution trial.
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In its dissolution ruling, the district court characterized the August 7
incident as “unfortunate” but stated it was “by no means a matter that should play
a factor in custody of the minor children.” The court found Pete’s anger control
problems during the marriage—while not to be condoned—did not rise to the
level of “a history of domestic violence.” The court awarded the parties joint legal
custody, and over Elyse’s objection, joint physical care. The court ordered the
parties to prepare and submit a joint physical care parenting plan.
In the property division of the decree, the district court assigned values to
the marital property—including the tools and equipment Pete used in his
business—based on the opinion of Pete’s expert. Pete received net assets of
$64,091 and Elyse received net assets totaling $28,114. Accordingly, the court
ordered Pete to make an equalization payment of $17,988 to Elyse.
Elyse now appeals.
II. Standard of Review
We review dissolution of marriage cases do novo. In re Marriage of
McDermott, 827 N.W.2d 671, 676 (Iowa 2013). We give weight to the district
court’s factual findings, but are not bound by them. Iowa R. App. P. 6.904(3)(g).
When it comes to the credibility of witnesses, “[t]here is good reason for us to pay
very close attention to the trial court’s assessment.” In re Marriage of Vrban, 359
N.W.2d 420, 423 (Iowa 1984). The trial judge “is greatly helped in making a wise
decision about the parties by listening to them and watching them in person.” In
re Marriage of Callahan, 214 N.W.2d 133, 136 (Iowa 1974). On appeal, we must
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rely on the transcript and necessarily forfeit the impressions created by the
parties’ demeanors. Vrban, 359 N.W.2d at 423.
III. Analysis
A. Joint Physical Care
The district court decided awarding Elyse and Pete joint physical care was
in the best interests of their two children. The court wrote:
Both parents love their children and are bonded to them.
While they have difficulty communicating at the present time, the
court believes that much of that is fueled by this litigation. The
court believes these parties are capable of setting aside their
differences for the benefit of the children and maturely exercise
joint custody . . . [and shared physical care].
Elyse does not contest the award of joint legal custody, but contends the
factors identified by our supreme court in In re Marriage of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d
683 (Iowa 2007), weigh against joint physical care.
We start our analysis with the legislative directive that custody decisions
need to assure children of divorce the “maximum continuing physical and
emotional contact with both parents” insofar as is reasonable and in the child’s
best interests. Iowa Code § 598.41(1)(a). The legislature set out factors for
courts to consider when determining the optimal care arrangement. See Iowa
Code § 598.41(3). We also look to the non-exclusive factors articulated in In re
Marriage of Winter, 223 N.W.2d 165, 166–67 (Iowa 1974) (including the needs of
the children, the characteristics of the parents, the relationship between each
child and each parent, and the stability and wholesomeness of the proposed
environment). In this case, the children have warm relationships with both
parents and both households offer them a stable and wholesome environment.
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When considering the propriety of joint physical care, we turn to Hansen,
where the court discussed in detail the relative pros and cons of shared care
arrangements. As a core principle, the court opined: “Physical care issues are
not to be resolved based upon perceived fairness to the spouses, but primarily
upon what is best for the child[ren].” Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 695. The Hansen
court rejected the notion one spouse could exercise “absolute veto power” over
whether the district court awarded joint physical care. Id. at 699. But the court
also warned: “[T]he lack of mutual acceptance can be an indicator of instability in
the relationship that may impair the successful exercise of joint physical care.”
Id.
To assess the viability of a shared care arrangement, the Hansen court
zeroed in on four factors: (1) the stability and continuity of care-giving, (2) the
ability of the parents to communicate and show mutual respect, (3) the degree of
conflict between the parents, and (4) the degree to which the parents generally
agree about their approach to daily child-rearing matters. Id. While we find this a
close case, we conclude the consideration of these factors supports joint physical
care.
In this case, both parents have participated in the physical care of the
children during the marriage. Both Pete and Elyse have been employed outside
the home, and both have taken on the main childcare duties when the other was
required to work long hours. The stability and continuity of care giving will be
well served by a joint physical care arrangement.
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Elyse argues the second and third factors should have foreclosed the
court’s award of joint physical care. She contends the evidence showed she and
Pete did not communicate well and experienced a high degree of conflict both
before and after their separation. The district court, after having an opportunity to
observe the parties in person, believed Elyse’s concerns were overblown and the
parties were mature enough to avoid flare-ups in their relationship. We accept
the district court’s credibility findings and its faith that the parties’ hostilities, which
have been magnified by the adversarial nature of the dissolution litigation, will not
interfere with their joint-parenting duties. The record shows the parents, for the
most part, have been able to communicate effectively through text messaging
and email. Based on the district court’s first-hand observations, we likewise
expect both parents to be responsive to reasonable inquiries from the other as
they continue to use these means of communication to facilitate the joint physical
care arrangement.
As for the fourth Hansen factor, it does not appear from the record the
parents differ significantly on their approach to daily child rearing matters. As the
bitterness from the dissolution proceedings subsides, we are hopeful they will
“generally be operating from the same page on a wide variety of routine matters.”
See Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 699.
Finally, Elyse argues joint physical care will have the effect of splitting E.S.
and T.S. from their half-sister B.M. Pete counters he is open to having B.M.
spend as much time with E.S. and T.S. as possible, and the record shows Pete
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and B.M.’s father have already cooperated in arranging joint outings for the half-
siblings.
Iowa law presumes it is not in children’s best long-term interests to deprive
them of “the benefit of constant association” with their siblings. See In re
Marriage of Will, 489 N.W.2d 394, 398 (Iowa 1992). But the presumption may be
overcome by good and compelling reasons. In re Marriage of Pundt, 547 N.W.2d
243, 245 (Iowa Ct. App. 1996). The same principles govern awards of physical
care when half siblings are involved. In re Marriage of Orte, 389 N.W.2d 373,
374 (Iowa 1986).
In this case, the district court offered sound reasons why joint physical
care was in the best interests of E.S. and T.S., despite the collateral
consequence that they would be spending less time with older sister B.M. We
also note the parents have the opportunity to blunt the impact of the joint-care
arrangement on B.M. when preparing and executing their parenting plan.
B. Property Distribution
In her second assignment of error, Elyse argues the district court reached
an inequitable division of the marital property by accepting the asset valuations
proffered by Pete on all disputed items. As the fact finder, the district court is at
liberty to reject or accept evidence relating to value. In re Marriage of Richards,
439 N.W.2d 876, 881 (Iowa Ct. App. 1989). We will not disturb its valuation of an
asset so long as the value falls within the range of permissible evidence. In re
Marriage of Gensley, 777 N.W.2d 705, 720 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009).
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The primary point of contention was the value of the tools and equipment
Pete used in his plumbing and electrical business. Both parties offered the
expert opinions of local owners of plumbing and heating businesses. Pete
offered the testimony of William Darrell Lee, who inspected Pete’s entire
inventory and assigned a total value of $19,685.2 Elyse offered the testimony of
James Grinna, who had less access to Pete’s inventory and estimated the value
of the tools and equipment at $35,000. The district court found Grinna’s estimate
to be unreliable.
We defer to the district court when its valuations are accompanied by
supporting credibility findings or corroborating evidence. In re Marriage of
Decker, 666 N.W.2d 175, 180–81 (Iowa Ct. App. 2003). In this case, the district
court explained it was skeptical of Grinna’s estimate because he did not provide
a full itemization of the tools used in Pete’s business. This explanation was
reasonable and supports our deference to the court’s valuations. We conclude
the value placed on Pete’s assets was well within the permissible range of
evidence. See In re Marriage of Versluis, 521 N.W.2d 760, 761 (Iowa Ct. App.
1994). We decline to disturb the property distribution.
2
On appeal Elyse notes the district court considered Lee’s opinion over her objection to
the timeliness of his report, but she does not raise admissibility as a separate issue.
Consequently, we do not address the question of the timely designation of the parties’
expert witnesses. See Midwest Auto. III, L.L.C. v. Iowa Dep’t of Transp., 646 N.W.2d
417, 431 n.2 (Iowa 2002) (holding random mention of an issue without elaboration or
supporting authority fails to preserve the claim for appellate review).
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C. Appellate Attorney Fees
Pete asks for $3000 toward his appellate representation. An award of
attorney fees is not a matter of right; it rests within our discretion. In re Marriage
of Okland, 699 N.W.2d 260, 270 (Iowa 2005). We decide if an award is
appropriate by considering the needs of the party seeking fees, the other party’s
ability to pay, and whether the appeal required a party to defend the decree. In
re Marriage of Berning, 745 N.W.2d 90, 94 (Iowa Ct. App. 2007). Because
neither Pete nor Elyse clearly holds a superior financial position, we find both
parties are responsible for their own attorney fees. Costs are divided equally.
AFFIRMED.