Filed 6/28/13 J.E. v. Superior Court CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
J.E. et al.,
Petitioners, E057738
v. (Super.Ct.No. INJ1100360)
SUPERIOR COURT OF THE COUNTY OPINION
OF RIVERSIDE,
Respondent;
RIVERSIDE COUNTY DEPARTMENT
OF PUBLIC SOCIAL SERVICES,
Real Party in Interest.
ORIGINAL PROCEEDING; petitions for extraordinary writ. John M.
Monterosso, Judge. Petitions denied.
Daniel L. Vinson for Petitioner J.E.
Charles A. Casey for Petitioner M.S.1
1 On May 24, 2013, counsel for petitioner J.E. and petitioner M.S. filed
notices with this court that they had been relieved as counsel by the juvenile court due to
[footnote continued on next page]
1
No appearance for Respondent.
Pamela J. Walls, County Counsel, and Anna M. Deckert, Deputy County Counsel,
for Real Party in Interest.
Petitioners J.E. (Father) and M.S. (Mother) each have filed petitions for
extraordinary writ pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.452(a) challenging the
juvenile court‟s order terminating reunification services as to their children T.E and I.E
and setting a Welfare and Institutions Code section 366.26 hearing.2 This case was
previously before this court on appeal by Father on the ground that the juvenile court
[footnote continued from previous page]
conflicts of interest. On May 29, 2013, we advised both counsel that they must appear
for oral argument scheduled for June 5, 2013, because they had failed to comply with
California Rules of Court, rule 8.35(c). Prior to oral argument both counsel complied and
filed motions with this court to withdraw as counsel on appeal for M.S. and J.E. On June
4, 2013, J.E. contacted the clerk of this court and was informed that oral argument was
scheduled for the following morning. During oral argument on June 5, 2013, M.S.
contacted the clerk of this court and was advised oral argument was in session. At oral
argument a request for a continuance made by J.E.‟s counsel was denied. The requests
by both counsel to be removed as counsel of record for J.E. and M.S. were granted.
Additionally, we ordered counsel for J.E. and M.S. to file declarations with this court
regarding the manner and nature of the notifications they gave their clients about
counsel‟s motions to withdraw and to continue oral argument in this case on appeal.
They have complied. The declarations state J.E. and M.S. were notified by email and
letter of both the hearing in the juvenile court and the oral argument date in this court,
and that at each hearing counsel were seeking to withdraw as counsel. M.S. and J.E.
were further advised that they should appear at oral argument. M.S. and J.E. were absent
from the superior court proceedings and from oral argument in this court. Counsel for
M.S. and J.E. have provided this court with the contact information they have for the
petitioners, and we will serve the opinion to the petitioners at those addresses.
2 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code
unless otherwise indicated.
2
erred by refusing to appoint him a guardian ad litem. We rejected the contention, and the
juvenile court proceedings continued. (In re T.E. (Dec. 19, 2012, E055491) [nonpub.
opn.]).3 Reunification services were terminated for Father and Mother at a 12-month
review hearing, and a section 366.26 hearing was scheduled. By order of this court on
February 25, 2013, we stayed the section 366.26 hearing upon the filing of the petitions.
Father and Mother now argue that the juvenile court lacked jurisdiction between
February 28, 2012, the date on which Mother filed a notice of removal (NOR) to federal
court, and November 16, 2012, the date the federal court remanded the matter back to the
juvenile court after finding it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction; accordingly, any
proceedings held during this time period are void. Father additionally claims that he was
not given reasonable reunification services. We reject their contentions and deny the
petitions.
I
PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND
A. Removal of I. and T. From Parental Custody
On June 6, 2011, the Riverside County Department of Public Social Services (the
Department) received a referral regarding general neglect by Father and Mother of six-
year-old T. and four-year-old I. It was reported by someone at T.‟s school that she
suffered from extreme behavioral problems. It was reported that Father was
3 On March 1, 2013, we ordered that the prior record in case No. E055491 be
incorporated in the record in this case, and we will refer to the prior opinion for the facts.
3
schizophrenic. A second referral reported that on June 2, Father had threatened Mother
and the maternal grandmother (Grandmother). Mother initially refused to disclose the
whereabouts of Father and I., but they were later found in a park. Father had difficulty
standing still, and his fingers were moving rapidly. I. was hot and thirsty.
On December 7, 2010, Father had been admitted to the UCLA Neuropsychiatric
Hospital for 14 days on a mental health hold for threatening to kill Mother and
Grandmother.
On June 10, 2011, the Department filed a section 300 petition alleging a failure to
protect and inability to provide proper care due to mental illness and developmental
disability or substance abuse (§ 300, subd. (b)) and serious emotional damage (id., subd.
(c)), based on Father‟s mental illness, evidenced by his angry outbursts and hospital hold;
domestic violence between the two; Mother‟s suffering from mental illness, as evidenced
by her attempted suicide in 2009; Mother‟s neglect of I., evidenced by leaving her in the
care of Father; and severe emotional damage to T. On June 13, 2011, the juvenile court
found a prima facie case and ordered T. and I. be detained and remain in the custody of
the Department with a foster family.
B. Jurisdictional/Dispositional Reports and Hearing
In a jurisdictional/dispositional report filed on July 6, 2011, the Department
recommended that I. and T. remain in the custody of their aunt, M.K. (where they had
been placed on June 13, 2011). On August 23, 2011, a temporary restraining order (filed
by Mother‟s counsel) was issued against Father to stay away from Mother, Grandmother,
4
and the children. According to an affidavit submitted in support of the restraining order,
on August 22, 2011, Father had thrown a book at mother, hitting her in the face; dragged
her; and stomped on her head with his foot. He also bit Mother‟s ear.
The jurisdictional/dispositional hearing was held on August 24, 2011. An
amended petition was filed. The allegations had been amended to allege only under
section 300, subdivision (b), and the only facts supporting the accusations were that
Father had exhibited mental health issues evidenced by his hospitalization, which created
a detrimental home environment; Mother and Father engaged in domestic violence; and
Mother suffered from anxiety and depression, endangering the well-being and safety of
the children. Mother and Father admitted to the allegations in the petition. The juvenile
court found the allegations true under section 300, subdivision (b) against both parents as
alleged in the amended petition for jurisdictional purposes. Both were granted
reunification services.
In a report filed on November 8, 2011, T. and I. advised a social worker they no
longer wanted to visit with Mother, and T. did not want to visit with Father because he
scared her.
C. Six-Month Status Review Report
A six-month status review report was filed on February 16, 2012. I. and T.
remained in the care of M.K. Mother and Father were living with Grandmother. T. was
doing better after receiving counseling and had reduced her behavioral outbursts. I. was
5
developing normally but needed to see a therapist regarding coping skills and depression.
Mother was suffering from bipolar disorder but would not take her medication.
The Department recommended that Father receive services including
psychological evaluation, medication evaluation, individual therapy, and a parenting
educational program. At the time of the dispositional hearing, Father was incarcerated.
Upon his release, the Department was unable to contact him, and he did not contact the
Department. Father finally came to a meeting at the Department on January 26, 2012,
and claimed that he would complete the necessary services. He reviewed his case plan
but did not sign it because he wanted his attorney to review it.
Up until October 26, 2011, Mother and Father had visits outside the Department‟s
offices supervised by M.K. However, Mother had tried to take the children from M.K.
during a visit, so on November 23, 2011, the visits were moved to the Department to be
supervised. Mother and Father refused to go to the Department for visitation, so no visits
had occurred since November.
An addendum report was filed on March 15, 2012. Mother had completed no
services despite being referred. On February 6, 2012, the Department completed a
referral for individual therapy and a medication evaluation for Father at Indio Mental
Health. An email was sent to Mother and Father on February 28, 2012, with the
information. As of March 14, Father had not contacted Indio Mental Health. Father had
also been referred to a parenting education class on February 6, 2012, but had failed to
have any contact with the program. Father had been referred for a psychological
6
evaluation. Mother contacted the referred doctor and told him that Father had his own
psychiatrist and did not need an evaluation.
On February 27, 2012, Father had violated a restraining order keeping him 100
feet from the children by showing up at a church M.K. and the children were attending.
He initially refused to leave. No sanctioned visitation between Mother and the children
had occurred during the reporting period.
A contested review hearing was conducted on March 20, 2012. Father was not
present. At the hearing, Mother‟s NOR was lodged by the juvenile court. It appeared to
have been filed in the federal court on February 28, 2012. In the NOR, Mother admitted
that she was seeking to remove a “state court juvenile proceeding” for resolution in the
federal court. She claimed that her federal constitutional rights were being violated by
the removal of I. and T. and that Father was protected by the Americans with Disabilities
Act. Mother claimed that the NOR was timely filed.
At the hearing, Mother advised the juvenile court that the case had been removed
to the federal court on February 28, 2012. She argued that the juvenile court lacked
jurisdiction to proceed with the matter. The juvenile court responded, “The federal court
does not remove dependency matters from the state court. It hasn‟t happened. The Court
has received no notice of that. Unless you have something in writing from a federal
judge stating I no longer have jurisdiction, we will not discuss that further.” Mother
continued to argue that the federal court had taken over jurisdiction of the matter. The
7
juvenile court then stated, “ . . . I‟m going to make a finding right now that the federal
court has not taken over jurisdiction of this case. I‟m moving forward.”
Mother left the courtroom, refusing to participate further in the proceedings.
Reunification services were continued for six months. Restraining orders were filed
against both parents for I. and T.
On April 5, 2012, an addendum report was filed. M.K. had reported to the
Department that Mother and Father were becoming increasingly aggressive. They had
shown up at church and at a store where M.K. had the children, claiming they were going
to take custody of the children. Mother had also threatened a fellow parishioner at
M.K.‟s church. Mother insisted to another maternal aunt, G.R., that the case had been
moved into federal court and the children should be returned to her immediately. Mother
and Father refused to visit the children at the Department‟s offices but rather tried to visit
the children on their own. Restraining orders were filed keeping Mother and Father 100
yards away from the children.
D. 12-Month Status Review Report and Hearing
A 12-month status review report was filed on August 31, 2012. Mother had
notified the Department she was “domiciled” in Washington D.C. but kept her home in
Rancho Mirage (although she was being evicted from the residence). Mother had not
provided an address in Washington D.C., and there was none for Father. The only
contact between Mother and the Department was by email. Mother mentioned in an
8
email that Father was with her, but there had been no contact with the Department by
Father during the six-month reporting period.
Father had completed none of his services. He was reminded by email each month
that he needed to complete services. There had been no visitation with I. and T., and the
social worker contacted Mother and Father each month by email regarding visitation.
M.K. and G.R. were willing to be legal guardians for the children. Mother continued to
inform the social worker that the case had been removed to the federal court.
An addendum report was filed on October 9, 2012. An email was sent by Mother
to the Department. Mother reported that she was “co-residing” in Virginia and in
California. She claimed she was pregnant and about to give birth to a third child. Mother
indicated that Father was with her so that he could receive medical treatment at a hospital
in the area. M.K. and G.R. had decided they could not take legal guardianship of the
children because of Mother‟s “havoc and drama.” An adoptive family was being sought.
At the review hearing held on October 18, 2012, Mother and Father were not
present. Mother was listed as being “in pro per.” An email from Father had been
received asking to relieve his attorney, but the request was denied. Father‟s counsel
objected to the termination of reunification services.
The juvenile court noted, “[N]either parent has had any contact with the children
during this reporting period, neither has participated in any program or plan designed to
remove the conditions that brought their children before the Court.” The juvenile court
also stated, “Mother, quite frankly, is delusional. That‟s as plain as I can say it. She
9
describes this whole matter has somehow been removed to a federal court. Of course,
nobody in this building has ever heard of such a thing, nor have we received such notice.”
Reunification services were terminated. Visitation was reduced to one time per month.
A section 366.26 hearing was set.
On November 28, 2012, an order of remand was filed in the United States District
Court. Mother had failed to respond to a request from that court to establish subject-
matter jurisdiction.4 We filed our opinion denying Father‟s claim that he was entitled to
appointment of a guardian ad litem on December 19, 2012.
On April 24, 2013, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals issued an order denying
Mother‟s request to proceed in forma pauperis in the appeal from the denial of her NOR
because it found the appeal was “frivilous.” Mother was ordered to pay a filing fee and
prove why the appeal should not be summarily denied.5 It appears the filing fee was paid
on May 14, 2013.
II
STAY OF PROCEEDINGS
Mother and Father claim that the NOR filed in federal court on February 28, 2012,
stayed any proceedings in the state court until the remand order was filed by the federal
4 The hearing appealed from is the October 18, 2012, termination of
reunification services. Hence, the proceedings occurring after that date are not relevant
to this appeal and will not be considered despite being included in the clerk‟s transcript.
5 On June 4, 2013, counsel for the Department filed a request for judicial
notice of the order in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and the docket for the case. We
granted the request on June 10, 2013.
10
court on November 18, 2012. They claim the juvenile court lacked jurisdiction to
terminate reunification services and set a section 366.26 hearing. They request remand to
the juvenile court and proceedings be reinstated at the six-month review hearing stage.6
Removal of a case from a state court to a United States District Court is governed
by the provisions of Title 28 United States Code sections 1441 and 1446. Section 1441
provides, in relevant part: “Except as otherwise expressly provided by Act of Congress,
any civil action brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States
have original jurisdiction, may be removed by the defendant or defendants, to the district
court of the United States for the district and division embracing the place where such
action is pending.”
The notice must be filed within 30 days after the defendant‟s receipt of the initial
pleading in the state action (28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(1)), unless the basis for removal is first
shown by an amended pleading, in which case the notice must be filed within 30 days
after receipt of the amended pleading (28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(3)). Removal is effected
when the defendant files a copy of the notice of removal with the state court (28 U.S.C.
§ 1446(d)); at that point, “the State court shall proceed no further unless and until the
case is remanded.” (Ibid.) “It is clear that a removal petition deprives the state court of
jurisdiction as soon as filed and served upon the state court, but that jurisdiction returns to
6 The Department contends that they have waived this claim by failing to
raise it at the hearings below. However, it is clear from the record that Mother
continuously maintained that the proceedings were stayed, and the juvenile court
understood this was their position.
11
the state court when a remand order is filed and served on the state court . . . .” (People v.
Bogart (1970) 7 Cal.App.3d 257, 264.)
Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, having subject-matter jurisdiction
only over matters authorized by the federal Constitution and Congress. (See, e.g.,
Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am. (1994) 511 U.S. 375, 377 [114 S.Ct. 1673,
128 L.Ed.2d 391].) “The removal statute is strictly construed against removal
jurisdiction, and the burden of establishing federal jurisdiction falls to the party invoking
the statute. [Citation.]” (Calif. ex rel. Lockyer v. Dynegy, Inc. (9th Cir. 2004) 375 F.3d
831, 838, fn. omitted.)
“[F]ederal courts have long recognized that state courts have jurisdiction over
child welfare determinations, including matters pertaining to undocumented minors,
absent an express federal provision to the contrary. Federal law imposes requirements on
state dependency plans and recognizes „the institutional competence of state courts as the
appropriate forum for child welfare determinations regarding abuse, neglect, or
abandonment, and a child‟s best interests.‟ [Citations.]” (In re Y.M. (2012) 207
Cal.App.4th 892, 908.)
Here, the federal court did not have original jurisdiction over the dependency
proceeding. Mother made it clear that she was seeking to transfer the juvenile
dependency proceeding to the federal court but no such authority exists to have the matter
transferred to federal court. The federal court confirmed this determination by eventually
12
concluding it did not have subject-matter jurisdiction. The Ninth Circuit Court of
Appeals has deemed the proceedings “frivilous.” The NOR lacked all merit.
We further conclude that the juvenile court was not required to stay the
proceedings while the NOR was pending. “It is well settled that if, upon the face of the
record, including the petition for removal, a suit does not appear to be a removable one,
then the state court is not bound to surrender its jurisdiction, and may proceed as if no
application for removal had been made. [Citations.]” (Madisonville Traction Co. v. St.
Bernard Mining Co. (1905) 196 U.S. 239, 245 [25 S.Ct. 251, 49 L.Ed. 462]; see also
Nichols v. Southern Pacific Co. (1943) 58 Cal.App.2d 91, 97.)
It was clear on its face that the NOR was not valid. Mother filed the NOR either
to delay the proceedings or due to her litigious nature. A parent cannot be allowed to stay
the proceedings in a juvenile dependency matter by filing clearly unmeritorious
documents. The juvenile court properly continued the proceedings in state court, and any
orders made during the time the NOR was filed are upheld.
III
REASONABLE REUNIFICATION SERVICES
Father claims that he was not given reasonable reunification services. He claims
that he did not receive 12 months of reunification services since the proceedings were
suspended while the NOR was filed. We have already rejected that the matter was
stayed. Father does not contend that he relied upon the suspension in refusing to
participate in services. As such, we reject this position.
13
He further claims he did not receive adequate visitation once I. and T. were placed
with M.K., the services were not promptly started after the disposition hearing, and the
services were inadequate because they did not include substance abuse treatment or
domestic violence classes.7
We find Father waived and forfeited these issues by failing to raise them in the
juvenile court below. “Many dependency cases have held that a parent‟s failure to object
or raise certain issues in the juvenile court prevents the parent from presenting the issue
to the appellate court. [Citations.] As some of these courts have noted, any other rule
would permit a party to trifle with the courts. The party could deliberately stand by in
silence and thereby permit the proceedings to reach a conclusion in which the party could
acquiesce if favorable and avoid if unfavorable. [Citation.]” (In re Lorenzo C. (1997) 54
Cal.App.4th 1330, 1338-1339; see also In re Christina L. (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 404, 416
[failure to object to adequacy of reunification services waived issue on appeal].)
Here, neither the juvenile court nor the Department was put on notice that
reunification services were inadequate, that Father had been denied visitation, or that the
service referrals were too late, even though Father had ample opportunity to raise the
issues below. Thus, Father‟s attempt to challenge the adequacy of reunification services
is an attempt to raise a new issue, which was not presented to the juvenile court. We find
the issue waived, and we need not consider it further. (In re Christina L., supra, 3
7 Although Father claims he was denied substance abuse classes, the
amended section 300 petition deleted the substance abuse allegation.
14
Cal.App.4th at p. 416.) In any event, we would find that reunification services to Father
were reasonable.
“Family preservation, with the attendant reunification plan and reunification
services, is the first priority when child dependency proceedings are commenced.
[Citation.] Reunification services implement „the law‟s strong preference for maintaining
the family relationships if at all possible.‟” (In re Elizabeth R. (1995) 35 Cal.App.4th
1774, 1787.) The Department must make a good faith effort to develop and implement
reasonable services responsive to the unique needs of each family. (In re Kristin W.
(1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 234, 254.) “The adequacy of a reunification plan and the
department‟s efforts are judged according to the circumstances of each case.” (In re
Ronell A. (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 1352, 1362.)
“In reviewing the reasonableness of the services provided, this court must view the
evidence in a light most favorable to the respondent. We must indulge in all legitimate
and reasonable inferences to uphold the verdict. If there is substantial evidence
supporting the judgment, our duty ends and the judgment must not be disturbed.
[Citations.]” (In re Misako R. (1991) 2 Cal.App.4th 538, 545.)
First, as to Father‟s claim that the commencement of reunification services was
improperly delayed, Father was granted reunification services at the
jurisdictional/dispositional hearing conducted on August 24, 2011. At that time, Father
was incarcerated for attacking Mother and Grandmother. Upon his release, he failed to
contact the Department, and the Department was unable to locate him. Father did not
15
contact the Department until January 26, 2012. The Department completed the referrals
for Father on February 6, 2012. Any delay in services was caused by Father‟s failure to
contact the Department. Once the Department was in contact with Father, it immediately
commenced referrals for him.
Second, Father‟s complaint about visitation is unmeritorious. The Department
was forced to conduct visitation at its office after Mother attempted to take I. and T. from
M.K. at a visit on October 26, 2011. Thereafter, the Department set up a visitation
schedule. However, Father refused to attend the visits. The Department was not required
to set up telephonic visits or other visitation options when Father failed to avail himself
of the visitation set up by the Department.
Third, Father relies upon Amanda H. v. Superior Court (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th
1340 to support his claim that the Department‟s failure to order a domestic violence
course requires that services be reinstated. In Amanda H., the social worker made
statements at the six-month review hearing that gave both the mother and the juvenile
court the “distinct impression” that the mother was enrolled in all the required court-
ordered programs, and the social worker did not inform the mother she was required to
enroll in a separate domestic violence program until just before the 12–month review
hearing at which services were terminated. (Id. at p. 1346.) The appellate court
remanded the matter and ordered additional services be afforded the mother. (Id. at p.
1348.)
16
Here, Father‟s reunification plan did not include a domestic violence class, and
none was ever ordered. Since Father never raised an objection below, there is nothing in
the record as to why the Department did not make this part of the services. It is
reasonable to infer from the record we do have that the Department considered that any
domestic violence was as a result of defendant‟s mental illness and that addressing his
mental illness would resolve the matter.
Nonetheless, the reason for terminating services at the 12-month review hearing
was that Father had failed to engage in or complete any of the services that were offered
to him. Even had Father been ordered to participate in a domestic violence class and had
completed it, the other issues would remain. Father never sought a psychological
evaluation or medical evaluation or enrolled in a parenting program. As such, his failure
to complete all of his reunification services caused the termination of services.
Based on the foregoing, Father waived his claim that he was not given reasonable
reunification services. In any event, we find the trial court properly terminated Father‟s
reunification services and set a section 366.26 hearing.
17
IV
DISPOSITION
The petitions for extraordinary writ are DENIED. The stay imposed on the section
366.26 hearing by order of this court on February 25, 2013, is LIFTED.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RICHLI
J.
We concur:
McKINSTER
Acting P. J.
MILLER
J.
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J.E. v. Superior Court CA4/2
Combined Opinion