IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 16-1246
Filed February 22, 2017
IN THE INTEREST OF K.J.S.,
Minor Child,
C.S., Mother,
Petitioner-Appellee,
vs.
M.F., Father,
Respondent-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Crawford County, Mary L.
McCollum Timko, Associate Juvenile Judge.
A father appeals the termination of his parental rights under Iowa Code
chapter 600A. AFFIRMED.
Zachary S. Hindman of Mayne, Arneson, Hindman, Hisey & Daane, Sioux
City, for appellant father.
Gina C. Badding of Neu, Minnich, Comito, Halbur, Neu & Badding, P.C.,
Carroll, for appellee mother.
Jessica A. Zupp of Zupp & Zupp Law Firm, P.C., Denison, guardian ad
litem for minor child.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Tabor and Mullins, JJ.
2
TABOR, Judge.
A father, Michael, appeals the juvenile court’s order terminating his
parental rights to his eight-year-old son, K.J.S. Michael contends he did not
abandon his son under Iowa Code section 600A.8(3)(b) (2016) or fail to pay child
support without good cause under section 600A.8(4). He also argues termination
of his parental rights is not in the best interests of K.J.S. Alternatively, Michael
asserts the juvenile court abused its discretion when it denied his motion to
continue the termination hearing.
After our independent review of the record,1 we find clear and convincing
evidence supporting the juvenile court’s decision to terminate Michael’s parental
rights, and we agree termination is in the best interests of K.J.S. Michael has
made no genuine commitment to maintaining a place of importance in his son’s
life—not consistently providing financial support and not showing up for visitation
for nearly three years, then feebly seeking to reconnect with K.J.S. after seeing
him at a family gathering. In addition, we find no abuse of discretion in the
district court’s denial of Michael’s motion to continue.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings
Cassie and Michael had one child together, K.J.S., who was born in 2008.
In June 2009, the district court ordered Michael to pay child support. More than
one year later, in November 2010, Cassie and Michael filed a stipulation, which
1
Our review of chapter 600A termination-of-parental-rights proceedings is de novo. See
In re R.K.B., 572 N.W.2d 600, 601 (Iowa 1998). “We give deference to the factual
findings of the juvenile court, especially those relating to witness credibility, but we are
not bound by those determinations.” In re G.A., 826 N.W.2d 125, 127 (Iowa Ct. App.
2012). We give “due consideration” to the interests of the parents, but the child’s best
interests are “paramount” in our analysis. See Iowa Code § 600A.1.
3
the district court accepted, agreeing to share legal custody of K.J.S., with Cassie
to have physical care and Michael to have alternating weekend visitation.
Michael’s child-support payments over the years were few and far
between. The Child Support Recovery Unit (CSRU) initiated two contempt
actions against Michael between 2009 and 2016. The first action was dismissed
in 2011 after Michael agreed to begin making payments. In the second action,
initiated in 2012, Michael stipulated he “willfully failed to comply with the [child-
support] order despite having the ability to pay.” Accepting his stipulation, the
district court found Michael in contempt of court and imposed a thirty-day jail
sentence, which was suspended pending Michael’s regular payments of child
support. In April 2013, the court ordered Michael to serve the jail sentence after
he again failed to pay. By the date of the termination hearing, Michael owed
nearly $4000 in past-due child support.
Michael’s contact with K.J.S. was similarly sporadic. In the first two years
of the custody arrangement, Michael spent time with K.J.S. on a regular basis.
But in December 2012, Michael was arrested on drug-related charges and
completely disappeared from K.J.S.’s life. Michael did not call K.J.S., nor did
Michael send letters, cards, or gifts.
After his conviction for the December 2012 charges, Michael persisted in
his criminal behavior. Michael was placed on probation, but he failed to complete
substance-abuse treatment and reported continued use of methamphetamine to
his probation officer. In May 2015, Michael was again arrested on drug-related
charges. He received a suspended ten-year prison sentence and was placed on
probation in late 2015. Michael continued to struggle with substance abuse. In
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the month before the termination hearing, Michael tested positive for
methamphetamine twice, and by the time of the hearing, he was facing possible
revocation of his probation.
In November 2015, Michael saw K.J.S. for the first time in nearly three
years. Cassie allowed Michael’s father to take K.J.S. to a family Thanksgiving
gathering, and unbeknownst to Cassie, Michael was in attendance. According to
Cassie, K.J.S. did not recognize Michael.
Following this encounter, Michael tried to reinitiate contact with K.J.S.
Michael sent K.J.S. a balloon and card on Valentine’s Day 2016, and then sent
Cassie a text message on February 24 requesting a weekend visit. Cassie
responded: “It has been [four] years, [K.J.S.] does not know you. It is not in his
best interest to go with a stranger. To get reacquainted, I think you should come
to our house for a couple hours for a little while to get to know him again.” But
Michael insisted: “Legally, I get him every other weekend. So if this weekend
doesn’t work, we can start the weekend after.” The conversation continued
without agreement—Michael pressed for weekend visitation at his parents’ home
and Cassie countered with an offer to bring K.J.S. for a shorter visit at a local
McDonald’s restaurant.
Michael again contacted Cassie about visitation a few weeks later, but
neither of their positions had changed. Cassie told Michael she had spoken with
K.J.S.’s therapist, who believed a short visit at a neutral location would be best.
Again, the parties failed to come to an agreement. Michael sent K.J.S. an Easter
card, but by the end of March, he stopped contacting Cassie about visitation.
5
In the midst of the visitation dispute, on March 17, 2016, Cassie filed a
petition for termination of Michael’s parental rights. A hearing on the petition was
scheduled for May 12, but on the day of the hearing, the juvenile court granted
Michael a continuance until June 2 to allow him to apply for a court-appointed
attorney. On the morning of rescheduled hearing, Michael called his attorney to
say he would be unable to attend because his ride to the courthouse in Denison
from his home in Des Moines had fallen through. Michael’s attorney asked for a
continuance at the beginning of the hearing. Cassie resisted, citing Michael’s
previous continuance. The court denied the request for a continuance, reasoning
the excuse “‘my ride fell through,’ given the gravity of this situation,” did not
amount to good cause to further delay the proceedings.
Following the hearing, where Cassie and her husband testified about their
concerns for K.J.S., the juvenile court terminated Michael’s parental rights under
Iowa Code section 600A.8(3)(b) and (4). Michael now appeals.
II. Waiver or Preservation of Error
As an initial matter, Cassie argues we should not reach the merits of
Michael’s appeal. She claims Michael either waived his claims or did not
preserve error because he failed to file an answer to the termination petition, he
failed to personally appear at the termination hearing, and his attorney offered no
evidence at the hearing. Michael contends he preserved error because his
attorney attended the termination hearing and resisted the petition.
Although Michael did not personally attend the rescheduled termination
hearing, his attorney’s actions sufficed to show a general resistance to the
termination petition. “[T]he general rule that appellate arguments must first be
6
raised in the trial court applies to . . . termination of parental rights cases.” In re
A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 773 (Iowa 2012). In support of her claim, Cassie relies on
In re M.L.H., No. 16-1216, 2016 WL 4803999, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 16,
2016) (holding father did not preserve error when he did not appear at the
termination hearing and the father’s attorney did not request a continuance,
introduce evidence, or argue against termination, instead telling the court “the
father had essentially ‘given up’”) and In re C.T., No. 14-0243, 2014 WL
1714958, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 30, 2014) (finding father failed to preserve
error when he did not appear at the chapter 232 termination hearing and his
attorney “did not object to the evidence presented, offer evidence, or raise any
issue” (quoting In re P.S., No. 11-0516, 2011 WL 2714169, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App.
July 13, 2011))). In contrast to the fathers in those cases, Michael could not be
perceived as waving a white flag of surrender. He appeared personally at the
originally scheduled termination hearing. And although he did not attend the
rescheduled hearing because of transportation issues, Michael resisted the
petition through his attorney, who cross-examined Cassie and read a statement
written by Michael to the court, which emphasized his unsuccessful attempts to
visit K.J.S. and his progress toward a more stable life. See Jack v. P & A Farms,
Ltd., 822 N.W.2d 511, 517–18 (Iowa 2012) (noting a parent’s physical presence
is not necessarily required at a termination hearing when counsel is present).
Nor did Michael’s failure to file an answer to Cassie’s petition preclude his
challenge to the termination. As Michael notes, Cassie cites no authority in
support of her claim that an answer is a prerequisite to seeking appellate review.
See Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2)(g)(3) (“Failure to cite authority in support of an
7
issue may be deemed waiver of that issue.”); cf. Jack, 822 N.W.2d at 517–18
(acknowledging flexibility in the general rule that termination proceedings are
governed by the rules of civil procedure). Moreover, Cassie did not argue to the
juvenile court that Michael’s failure to answer the termination petition should
prevent him from defending at the hearing. Cf. In re Marriage of Schettler, 455
N.W.2d 686, 688 (Iowa Ct. App. 1990) (“We have also held that proceeding with
a case without taking timely advantage of the default also constitutes a waiver of
the right to a default.” (citation omitted)).
Accordingly, we turn to the merits of Michael’s appeal.
III. Analysis
When a juvenile court terminates parental rights on more than one ground,
if one of the grounds is established by clear and convincing evidence, we will
uphold the termination. In re B.L.A., 357 N.W.2d 20, 22 (Iowa 1984). We find
ample evidence in the record to support termination of Michael’s parental rights
for abandonment under Iowa Code section 600A.8(3)(b).
A. Abandonment
Michael contends he did not abandon his son within the meaning of
chapter 600A because Cassie prevented him from having contact with K.J.S.
Michael argues the text messages he sent Cassie requesting weekend visitation
beginning in February 2016 should preclude a finding of abandonment.
Under Iowa Code section 600A.2(19), a parent has abandoned a minor
child when the parent “rejects the duties imposed by the parent-child relationship
. . . which may be evinced by the person, while being able to do so, making no
provision or making only a marginal effort to provide the support of the child or to
8
communicate with the child.” A parent of a child who is six months or older is
deemed to have abandoned the child unless the parent maintains “substantial
and continuous or repeated contact with the child as demonstrated by
contribution toward support of the child of a reasonable amount, according to the
parent’s means,” and if the parent has not lived with the child in the year before
the termination hearing, by: (1) visits with the child at least once a month when
physically and financially able and when not prevented by the child’s custodian or
(2) regular communication with the child or their custodian when physically and
financially unable to visit or when visits are prevented by the child’s custodian.
See Iowa Code § 600A.8(3)(b).
We are skeptical that Michael’s contribution of financial support meets the
threshold economic-contributions requirement of section 600A.8(3)(b) (requiring
“contribution toward support of the child of a reasonable amount, according to the
parent’s means”). See In re W.W., 826 N.W.2d 706, 710 (Iowa Ct. App. 2012).
Since the entry of the 2009 child-support order, Michael’s payments have been
irregular and largely prompted by contempt applications initiated by the CSRU.
But even assuming Michael has met this predicate requirement, we still find
Michael has abandoned K.J.S. under subsection (3)(b)(1) for failing to visit K.J.S.
By the time of the termination hearing, Michael had not logged the
minimum monthly visits with K.J.S. for nearly three and a half years, and—for the
vast majority of that time—Michael made zero effort to contact K.J.S. Michael
does not argue he was physically or financially unable to visit K.J.S. Accordingly,
Michael abandoned K.J.S. within the meaning of section 600A.8(3)(b)(1), unless
the evidence established Cassie prevented visitation.
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The record did not show Cassie prevented Michael from visiting K.J.S.2
Michael does not dispute that Cassie had no involvement with his failure to visit
K.J.S. from December 2012 to February 2016—one month before Cassie filed
the termination petition. And even after that time, the record does not support a
finding Cassie prevented visitation between Michael and K.J.S. As Cassie
asserts, after Michael contacted her in February 2016, she offered him visitation,
but he refused to take advantage of it. Considering Michael’s extended failure to
exercise his visitation under the stipulation, his significant criminal history, and
his failure to address his long-standing substance-abuse problem, we find
Cassie’s conditions regarding reintroduction of K.J.S. to Michael were
reasonable. See G.A., 826 N.W.2d at 129 (finding mother’s request that the
father reinitiate contact with his daughter by phone and test free of drugs before
having an in-person visit reasonable when the father had not seen the daughter
in over a year and had an extensive substance-abuse and criminal history); see
also K.M., 2015 WL 1849508, at *5 (finding mother did not prevent contact by
failing to respond to text messages requesting visitation when the mother “was
2
Because we find Cassie did not prevent visitation, it is not necessary to reach Michael’s
argument under section 600A.8(3)(b)(2) that he attempted regular communication with
K.J.S. See G.A., 826 N.W.2d at 130 (construing section 600A.8(3)(b)(1)–(2) and finding
that only when a parent is “physically and financially unable to visit or when the child’s
custodian prevents visitation” does section 600A.8(3)(b)(2) apply). But assuming,
arguendo, Cassie had prevented visitation, Michael did not attempt to maintain regular
communication with K.J.S. In the three-and-one-half years before the termination
hearing, Michael’s only attempts at communication with K.J.S. occurred over a period of
approximately six weeks and consisted of text messages in which Michael and Cassie
could not agree upon a suitable visitation schedule, and two holiday cards. We find
these meager attempts at contact insufficient to prevent a finding of abandonment. See
In re K.M., No. 14-1374, 2015 WL 1849508, at *6 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 22, 2015) (“A few
sporadic text messages over the period of a few months . . . do not rise to any sort of
meaningful contact that may fend off a claim of abandonment, particularly given the
father did not attempt any other type of communication—or offer financial or emotional
support—to [the child].”).
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reasonably concerned the father could not properly care for [the child] given his
extremely violent past and significant criminal history”).3
B. Best Interests
Michael next contends Cassie has failed to prove termination of his
parental rights would be in K.J.S.’s best interests “because the evidence at trial
showed that [Michael] has resolved to resume his place in K.J.S.’s life.” Cassie
responds Michael’s “recent ‘resolution’ to resume visitation . . . does not
overcome his years of absence from [K.J.S.’s] life or [Michael’s] instability by
reason of his continuing substance abuse and impending prison sentence.”
K.J.S.’s best interests require Michael to “affirmatively assume the duties
encompassed by the role of being a parent.” See Iowa Code § 600A.1. We
consider “the fulfillment of financial obligations, demonstration of continued
interest in the child, demonstration of a genuine effort to maintain
communication, and demonstration of the establishment and maintenance of a
place of importance in the child’s life.” See id. Despite his newfound resolve to
3
Michael attempts to distinguish G.A., 826 N.W.2d at 129, contending: (1) K.J.S. is older
than G.A. was, “and thus would be much more likely to be able to begin seeing [Michael]
again without any issues”; (2) Cassie and Michael were subject to a custody order, and
Cassie violated that order when she denied Michael’s request for visitation; and
(3) “K.J.S. recalls past visits with [Michael] and is aware of who [Michael] is.” We find
these distinctions inconsequential.
As in G.A., Cassie was concerned with K.J.S.’s best interests. Michael had not
exercised his court-ordered visitation in over three years when he tried to renew contact
with K.J.S. Cassie had legitimate safety concerns—when Michael contacted Cassie
about visitation, he was on probation for felony drug charges and had not successfully
completed court-ordered substance-abuse treatment. K.J.S. told his therapist he was
“scared” to spend time with Michael, and the therapist concluded: “Based on his age and
the length of time of no contact, I recommend that [K.J.S.] have several meetings with
his father for a short duration (e.g. two hours) in a neutral location. [K.J.S.] wants his
mother to be present at these meetings.” Accordingly, we find Cassie’s offer of limited
visitation with K.J.S. did not constitute prevention of visitation.
We note Michael did not file an application for an order for rule to show cause
alleging interference with his visitation, and we are not asked to decide whether Cassie
willfully disobeyed the custody order.
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reenter K.J.S.’s life, Michael has failed to assume any parental duties. Michael
has been absent for nearly half of his son’s life, and K.J.S. considers Cassie’s
husband, who has been a stable presence since he was born, to be his father.
The juvenile court concluded it could not “preserve in law a relationship
which no longer exists in fact” between K.J.S. and Michael. We agree and find
termination of Michael’s parental rights is in K.J.S.’s best interests.
C. Motion to Continue
We now turn to Michael’s alternative argument that the juvenile court
abused its discretion by denying his motion to continue on the day of the hearing.
Michael contends his reason for being unable to attend—transportation
difficulties—was truthful and beyond his control. Further, he asserts a
continuance would not have been a “significant inconvenience to any party.”
The denial of a motion to continue is within the broad discretion of the trial
court, and we will only interfere on appeal when a clear abuse of discretion exists
and an injustice has been done to the party seeking the continuance. See In re
C.W., 554 N.W.2d 279, 281 (Iowa Ct. App. 1996). “Denial of a motion to
continue must be unreasonable under the circumstances before we will reverse.”
Id. Here, Michael contacted his attorney the morning of the hearing and told her
he could not attend because his ride from Des Moines to Denison fell through.
The juvenile court had already granted Michael one continuance. And because
the hearing was not until the afternoon, Michael had time to find alternate
transportation or arrange to participate by phone, yet he failed to do so. Under
these circumstances, the juvenile court’s denial was not unreasonable.
AFFIRMED.