NO. 07-11-0388-CV
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL D
MARCH 1, 2012
______________________________
IN THE INTEREST OF V.D.Y, A CHILD
_________________________________
FROM THE 46TH DISTRICT COURT OF HARDEMAN COUNTY;
NO. 10,577; HONORABLE DAN MIKE BIRD, JUDGE
_______________________________
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, C.R.Y., biological father of V.D.Y.,1 a female child, appeals the trial
court's order terminating his parental rights.2 By three points of error, Appellant
maintains the trial court reversibly erred in finding clear and convincing evidence that:
(1) it was in V.D.Y.'s best interest to terminate his parental rights; (2) he had been
1
To protect Appellant's and his daughter's privacy, we refer to them and other relevant parties by their
initials. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §109.002(d) (West 2008). See also Tex. R. App. P. 9.8(b).
2
The order was signed on September 13, 2011, and Appellant filed a Statement of Points on September
22, 2011. However, effective September 1, 2011, section 263.405(b) of the Texas Family Code, which
required the filing of a Statement of Points in termination cases involving the Texas Department of Family
and Protective Services, was repealed. See Act of May 5, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 75, 2011 Tex.
Sess. Law Serv. 348, 349.
convicted for being criminally responsible for the serious injury of a child under section
21.11 (indecency of a child) of the Texas Penal Code; and (3) he had knowingly
engaged in criminal conduct that resulted in him having been convicted and imprisoned
and thereby made unable to care for the child for not less than two years from the date
of filing the petition for termination of his parental rights. We affirm.
BACKGROUND FACTS
V.D.Y. was born on August 31, 2005. She has two older maternal half sisters. In
April 2010, a caseworker for Child Protective Services, a program of the Department of
Family and Protective Services, became involved with the family because of an
allegation of sexual abuse by Appellant against one of V.D.Y.'s older half sisters. All
three girls were removed from the home and three months later, were placed in the care
of a maternal great aunt. On April 5, 2010, the Department initiated legal action for
conservatorship of the girls and termination of parental rights of Appellant, the girls'
mother and the biological father of V.D.Y.'s two half sisters.3
Following the trial court's extension of the time for dismissal of the suit pursuant
to section 263.401(b) of the Texas Family Code Annotated (West 2008), a hearing was
held on September 13, 2011, to determine the issue of Appellant's parental rights. The
parents of V.D.Y.'s half sisters both testified that Appellant was not a danger to V.D.Y.
and her half sisters' father testified it would not be in V.D.Y.'s best interest to terminate
3
After mediation, an agreement was reached between the Department and V.D.Y.'s mother and the father
of V.D.Y.'s two half sisters. The terms included that the Department would be appointed managing
conservator of the girls and the parents would be appointed possessory conservators with supervised
visitation. The Department agreed to waive current termination grounds against them but preserved them
for future litigation. Neither the mother nor the father of V.D.Y.'s half sisters are parties to this appeal.
2
Appellant's parental rights. The only other witness was the caseworker. Through her
testimony, the Department introduced a copy of Appellant's conviction for indecency
with a child by exposure for which he was assessed a twenty-year sentence pursuant to
a plea bargain. The trial court questioned the caseworker on the specific grounds for
termination to which she responded, "[b]ecause of his conviction of sexual abuse of
[V.D.Y.'s half sister]." The caseworker also offered testimony relevant to the best
interest finding.
At the conclusion of that hearing, the trial court found that termination of
Appellant's parental rights to V.D.Y. was in her best interest. The trial court also found
that Appellant:
(1) has been convicted or has been placed on community supervision,
including deferred adjudication community supervision, for being
criminally responsible for the death or serious injury of a child under
the following sections of the Penal Code or adjudicated under Title
3 for conduct that caused the death or serious injury of a child and
that would constitute a violation of one of the following Penal Code
sections:
§ 22.11 (indecency with a child); and
(2) knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that has resulted in the
father's conviction of an offense and confinement or imprisonment
and inability to care for the child for not less than two years from the
date of filing the petition.
INVOLUNTARY TERMINATION OF PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP
Section 161.001 of the Texas Family Code provides that a trial court may order
termination of the parent-child relationship if the court finds by clear and convincing
evidence:
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(1) that the parent has:
***
(L) been convicted or has been placed on community
supervision, including deferred adjudication community
supervision, for being criminally responsible for the death or
serious injury of a child under the following sections of the
Penal Code . . . :
***
(iv) Section 21.11 (indecency with a child);
***
(Q) knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that has resulted in
the parent's:
(i) conviction of an offense; and
(ii) confinement or imprisonment and inability to care for
the child for not less than two years from the date of
filing the petition; . . . and
(2) that the termination is in the best interest of the child.
Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001 (West Supp. 2011); Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367,
370 (Tex. 1976). Only one statutory ground is required to be proven in order to
terminate the parent-child relationship. See In re S.F., 32 S.W.3d 318, 320 (Tex.App.--
San Antonio 2000, no pet.). Therefore, we will affirm the termination order if the
evidence sufficiently establishes any statutory ground upon which the trial court relied in
terminating parental rights as well as the best interest finding. Id.
STANDARD OF REVIEW IN TERMINATION CASES
The natural right existing between parents and their children is of constitutional
dimension. See Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758-59, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d
4
599 (1982). See also Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). Consequently,
termination proceedings are strictly scrutinized. In Interest of G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846
(Tex. 1980). Parental rights, however, are not absolute, and it is essential that the
emotional and physical interests of a child not be sacrificed merely to preserve those
rights. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 26 (Tex. 2002).
A termination decree is complete, final, irrevocable, and divests for all time that
natural right as well as all legal rights, privileges, duties, and powers with respect to
each other except for the child=s right to inherit. Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20. Thus, due
process requires application of the clear and convincing standard of proof in cases
involving involuntary termination of parental rights. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263
(Tex. 2002). Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof which
will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the
allegations sought to be established. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 101.007 (West 2008).
See also In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25-26.
The same evidence may be probative of both the statutory ground for termination
and the best interest of the child. Both elements must be established and proof of one
element does not relieve the petitioner of the burden of proving the other. See In re
C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28; Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 370.
In a legal sufficiency review of the evidence to support an order terminating
parental rights, we look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to
determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or
conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established. See Tex. Fam.
5
Code Ann. ' 101.007 (West 2008); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. To give appropriate
deference to the factfinder's conclusions and the role of a court conducting a legal
sufficiency review, looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment
means that a reviewing court must assume the factfinder resolved disputed facts in
favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.
Thus, we disregard all non-supporting evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have
disbelieved or found to have been incredible. Id.
The standard for reviewing the factual sufficiency of termination findings is
whether the evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder could form a firm belief or
conviction about the truth of the Department's allegations. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25-
26. Under that standard, we do not look at the evidence in the light most favorable to
the finding but instead consider whether the disputed evidence is such that a
reasonable factfinder could not have resolved the disputed evidence in favor of its
finding. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. If, in light of the entire record, the disputed
evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so
significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction,
then the evidence is factually insufficient. Id.
ANALYSIS
Addressing Appellant's issues in a logical rather than sequential order, we will
commence our analysis with issue three by which he maintains the trial court erred in
finding he knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that resulted in him having been
convicted and imprisoned and thereby made unable to care for V.D.Y. for not less than
6
two years from the date of filing the petition. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 161.001(1)(Q)
(West Supp. 2011). Appellant argues that because no evidence was presented that his
conviction was final, termination under subsection Q was erroneous. We disagree.
§ 161.001(1)(Q) KNOWINGLY ENGAGE IN CRIMINAL CONDUCT
Subsection Q has been interpreted to apply prospectively from the date of filing
of the petition for termination. See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 359-60 (Tex. 2002).
See also In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006). It focuses on the parent's
future imprisonment and inability to care for the child, not the criminal conduct that the
parent committed in the past. Id. By looking at future imprisonment and inability to care
for the child, subsection Q purports to protect children whose parents will be
incarcerated for periods exceeding two years after termination proceedings begin. Id.
Incarceration and a parent's inability to provide care are separate requirements for
termination under subsection Q. See In re E.S.S., 131 S.W.3d 632, 639 (Tex.App.--Fort
Worth 2004, no pet.). Additionally, finality of a conviction is not required to support
termination under subsection Q. See Rian v. Tex. Dep't of Family and Protective
Services, No. 03-08-00155-CV, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 5925, at *5-6 (Tex.App.--Austin
July 31, 2009, pet. denied) (mem. op).4
The Department presented clear and convincing evidence through the
caseworker's testimony and admission into evidence of a copy of Appellant's judgment
of conviction that he knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that resulted in his
4
The court explained that if a final conviction was required under subsection Q, it would be irreconcilable
with provisions of subsection L that allow termination upon proof that a parent has been convicted or
placed on probation, including deferred adjudication, which by its nature is not a conviction. Rian, 2009
Tex. App. LEXIS, at *5.
7
conviction and the assessment of a twenty-year sentence. Although the availability of
parole is relevant to determine whether a parent will be released within two years, In re
H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 109, in the underlying case, the only indication of Appellant's
eligibility for parole resulted from a question posed by Appellant's trial counsel to the
caseworker asking if she was aware that Appellant was eligible for parole on July 28,
2012, to which she responded, "I was not aware of that." When a question assumes
facts not otherwise in evidence, a negative answer to that question is no evidence of the
underlying premise of the question. McNatt v. State, No. 02-10-00043-CR, 2011 Tex.
App. LEXIS 8037, at *11 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth Oct. 6, 2011, no pet.) (not designated
for publication). Furthermore, even assuming the record contained evidence of a July
2012 parole eligibility date, that date was beyond two years from the date the
Department filed its petition.
Additionally, in determining whether an incarcerated parent is unable to care for a
child, a court considers the availability of any other financial and emotional support. In
re B.M.R., 84 S.W.3d 814, 818 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.). Although
V.D.Y.'s half sisters' father testified that it would not be in V.D.Y,'s best interest to
terminate Appellant's parental rights,5 neither he nor V.D.Y.'s mother testified they
would be willing or able to provide financial and emotional support for V.D.Y. during
Appellant's incarceration. Neither did Appellant present any evidence that he could
otherwise provide financial support or that family members could care for V.D.Y. while
he was incarcerated. See In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 110. Consequently, we find
5
V.D.Y.'s mother testified that it would not be in Appellant's best interest to terminate his parental rights;
however, the focus of a termination proceeding is the best interest of the child, not the parent.
8
there is clear and convincing evidence to support termination of Appellant's parental
rights under subsection Q. Issue three is overruled.
Having found sufficient evidence to support at least one statutory ground for
termination, In re S.F., 32 S.W.3d at 320, we pretermit issue two and address
Appellant's first issue by which he maintains the evidence is insufficient to support the
trial court's best interest finding. Again, we disagree.
§ 161.001(2) BEST INTEREST
Notwithstanding the sufficiency of the evidence to support termination under
section 161.001(1)(Q), we must also find clear and convincing evidence that termination
of the parent-child relationship was in V.D.Y.'s best interest. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
' 161.001(2) (West Supp. 2011). There is a strong presumption that the best interest of
a child is served by keeping custody in the natural parent. In re D.T., 58 S.W.3d 625,
641 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied). In deciding best interest, we consider
numerous factors. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 263.307(b) (West 2008). The Supreme
Court has considered the following factors: (1) the desires of the child; (2) the emotional
and physical needs of the child now and in the future; (3) the emotional and physical
danger to the child now and in the future; (4) the parental abilities of the individuals
seeking custody; (5) the programs available to assist these individuals; (6) the plans for
the child by these individuals; (7) the stability of the home; (8) the acts or omissions of
the parent which may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper
one; and (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Holley, 544 S.W.2d at
371-72. These factors are not exhaustive; some listed factors may be inapplicable to
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some cases, while other factors not on the list may also be considered when
appropriate. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27.
DISCUSSION
Several months after she was removed from the home, V.D.Y. and her two half
sisters began living with their maternal great aunt. V.D.Y. was six years old at the time
of the hearing but did not testify, so there is no evidence of her desires. No evidence
was presented of V.D.Y.'s physical or emotional needs now or in the future. The
caseworker expressed concern for V.D.Y. because of Appellant's conviction for
indecency with a child. She answered questions during her testimony demonstrating
that Appellant did not inquire about V.D.Y. nor express any desire to develop a
relationship with her. He did not offer any potential placements for her nor ask the
caseworker to contact any family members regarding V.D.Y. Appellant responded to
parenting articles, but did not complete any of his services.
Although the caseworker testified that adoption was not being sought and V.D.Y.
was doing well in the care of her maternal great aunt, termination of Appellant's rights
was pursued by the Department because of his conviction for indecency with V.D.Y.'s
half sister. She further testified that the lack of a relationship between Appellant and
V.D.Y. might make it unsafe for her to be around him, just as it was unsafe for her half
sister. When questioned by the trial court on the issue of V.D.Y.'s safety, the
caseworker expressed concern that V.D.Y. would be at risk for abuse and neglect
because of Appellant's past behavior as evidenced by his conviction.
10
Relying on In re J.N., 301 S.W.3d 429 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2009, pet. denied),6
among other cases, Appellant argues that because V.D.Y.'s mother's parental rights
were not terminated, termination of his rights does not advance the Department's goal
of prompt and permanent placement of a child. Although we agree with Appellant's
interpretation of our decision in In re J.N., we disagree that under the facts of this case,
the evidence is insufficient to support the best interest finding. The facts in In re J.N.
lend themselves to a finding of factual insufficiency to support a best interest finding and
are distinguishable from the facts of this case. In In re J.N., the Department sought
termination of the mother's parental rights but not the father's. The caseworker testified
that the mother posed no danger to the child during supervised visitation. The mother
regularly visited, interacted appropriately and developed a bond with her child. This
Court found that, under those circumstances, the mother posed no threat to her child
and we saw no compelling benefit that would be gained by severing the bond between
them in light of the Department's plans to place the child with her biological father. 301
S.W.3d at 435. Those facts are certainly distinguishable from the facts of this case.
Based on the record in the instant case, we conclude there is clear and
convincing evidence to support the finding that termination of Appellant's parental rights
was in V.D.Y.'s best interest. Issue one is overruled.
6
In In re J.N., this Court found that termination of the mother's parental rights was not justified by the
Department's prospective plans for adoption so long as the biological father retained his parental rights.
301 S.W.3d at 434. Under the facts of that case, the evidence was factually insufficient to support the
trial court's best interest finding. Id. at 434-35.
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CONCLUSION
Accordingly, the trial court's order terminating the rights of C.R.Y. to V.D.Y. is
affirmed.
Patrick A. Pirtle
Justice
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