IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
EASTERN DISTRICT
IN THE INTEREST OF: J.C.F., A MINOR : No. 417 EAL 2018
:
: Petition for Allowance of Appeal from
PETITION OF: Y.F., MOTHER : the Unpublished Order of the
: Superior Court at No. 519 EDA 2017
: (Gantman, P.J., Panella,
: Strassburger, JJ.), entered on , the
: Order Entered of the Philadelphia
: County Court of Common Pleas at
: Nos. CP-51-AP-0001268-2016 and
: CP-51-DP-0000085-2015 (Fernandes,
: J.), entered on January 10, 2017
:
IN THE INTEREST OF: J.C.F., III, A : No. 418 EAL 2018
MINOR :
: Petition for Allowance of Appeal from
: the Unpublished Order of the
PETITION OF: Y.F., MOTHER : Superior Court at No. 520 EDA 2017
: (Gantman, P.J., Panella,
: Strassburger, JJ.), entered on , the
: Order Entered of the Philadelphia
: County Court of Common Pleas at
: Nos. CP-51-AP-0001267-2016 and
: CP-51-DP-0000084-2015 (Fernandes,
: J.), entered on January 10, 2017
:
DISSENTING STATEMENT
JUSTICE WECHT FILED: December 21, 2018
Because a limited grant of allowance of appeal is warranted in this case, I
respectfully dissent from the Court’s decision to deny review.
Y.F. (“Mother”) raises six issues in her petition for allowance of appeal. Of those,
three appear to be recurring in termination of parental rights (“TPR”) cases. This Court
should take this opportunity to address them.
The first issue is the continuing viability of In re B.L.L., 787 A.2d 1007 (Pa. Super.
2001). In B.L.L., the Superior Court noted that this Court had decided not to create a
requirement that a child testify at a TPR hearing. Id. at 1011 (citing In re Child M., 681
A.2d 792 (Pa. 1996)). The court then cited the bifurcated nature of the termination inquiry
to declare that a child’s testimony would not be relevant to the termination proceedings.
Id. at 1014. The court then proceeded unequivocally to state that the testimony of a child
is not even permitted in a TPR proceeding. Id.
This Court’s decision in In re L.B.M., 161 A.3d 172 (Pa. 2017), did not explicitly
overrule B.L.L., because L.B.M. spoke to the requirement of counsel for the child, and not
whether the child could or could not testify at the TPR hearing. However, a majority of
the Court in L.B.M. and in In re T.S., 192 A.3d 1080 (Pa. 2018), did indicate that the
conflict between the child’s best and legal interests is the chief concern in determining
whether counsel should be appointed. The TPR court or child’s counsel (or the guardian
ad litem (“GAL”)) may not be able to determine those interests without the child’s
testimony. Further, counsel (or the GAL) may decide that it is necessary for the child,
particularly an older child, as in this case, to testify in order to illuminate fully the child’s
legal interest. Additionally, as Judge Strassburger noted incisively in his concurring
memorandum in this case, the child’s testimony could be highly relevant to the TPR
court’s consideration of 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b), in which the court must determine whether
termination is in the child’s best interests, including consideration of the bond between
the parent and child. Because B.L.L. has been authoritatively invoked as an outright ban
[417 EAL 2018; 418 EAL 2018] - 2
on children testifying at a TPR hearing, it should be reconsidered in light of L.B.M. and
T.S.
Second, compounding the issue of a blanket refusal to permit testimony of the child
is the admission of effectively unchallengeable hearsay testimony from the case manager
about the child’s wishes. Not only is the parent unable to obtain testimony directly from
an available, competent child, but the parent then can be prejudiced by hearsay
statements admitted through the child welfare agency personnel, hearsay that the parent
cannot meaningfully cross-examine. Too often, hearsay statements of children are
admitted rotely and perfunctorily through Pa.R.E. 803(3), without any true consideration
of whether the child’s statement actually reflects the child’s “then existing state of mind”
and as a method in practice to admit any and all alleged out-of-court statements by
children who either do not or cannot testify. And so, the exception comes to devour the
rule.
There is no “child statement exception” to the rule against hearsay, and there is
(and can be) no claim by the Department of Human Services that the law prescribes a
different legal standard for admitting hearsay statements when made by children. This is
a particularly troubling concern when the hearsay admitted goes directly to the ultimate
question of whether parental rights should be terminated. Further, this problematic issue
is not limited to TPR cases; Rule 803(3) often is used without sufficient analysis to admit
on a blanket basis similar types of hearsay in child custody litigation. For these reasons,
this Court should address the issue of when and under what circumstances hearsay
statements of children may be admitted.
Third, and finally, I remain concerned about the Superior Court’s post hoc harmless
error ratification of the trial court’s failure to appoint counsel for the child. See In re J.C.F.,
2018 WL 2398974 at *1 n.3. As I expressed in T.S., the Superior Court appears to be
[417 EAL 2018; 418 EAL 2018] - 3
determining that, if the evidence was sufficient to support the termination of parental
rights, then, ipso facto, the trial court did not err in failing to appoint counsel. T.S., 192
A.3d at 1104 (Wecht, J. concurring and dissenting). The standard is not whether the TPR
was justified; the standard is whether there is a conflict between the child’s legal and best
interests. The trial court did not have the benefit of L.B.M. and, therefore, its failure to
determine whether a conflict exists is understandable. However, the Superior Court did
have the standard, and did not apply it. Despite the fact that a clear majority of this Court
in L.B.M. held that failure to appoint counsel is a structural error, the Superior Court
continues to apply a harmless error standard. Id. (discussing In re D.L.B., 166 A.3d 322
(Pa. Super. 2017)). This Court should address this issue so that the Superior Court has
guidance on the standard of review for future cases.
For the foregoing reasons, I would have granted review in this case, limited to three
issues, which I would frame as follows:
1. Should there be a categorical rule that children are not permitted to testify
at a contested termination of parental rights proceeding?
2. Did the trial court commit an error of law or abuse its discretion when it
admitted hearsay statements of the child pursuant to Pa.R.E. 803(3)?
3. Did the Superior Court err in applying a harmless error standard in reviewing the
trial court’s failure to appoint counsel for the child?
* * *
I am confident that future litigation eventually will bring these unsettled issues to
this Court in some form, in some combination, at some time. In the meantime, however,
parental rights to many children will be terminated under standards imposed by trial court
practices that may be inconsistent and in some instances erroneous.
[417 EAL 2018; 418 EAL 2018] - 4