NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
J.L.C., )
)
Appellant, )
)
v. ) Case No. 2D14-3241
)
STATE OF FLORIDA, )
)
Appellee. )
)
Opinion filed April 6, 2016.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Pasco
County; Lynn Tepper, Judge.
Howard L. Dimmig, II, Public Defender, and
Matthew J. Salvia, Assistant Public
Defender, Bartow, for Appellant.
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,
Tallahassee, and Brandon R. Christian,
Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for
Appellee.
LUCAS, Judge.
J.L.C. appeals a restitution order entered in connection with his
adjudication of delinquency for burglary of a dwelling. In his appeal, J.L.C. takes issue
with the circuit court's valuation of various items he stole from the victim, Mr. Tibbs. We
affirm the court's valuations in all respects save one.
Among the items J.L.C. misappropriated, and for which the State sought
restitution, was a five-gallon water jug that held loose change. Mr. Tibbs testified that
his jug was "half full of coins" that were, apparently, all silver change—nickels, dimes,
and quarters—no pennies. He estimated that this half-full water jug held $3500 worth of
coins. When asked on direct examination how he arrived at this sum, he explained,
somewhat enigmatically:
How I arrived at that number was through a stepdaughter of
mine . . . . I gave her a jug of glass—five–gallon jug,
glass . . . which blew up on me over a cold air register . . . .
[I]t took me five—$200 in pennies to finish out this jug. This
is how come I estimated at the $3500.
Counsel for J.L.C. did not cross-examine Mr. Tibbs, and the State did not proffer any
further evidence about the value of the coins. J.L.C., on the other hand, testified that
when he took the jug of coins to a Coinstar machine at a local grocery store, he
received about $421, after a deducted fee of approximately $58. The circuit court, in
announcing its ruling, rejected J.L.C.'s testimony about the machine's computation,
accepted Mr. Tibbs' estimation, and entered a restitution order in the amount of $4400,
of which $3500 was attributed to the coins.
We review a circuit court's determination of property value within a
restitution order for abuse of discretion. Danzey v. State, 41 Fla. L. Weekly D342 (Fla.
2d DCA Feb. 5, 2016); State v. Shields, 31 So. 3d 281, 282 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010). The
State bears the burden of proving the amount awarded in restitution by a
preponderance of the evidence. S.M. v. State, 159 So. 3d 966, 968 (Fla. 2d DCA
-2-
2015). That evidence must be competent and substantial. Danzey, 41 Fla. L. Weekly
at D342; S.M., 159 So. 3d at 968.
We are not entirely clear what Mr. Tibbs was attempting to convey to the
circuit court from his testimony, much less how he ultimately arrived at his valuation for
these coins. We are certain, though, that the $3500 he opined was in this jug of change
was, at best, an estimated guess.1 While an owner may offer an opinion of the value of
his or her own property in a restitution proceeding, that opinion must be based upon a
competent foundation. See Fernandez v. State, 98 So. 3d 730, 732 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012)
("Even though property owners are generally qualified to testify regarding the fair market
value of their property, the amount of loss 'must be established through more than mere
speculation; it must be based on competent evidence.' " (citation omitted) (quoting
Glaubius v. State, 688 So. 2d 913, 916 (Fla. 1997))); Gonzalez v. State, 40 So. 3d 86,
89 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (observing that "[a] victim must have a sufficient predicate upon
which to base his or her opinion on the value of items stolen"). Mr. Tibbs' experience
filling a five-gallon jug with pennies was not a competent basis for him to derive the
value of loose, silver change in another half-filled five-gallon jug.
Indeed, we rejected a similar attempt to value a coin collection under
similar circumstances in Miller v. State, 833 So. 2d 318 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003). In Miller,
the victim's son testified at a restitution hearing that his mother had between eight and
1
As best we can surmise, Mr. Tibbs was proceeding under the assumption
that since another of his five-gallon jugs had held two hundred dollars' worth of
pennies—that is, 20,000 pennies—a similar jug, half-filled, would presumably hold
10,000 nickels, dimes and quarters. Among the problems with that assumption, besides
its vast imprecision, is that nickels, dimes, and quarters are not minted in the same size
as pennies.
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ten one-gallon bags of coins that were stolen, a trove that he thought amounted to
$10,000. Id. at 319. We noted that, although the witness knew the denominations in
his mother's collection, he could not recall the number of the particular coins within the
bags or whether each of the bags contained similar amounts of coins. Id. Like Mr.
Tibbs, the witness in Miller attempted to draw a comparison from a prior coin-counting—
in that case, a pawnbroker's previous payment of $1000 for another box of coins that
contained approximately a fifth of the contents of one of the gallon bags. See id. We
observed that his valuation was "speculative opinion testimony" based on hearsay and
reversed the circuit court's restitution order. Id. Here, Mr. Tibbs' opinion about his jug
of coins suffers from the same speculative shortcoming we found in Miller's bags of
coins.
In so holding, we do not in any way impugn the sincerity of Mr. Tibbs'
attempt to estimate how much money his jug held. But an estimate from a guess is still
just a guess. And a mere "guesstimate" of value, such as here, does not constitute
competent, substantial evidence that will support a restitution order. Cf. Bennett v.
State, 944 So. 2d 524, 526 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006) ("Guesstimates and speculative
testimony are inappropriate evidence on which to base an award of restitution.").
Accordingly, we reverse the order of the circuit court.
Reversed and remanded for a new restitution hearing.
VILLANTI, C.J., and SILBERMAN, J., Concur.
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J.L.C. v. State
Combined Opinion