IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 21-0583
Filed November 3, 2021
IN THE INTEREST OF O.C.,
Minor Child,
M.C., Mother,
Appellant,
D.C., Father,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Brent Pattison, District
Associate Judge.
A father and mother separately appeal the termination of their parental
rights to a child. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
Christine E. Branstad of Branstad & Olson Law Office, Des Moines, for
appellant mother.
Cole J. Mayer of Macro & Kozlowski, L.L.P, West Des Moines, for appellant
father.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Ellen Ramsey-Kacena, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Lynn Vogan of Youth Law Center, Des Moines, attorney and guardian ad
litem for minor child.
Considered by Bower, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and Schumacher, JJ.
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VAITHESWARAN, Judge.
A father and mother separately appeal the termination of their parental
rights to a child, born in 2017. The father contends (1) the State failed to prove the
grounds for termination cited by the district court; (2) the State failed to “provide[]
appropriate reasonable efforts due to [his] intellectual disability under the
Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act”;
(3) termination was not in the child’s best interests; and (4) the district court should
have granted him a six-month extension. The mother contends (1) the State failed
to prove the grounds for termination cited by the district court; (2) the State failed
to provide reasonable reunification efforts; (3) she should have been afforded a
six-month extension to facilitate reunification; and (4) the termination order violated
her equal protection and due process rights. She also suggests termination was
not in the child’s best interests and the district court should have invoked an
exception to termination based on the parent-child bond.
I. Grounds for Termination, Reasonable Efforts—Father and Mother
The district court terminated parental rights pursuant to several statutory
grounds. We may affirm if we find clear and convincing evidence to support any
of the grounds. In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010). We elect to focus
on Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) (2020), which requires proof of several
elements, including proof the child cannot be returned to parental custody. That
provision encompasses an obligation to make reasonable reunification efforts.
See In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 493 (Iowa 2000) (“The State must show
reasonable efforts as a part of its ultimate proof the child cannot be safely returned
to the care of a parent.”). “Where it is inappropriate to return a child to the family
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home, the legislature specified that ‘reasonable efforts shall include the efforts
made in a timely manner to finalize a permanency plan for the child.’” In re L.T.,
924 N.W.2d 521, 528 (Iowa 2019) (quoting Iowa Code § 232.102(10)(a)).
The State filed a child-in-need-of-assistance petition in 2018, based on
concerns that the child “was underweight and . . . had a flat affect”; the mother
“was allowing [the child] to be around individuals who [had] [f]ounded [c]hild
[a]buse [a]ssessments for sex abuse”; and the parents’ arrest “for possession of
marijuana and carrying weapons” with the child in the car.1 The district court found
the child’s “whereabouts [were] unknown” and it appeared the child was “being
hidden by the parents and his safety [was] not assured.” The court ordered the
child removed from parental custody and filed a separate “pick up” order.
The child remained missing until 2019. He was eventually found in
Colorado. The juvenile court in Colorado declined to exercise home state
jurisdiction, and jurisdiction was established in Iowa. The Iowa Department of
Human Services retrieved the child and placed him in foster care.
The district court adjudicated the child in need of assistance. The court
found:
Parents have been involved with [the departments of human
services] in Iowa and Colorado since 2010 due to sexual abuse
perpetrated on the children by Father and Mother’s continued
relationship with him. They were arrested together as recently as
August 2019. Parents have been offered services and have either
failed to comply and/or willfully attempted to evade involvement and
services. When child was located in Colorado, the parents appeared
to be living out of a vehicle. Foster parents in Colorado reported child
1 The department of human services did not issue a confirmed child abuse
assessment with respect to the underweight allegation because the primary health
care provider was unable to verify the child’s weight, and the mother failed to
cooperate with the department.
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did not recognize his name, did not know how to play with toys or
playground equipment, and had attachment issues and night terrors.
Following a permanency hearing, the court found:
Placement outside the parental home is necessary because a return
to the home would be contrary to the child’s welfare due to a toxic
combination of substance abuse, mental health problems, criminal
justice involvement, and protective issues. The parents’ lack of
protective capacity is evidenced by the conditions the family was
found in when the parents were arrested in Iowa and Colorado, the
prior [department] cases in Iowa and Colorado, prior terminations,
and two prior founded child abuse reports related to sexual abuse
. . . as well as the lack of progress on any of these issues during the
two years the case has been open.
The court addressed the parents’ challenge to the State’s reunification
efforts as follows:
The parents both raised questions about the state’s provision of
reasonable efforts in the permanency hearing—requesting more
visitation, help with housing, etc. The real problem in this case is that
the parents have not cooperated with the services needed in the
case until after the permanency hearing was set. In truth, they do
not really believe any services are necessary and continue to simply
re-litigate the original removal, adjudication, contempt proceeding,
and any [department] requests that they address the reasons for
removal in the first place. Even the lengthy child welfare proceedings
in Colorado that led to termination of their parental rights to five other
children are characterized simply as a result of corruption in
Colorado.
Notwithstanding the parents’ non-cooperation with the department, the court
ordered the department to afford the father “any available housing assistance,” as
he requested. The court left visitation in the department’s discretion, “[g]iven [the
father’s] absence from [the child’s] life for such a long time” and the adverse effect
of the mother’s visits on the child, together with her prior decision to “abscond[]
with the child from Iowa.”
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The case proceeded to termination. Following the termination hearing, the
court found “clear and convincing evidence that [the child could not] be returned to
[parental] custody at the time of the [termination] hearing.” The court reasoned
that the parents had not “meaningfully addressed the issues that led to removal—
indeed, they [did] not think there ever was a basis for removal in the first place.”
The court cited the “many important findings to the contrary,” including the child’s
“stunted’ development, the “dangerous conditions” in which he was found, and the
parents’ “unhealthy” “enmesh[ment] in each other’s lives.” While the court found
the parents were “taking better care of themselves,” the court was not convinced
their progress showed they were “prepared to take care of [the child] two years
after [the] case began.” The court noted that a prior juvenile case was closed
because the court believed the mother “could set boundaries with” the father, a
belief that proved to be unfounded. The court declined to “make the same mistake”
again, “especially when the parents [failed to] demonstrate[] any progress
addressing the basic neglect [the child] experienced, as well as the way their
relationship, substance use, and antagonism toward help . . . harmed him.” On
our de novo review, we find support for the court’s findings.
The mother’s therapist testified she advised the mother “that in order to
have custody of this child and to provide a safe environment, she would have to
exclude” the father. She did not “think that [was] something that [the mother]
agree[d] with.” When asked, “Is it still your belief that [the mother] does not believe
[the father] is a threat to any of her children,” she responded, “Yes.”
As for the father, a department employee overseeing the case testified to “a
history of sexual abuse, which is currently being denied,” and the inability to
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“address[]” it “when there’s denial that the incident occurred.” She acknowledged
that the father’s “issues may be more IQ related than mental health related,” but
pointed out that his condition came to light belatedly in light of the father’s delayed
engagement with services. The department employee testified,
We have worked with his attorney and him and his providers
throughout to understand his needs and what could help him
accomplish his goals, and there were just a lot of delays and lapses
and periods where he was not engaged. And so those services have
always been present and recommended, just not necessarily taking
advantage of by him until recently.
The department employee referred to “the pattern of concerns” seen with
the family dating back ten years and the “continued dishonesty about several of
the issues . . . that previously led to termination of rights on children.” She noted
that the parents’ “relationship and/or contact with each other throughout the years
[had] been unsafe.” Specifically, the father was “a felon and should not have [had]
access to firearms” and if the mother “was under the influence of marijuana that
nullified her permit to carry.” She also cited the parents “unsafe living
arrangements” and stated, “After several years of services, you would expect these
parents to be providing a more safe environment for this child.” She recommended
termination of parental rights, reasoning “the issues that brought this family to” the
department’s “attention continue[d] to be unresolved.” We agree with the district
court that the department made reasonable efforts to achieve the permanency plan
and the child could not be returned to either parent’s custody.
II. Best Interests—Father and Mother
Termination must be in the child’s best interests. Iowa Code § 232.116(2).
The district court made the following pertinent findings:
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[The child] has been in one foster home for the entire length of this
case. He has thrived in the care of these foster parents. He has
gone from a child with limited affect, attachment deficits, and
developmental delays to, in many ways, a typically developing three
year old at the time of the termination hearing. He is resilient and
secure enough now to participate in visitation with his mother without
having night terrors or overeating during visits. The Court also relies
on the [guardian ad litem’s] recommendation for [termination of
parental rights] in support of the best interests finding.
Making the finding that termination is in a child’s best interest
is always a hard one. The court believes fully that the parents love
[the child] and ardently wish to be able to care for him again. The
Court is also pleased that they have taken several important steps to
care better for themselves late in the case. But [the child] deserves
permanency after a nearly three year [child-in-need-of-assistance]
journey. Their decisions early in the case—to deny any problems
and opt out of meaningful services and engagement—put them so
far behind that their “fourth quarter” efforts to “check the boxes”
related to services were not successful. [The child] needs
permanency in a family free from the kind of adjudicatory harm he
experienced in his parents’ care.
Suffice it to say that the record supports these findings.
III. Additional Time—Father and Mother
Both parents sought additional time to facilitate reunification. The district
court denied the request, as follows:
Ultimately, this Court can only enter a six month extension if the court
finds “the need for removal . . . will no longer exist at the end of the
additional six month period.” Iowa Code [§] 232.104(2)(b); see also
[id. §] 232.117(5). The Court cannot make such a finding based on
the record made in the hearing. [The parents] accept only the most
limited kind of accountability for what has happened to [the child].
They do not agree that there is really any work for them to do to
resume custody. While they have made progress in meeting their
own basic needs since the permanency hearing, they continue to be
in basic denial about the risks presented to [the child] by their current
relationship, [the mother’s] demonstrated inability to set boundaries
with [the father], prior use of illegal substances, as well as their
ongoing mental health issues—which have only been addressed in
a superficial way since the permanency hearing. The length of time
this case has been open weighs heavily in this Court’s consideration
of the extension request.
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We agree with these findings. It is also worth noting that the parents effectively
received additional time by virtue of postponements. As the department employee
testified, “The permanency hearing was set for 20 months ago. The parents
[received] several additional months just by way of continuances to show progress
in their services, and we continue to see a lack of insight and/or meaningful
progress in services as recently as last month.” The district court appropriately
denied the parents’ request for additional time to facilitate reunification.
IV. Exception to Termination—Mother
As noted, the mother suggests that the district court should not have
terminated her parental rights because she had “a connection that it would be
detrimental to sever.” Her argument implicates a permissive exception to
termination. See Iowa Code § 232.116(3); In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 225 (Iowa
2016). The district court found that neither parent raised an exception to
termination. Nonetheless, the court addressed the exceptions and concluded “the
child’s age, length of time this case has been open, and [the child’s] need for
permanency” compelled termination.
On our de novo review, we agree with the mother that she shared a bond
with the child. The department reported that she “engage[d] with [the child]
throughout their time together and trie[d] to incorporate both fun and learning into
their time together.” At the same time, as noted by the district court, the
department reported “night terrors” following visits and the child’s “preoccup[ation]
with food.” Those behaviors dissipated with the transition to virtual visits during
the COVID-19 pandemic. The department employee testified that, after “a decade
of services,” the mother was not in a position to safely parent the child. We
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conclude the district court appropriately declined to invoke the permissive
exception to termination based on the parent-child bond.
V. Constitutional Issues—Mother
The mother raises equal protection and due process challenges to the
termination decision. The district court addressed these challenges as follows:
[T]he Court cannot conclude that [the mother’s] constitutional rights
were violated because [the mother] was treated differently from other
parents, or treated in a fundamentally unfair way during the process.
Iowa Code Chapter 232 has been deemed constitutional over and
over again by appellate courts. The “as applied challenge” fails as
well. [The mother] did not, as she alleges, do everything [the
department] requested and more. In fact, she resisted all efforts by
[the department] to engage her in services until around the time of
the Permanency hearing. COVID 19 protocols for hearings for visits
or hearings did not unfairly slow [her] progress—her progress was
slowed by her own recalcitrance. In fact, if they impacted the case
in any way, COVID 19 protocols gave the parents additional time to
engage in services. Had the permanency hearing been
accomplished in April as planned, there is little doubt a termination
hearing would have been set around the same time as the ultimate
permanency hearing. The parents would not have had the
opportunity to engage in the services they set up around the same
time as the permanency hearing, and termination would have likely
happened a long time ago.
There are numerous other ways due process was provided.
The Court’s findings, which are required to be by clear and
convincing evidence, satisfied due process requirements. The
Court’s numerous continuances provided to [the mother] (when
evidence was not available to her, or she wanted to represent
herself, or she needed a delay to obtain new counsel) ensured
fairness. If anything, the Court probably erred in giving the parents
too much time to prepare, and allowing [the mother] to further
continue the [termination] hearing after the Court warned her (prior
to representing herself) that no further continuances would be
granted if she chose to obtain counsel.
(Citations omitted.) We agree with the court’s reasoning and affirm the denial of
the mother’s constitutional challenges to the termination proceeding.
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We affirm the district court’s decision to terminate parental rights.
AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
In the Interest of O.C., Minor Child
Combined Opinion