IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-09-00389-CR
JOSE JESUS SANCHEZ,
Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
From the 272nd District Court
Brazos County, Texas
Trial Court No. 09-00126-CRF-272
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Jose Jesus Sanchez appeals from his conviction for the offense of aggravated
sexual assault of a child, which was enhanced pursuant to Penal Code Section
22.021(a)(2)(A)(ii & iii). TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 22.021 (Vernon 2003). Sanchez raises
seven complaints on appeal: (1) that the trial court erred by granting a challenge for
cause by the State; (2) jury charge error; (3) error in the admission of evidence because it
constituted impermissible hearsay; (4) error in the admission of evidence because it
constituted improper opinion evidence; (5) the evidence was factually insufficient for
the jury to have found that there was penetration; (6) the evidence was factually
insufficient for the jury to have found the enhancement allegations; and (7) ineffective
assistance of counsel. Because we find no reversible error, we affirm the judgment of
the trial court.
Challenge for Cause
Sanchez complains that the trial court erred by granting a challenge for cause by
the State because a juror could not read and write the English language. One juror had
circled a response on her juror card regarding juror qualifications regarding being able
to read or write the English language. The potential juror was questioned by the State
and defense regarding her understanding of English, whereby she indicated that she
did understand English as spoken to her, did not speak it very well, did not understand
the meaning of the word “consent,” could only read English “a little,” and that writing
English was her greatest weakness between understanding, reading, or writing English.
Standard of Review
“A challenge for cause is an objection made to a particular juror, alleging some
fact which renders the juror incapable or unfit to serve on the jury.” TEX. CODE CRIM.
PROC. ANN. art. 35.16(a) (Vernon 2006). One of the grounds upon which a party may
challenge a prospective juror for cause is that “the juror cannot read or write.” Id. art.
35.16(a)(11). “[A] limited ability to read and write will not meet the literacy
requirement for qualification as a juror.” Goodwin v. State, 799 S.W.2d 719, 736 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1990). Instead, the requirement contemplates that the prospective juror
“can express his ideas in writing.” Id. (quoting Hernandez v. State, 506 S.W.2d 884, 887
(Tex. Crim. App. 1974)).
Sanchez v. State Page 2
When reviewing a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a challenge for cause, we
look at the entire record to determine if there is sufficient evidence to support the
court’s ruling. Feldman v. State, 71 S.W.3d 738, 744 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We give
great deference to the trial court’s decision on a challenge for cause because the trial
judge is in the best position to evaluate the prospective juror’s demeanor and responses.
Saldano v. State, 232 S.W.3d 77, 91 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 1446, 170
L. Ed. 2d 278 (2008). Particular deference is given when the potential juror’s answers
are vacillating, unclear, or contradictory. Feldman, 71 S.W.3d at 744. The trial court’s
ruling on a challenge for cause will not be reversed absent a clear abuse of discretion.
Saldano, 232 S.W.3d at 91. Based on the questioning of the juror as well as the trial
court’s statement that his bailiff had to speak to that juror in Spanish, we do not find
that the trial court’s decision was an abuse of discretion. We overrule issue one.
Jury Charge
Sanchez complains that the trial court erred in the application paragraph as
submitted to the jury regarding the enhancement allegations. It is undisputed that
Sanchez did not object to the charge. Because there was no objection made to the
charge by Sanchez, we must first determine whether the charge as submitted to the jury
was erroneous and if so, we must then analyze this complaint utilizing the standard of
Almanza v. State. Allen v. State, 253 S.W.3d 260, 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (citing Olivas
v. State, 202 S.W.3d 137, 143-44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006), citing Almanza, 686 S.W.2d 157
(Tex. Crim. App. 1985)). Under Almanza, unobjected-to jury charge error will not result
in reversal of a conviction in the absence of “egregious harm.” Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at
Sanchez v. State Page 3
171.
In examining the record for egregious harm, we consider the entire jury charge,
the state of the evidence, the final arguments of the parties, and any other relevant
information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole. Olivas v. State, 202 S.W.3d at
144. Jury charge error is egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the case,
deprives the defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory. Stuhler
v. State, 218 S.W.3d 706, 719 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Sanchez v. State, 209 S.W.3d 117, 121
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
Relevant Statutes
Section 22.021(f) provides that the minimum term of imprisonment for a
conviction for aggravated sexual assault is increased to twenty-five years if the victim is
younger than fourteen years of age and the defendant committed the offense as
described in section 22.021(a)(2)(A). TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 22.021(f) (Vernon 2003).
Section 22.021(a)(2)(A)(ii & iii) provides in relevant part that the defendant must have:
(ii) by acts or words places the victim in fear that death, serious bodily
injury, or kidnapping will be imminently inflicted on any person; [or]
(iii) by acts or words occurring in the presence of the victim threatens to
cause the death, serious bodily injury, or kidnapping of any person.
TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 22.021(a)(2)(A) (Vernon 2003).
Application Paragraph
The application paragraph as submitted to the jury provides in relevant part that:
[A]nd the defendant did then and there by acts or words threaten to cause
or place J.C. in fear that death or serious bodily injury would be
imminently inflicted on J.C., and such acts or words occurred in the
presence of J.C. ….”
Sanchez v. State Page 4
Sanchez contends that the application paragraph allows the jury to find that he could
have threatened to place the complainant in fear that death or serious bodily injury
would be imminently inflicted on her, which is contrary to the statute.
Assuming without deciding that the charge was erroneous, we must analyze the
harm to determine if Sanchez was egregiously harmed by the error. The abstract
portion of the charge contained a definition of the enhancement allegations that tracked
the statute precisely. A review of the record in this case demonstrates that the state of
the evidence, the argument of the parties, and the other relevant evidence was such that
we cannot say that the error affected the very basis of Sanchez’s case, deprived Sanchez
of a valuable right, or vitally affected a defensive theory. Sanchez’s entire strategy,
including his argument, was that penetration either could not or did not occur and thus,
the enhancement allegations were not relevant because they would not be reached if the
jury determined that penetration did not occur. We overrule issue two.
Admission of Evidence
Sanchez complains in his third and fourth issues that the trial court abused its
discretion in the admission of portions of a videotape statement of Sanchez. The
videotape contained a dialogue between Sanchez and a law enforcement officer that
contained statements by the law enforcement officer regarding what the complainant
had said had taken place.
Hearsay
In issue three, Sanchez complains that the videotaped statement contained
Sanchez v. State Page 5
impermissible hearsay regarding what the complainant had described. Specifically,
Sanchez complains of the following exchanges:
(1) Officer: Yeah, why wouldn’t she just stop at, “Well, he was trying to
pull my legs apart and I peed on myself? Why wouldn’t she just stop
there? Instead, why would she go on and say that you put your penis in
her, and why would she add that extra to it?
And:
(2) Officer: Buddy, I’ve seen little kids as soon as something happens to
them they go run and tell an adult and I’ve seen kids that keep that deep
down inside—until they’re forty, fifty years old.
And:
(3) Officer: And you told her you would snap her neck if she told.
Sanchez: No
Officer: If she told
Sanchez: No sir, no
Officer: But why would she add that in there if it didn’t happen?
Sanchez: Huh?
Officer: Why would she add that in there if it didn’t happen?
And after another person came into the interrogation room:
(4) Officer: And my question to him was you know—why would she
give us one story if, if the way that he said it went why wouldn’t she say it
like that? Why wouldn’t she say, well, he took my pants down and he
was gonna open my legs but I peed and he stopped. But she went on to
say that he got on top of her. We’re trying to wonder could that have been
his finger, could that have been his penis, but he’s saying he never stuck
anything in there.
Sanchez: No sir.
Officer: But why would she say that?
Analysis
Regarding the second section about which Sanchez complains, his objection on
appeal relating to hearsay does not match his objection to the trial court. Sanchez
Sanchez v. State Page 6
complains to this Court in part that the statement constituted impermissible hearsay;
however, his objection to the trial court was that it constituted an opinion or that it was
inadmissible under rule 403. Therefore, that portion of Sanchez’s issue is waived as to
hearsay. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.
Assuming without deciding that the statements were improperly admitted, the
admission of inadmissible evidence becomes harmless error if other evidence proving
the same fact is properly admitted elsewhere or comes in elsewhere without objection.
See Brooks v. State, 990 S.W.2d 278, 287 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). We conclude that error,
if any, in admitting the statements on the video recording is harmless because the
information contained on the recording is cumulative of testimony from the
complainant as well as the SANE nurse practitioner regarding the incident in question.
See Lane v. State, 151 S.W.3d 188, 193 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (stating that “[a]n error [if
any] in the admission of evidence is cured where the same evidence comes in elsewhere
without objection”).
Additionally, any harm was further reduced by a limiting instruction given by
the trial court prior to the publication of the videotape and in the jury charge that stated
that the law enforcement officer’s statements were not offered for the truth of the matter
asserted but to understand the context of the answers given by Sanchez. There is
nothing in the record to indicate that the jury did not follow these instructions as
presented to the jury. Williams v. State, 973 S.W.2d 479, 490 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (jury
presumed to follow court’s instructions as given in the charge). We overrule issue
three.
Sanchez v. State Page 7
Opinion Testimony
Sanchez complains that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting a
portion of his videotaped interrogation that contained impermissible opinions as to the
law enforcement officer’s experience with child victims and the complainant’s veracity
made by the law enforcement officer who was conducting the interrogation pursuant to
rule 701. Specifically, he complains of the following statements:
(1) Officer: Buddy, I’ve seen little kids as soon as something happens to
them they go run and tell an adult and I’ve seen kids that keep that deep
down inside—until they’re forty, fifty years old.
And:
(2) Officer: But remember when I told you before that is difficult for
kids to ah—recall, if I told you to go in there and tell him a story it would
be hard for you to go back and get the details about the event because
they’re kids. It would be hard for an adult but for kids, it’s even ah—even
more evident whenever that happens because you’ll see those you know
when, when someone asks them a question they’re gonna be like ah—and
they’ll have to think back or they’ll be like, I’m not sure, I don’t know you,
you’ll catch them off guard.
Sanchez: Uh-huh
Officer: That whole time she was interviewed it was never a doubt
what she was saying.
Sanchez contends that the comments by the law enforcement officer, especially his last
statement, contained an opinion as to the complainant’s veracity and was improperly
admitted. The State contends that the last comment of the officer was not an opinion as
to the complainant’s veracity, but was stating that the complainant’s version of the
events had remained consistent.
Sanchez v. State Page 8
However, Sanchez has provided no authority beyond a recitation of rules 701
and 702 of the Texas Rules of Evidence and a general reference to the standard of
review for an abuse of discretion. While Sanchez complains that the statements were
erroneous, citations to appropriate authorities are required in order to properly present
that argument to this Court. Sanchez has failed to do so. Therefore, we find that this
issue is inadequately briefed, and is waived. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(h). We overrule
issue four.
Factual Sufficiency
Sanchez complains in issue five that the evidence was factually insufficient for
the jury to have found that he penetrated the complainant. Sanchez complains in issue
six that the evidence was factually insufficient for the jury to have found that he
threatened the complainant with serious bodily injury or death or that he had put the
complainant in fear of imminent serious bodily injury or death. We note that the
headings in his brief before this Court state that Sanchez is complaining that the
evidence was legally insufficient. However, in the argument, Sanchez states that there
was some evidence of both of these elements, and other than listing the standard of
review for legal sufficiency, does not argue that the evidence was legally insufficient.
We, therefore, will consider only the factual sufficiency issue as argued by Sanchez in
his brief on the merits to this Court.
Standard of Review
When reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction,
we view all the evidence in a neutral light, favoring neither party. Steadman v. State, 280
Sanchez v. State Page 9
S.W.3d 242, 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006). We ask whether the evidence supporting the conviction is so weak that the
fact-finder’s determination is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust or whether
conflicting evidence so greatly outweighs the evidence supporting the conviction that
the fact-finder’s determination is manifestly unjust. Steadman, 280 S.W.3d at 246;
Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 414-15, 417.
Unless we conclude that it is necessary to correct manifest injustice, we must give
due deference to the fact-finder’s determinations, “particularly those determinations
concerning the weight and credibility of the evidence.” Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 9
(Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see Steadman, 280 S.W.3d at 246. In determining whether the
evidence is factually insufficient to support a conviction, it is not enough that we
“harbor a subjective level of reasonable doubt to overturn [the] conviction,” or that we
would have decided the question differently than the jury or disagree with their
resolution of a conflict in the evidence. Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 417. Unless the record
clearly reveals that a different result is appropriate, we must defer to the jury’s
determination of the weight to be given contradictory testimonial evidence because
resolution of the conflict “often turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor, and
those jurors were in attendance when the testimony was delivered.” Johnson, 23 S.W.3d
at 8. Our deference in this regard safeguards the defendant’s right to a trial by jury.
Lancon v. State, 253 S.W.3d 699, 704 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
The existence of alternative reasonable hypotheses may be relevant to, but is not
determinative in, a factual sufficiency review. Wilson v. State, 7 S.W.3d 136, 141 (Tex.
Sanchez v. State Page 10
Crim. App. 1999). However, it is the jury that accepts or rejects reasonable equal
competing theories of causation, and we may not find the evidence to be factually
insufficient merely because there is an alternative reasonable hypothesis. Steadman v.
State, 280 S.W.3d 242, 247 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Goodman v. State, 66 S.W.3d 283, 287
(Tex. Crim. App. 2001). We must have a “high level of skepticism about the jury’s
verdict” before we may reverse based on factual insufficiency. Steadman, 280 S.W.3d at
246-47.
Penetration
Sanchez complains that the evidence was factually insufficient for the jury to
have found that he caused the penetration of the complainant’s vagina because in his
statement to law enforcement officers, he admitted only to attempting to sexually
assault the complainant, there was no conclusive physical evidence of penetration, and
that the testimony of the outcry witness and the complainant was vague and unspecific.
In particular, Sanchez argues that the complainant’s inability to respond to whether or
not Sanchez had ejaculated supports a hypothesis that Sanchez did not penetrate her
vagina.
The evidence before the trial court was that the complainant made an outcry that
Sanchez had touched her and put his “thing in her,” that the complainant told a sexual
assault nurse examiner (SANE) that Sanchez had touched her in her private part, the
complainant testified that Sanchez put his private part inside hers both on direct and
cross-examination, that the SANE nurse practitioner found redness and vaginal
discharge on the complainant which was consistent with sexual contact but was not
Sanchez v. State Page 11
conclusive since the exam was performed approximately a month and a half after the
incident, and that Sanchez admitted he took the complainant’s shorts off of her after a
night of drinking heavily and using cocaine. Sanchez’s statements to police were that
while he did remove the complainant’s shorts and did attempt to sexually assault her,
when she began urinating on herself, he stopped, ejaculated on the floor, cleaned it up
with his shorts, and apologized to her but never penetrated her. The testimony of the
complainant at the trial was almost entirely conducted by leading questions by the
State, which Sanchez concedes is a legitimate method of questioning of a young child
victim. Viewing the evidence in a neutral light, we cannot say that we have a “high
level of skepticism about the jury’s verdict.” See Steadman, 280 S.W.3d at 246-47. We
find that the evidence is factually sufficient for the jury to have determined that Sanchez
penetrated the complainant.
Threats or Fear of Imminent Serious Bodily Injury or Death
Sanchez also complains that the evidence was factually insufficient for the jury to
have found that he either threatened the complainant with serious bodily injury or
death or put her in fear of imminent serious bodily injury or death. See TEX. PEN. CODE
ANN. § 22.021(a)(2)(A)(ii & iii) (Vernon 2003). The SANE nurse practitioner testified
that the complainant told her that she was still afraid that Sanchez is going to kill her;
that the complainant had ongoing physical symptoms such as tummy aches and pain
when urinating; and that Sanchez had told the complainant he would either kill her or
break her neck. The complainant stated in her testimony that Sanchez had threatened
to hurt her, and that he had told her he was going to break her neck. However, the
Sanchez v. State Page 12
complainant stated that Sanchez had apologized to her after it was over, which Sanchez
contends is inconsistent with someone who made a threat. We find that because this
case largely rests on the credibility and the demeanor of the witnesses, when we view
the evidence in a neutral light, we cannot say that we have a “high level of skepticism
about the jury’s verdict.” See Steadman, 280 S.W.3d at 246-47. We find that the evidence
is factually sufficient for the jury to have determined that Sanchez threatened the
complainant with serious bodily injury or death or put her in fear of immediate serious
bodily injury, with the threat occurring in the complainant’s presence. We overrule
issues five and six.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Sanchez complains in issue seven that he was denied effective assistance of
counsel for several reasons. However, Sanchez orally raised this issue for the first time
at the hearing on the timely filed motion for new trial. The hearing was conducted
more than thirty days after the judgment. We will construe the new complaints raised
in the motion for new trial hearing as an attempt to amend the motion for new trial.
The State objected to the consideration of the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel
on the basis that it was not raised within thirty days of the judgment. The State argues
that rule 21.4 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure requires that any amended motion for
new trial be filed within thirty days of the entry of the judgment or, upon their
objection, the trial court cannot consider the allegations in the amended motion. See
TEX. R. APP. P. 21.4; see also State v. Moore, 225 S.W.3d 556, 570 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007.
We agree. However, the trial court did allow Sanchez to present evidence on his
Sanchez v. State Page 13
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel at the hearing on the motion for new trial.
Having determined that the trial court erred by considering this issue, we also may not
consider the evidence adduced at that hearing for purposes of determining this
complaint. Moore, 225 S.W.3d at 570. Nevertheless, it is well settled that the issue of
ineffective assistance of counsel may be raised for the first time on appeal without the
necessity of a motion for new trial. See Robinson v. State, 16 S.W.3d 808 (Tex. Crim. App.
2000). We, therefore, will consider Sanchez’s claim and arguments presented to this
Court that are not related to the evidence adduced at the motion for new trial hearing.
Sanchez complains that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his
trial counsel was unaware of the range of punishment for the offense until the day
before trial and unaware that Sanchez was ineligible for probation if convicted.
Standard of Review
To prevail on an ineffective-assistance claim, Sanchez must prove (1) counsel’s
representation fell below the objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficiency, the result of the proceeding
would have been different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 694, 104 S. Ct.
2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984); Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex. Crim. App.
1999). A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in
the outcome. Ex parte Ellis, 233 S.W.3d 324, 330-31 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). When
making this determination, any constitutionally deficient acts or omissions will be
considered in light of the totality of the evidence before the judge or jury. Id. at 331.
Sanchez v. State Page 14
The record reflects that a pretrial hearing took place on the day before trial, at
which time a discussion ensued regarding the terms of a plea bargain, which Sanchez
had rejected. There were two charges listed in the indictment. The first was for
aggravated sexual assault of a child, the second was for aggravated sexual assault of a
child with the enhancement per section 22.021(a)(2)(A). Sanchez stated that he was
aware that if he was convicted of the enhanced offense that he would be sentenced to a
minimum of twenty-five years imprisonment with no possibility of parole.
The record also reflects that at some point during the voir dire examination by
the State, the State determined that Sanchez would not be eligible for probation even if
he was convicted of just the aggravated sexual assault without the enhancement.
Further, because of this, the State made two different plea bargain offers at that time to
Sanchez which included reduced charges, both of which Sanchez rejected on the record.
Even if we assume without deciding that Sanchez’s trial counsel’s performance
meets the first prong of Strickland, we do not find, based on the record at the trial, that
there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficiency, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.
We find that Sanchez has waived this issue for purposes of appeal in part by
failing to raise it timely before the trial court. See TEX. R. APP. P. 21.4 & 33.1. Further, by
considering the record outside of the motion for new trial, we do not find that Sanchez
has established that there is a reasonable probability that but for his trial counsel’s
deficiency, if any, the result would have been different. We overrule issue seven.
Sanchez v. State Page 15
Conclusion
We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting the State’s
challenge for cause. We find that the trial court’s error, if any, in the application
paragraph of the jury charge did not rise to the level of egregious harm. We find that
the complaints regarding the admission of evidence based on hearsay were harmless
due to the admission of those statements without objection at other stages of the trial.
We find that the complaints regarding the admission of impermissible opinion evidence
was inadequately briefed. We find that the evidence was factually sufficient. We find
that the untimely amendment to Sanchez’s motion for new trial to add an allegation of
ineffective assistance of counsel should not have been considered by the trial court after
the State’s objection. We find that Sanchez did not establish that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s deficiency, the result of the proceeding would have
been different as it relates to his claims based on the record at his trial. We affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
TOM GRAY
Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Reyna, and
Justice Davis
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed August 18, 2010
Do not publish
[CRPM]
Sanchez v. State Page 16
Jose Jesus Sanchez v. State
Combined Opinion