This is an appeal from the dismissal of a shareholders’ derivative suit by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, Lowe, J., pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). The suit was dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted because the complaint failed to allege with particularity that a demand had been made on the directors, or adequate facts to excuse a demand as required by Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.1.
We agree with the district court’s holding that the complaint did not meet the Rule 23.1 requirement. The court erred, however, in not considering and acting on appellants’ cross-motion for leave to amend their complaint. We therefore vacate the judgment and remand for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
BACKGROUND
Modification Systems, Inc. (MSI) is a closely held corporation which manufactures and modifies computer simulators for nuclear power plants. MSI was authorized to issue 11,490 Class A voting common shares and 8,510 Class B non-voting common shares, of which 8,450 voting shares and 7,840 non-voting shares had been issued and were outstanding in April 1980. Appellee Meyers was President, Chairman of the Board of Directors and controlling
In their complaint, appellants alleged that appellees violated Rule 10b-5 by voting to accept defendant Meyers’ subscription for over two thousand shares of MSI voting stock at a price substantially below book value and thus defrauded the corporation. The complaint also alleged that Meyers violated Rule 10b-5 by failing to disclose to the other directors that his primary objective in acquiring the shares was to dilute the interests of the appellants. Finally, appellants alleged that Meyers breached his fiduciary duty to the corporation by accepting unreasonable compensation, acquiring a luxury condominium with .corporate funds, charging expenses that were not incurred and issuing corporate checks for non-corporate purposes, and that the other directors breached their fiduciary duties by approving the unreasonable compensation and the condominium purchase.
On March 2, 1982, before any responsive pleadings were served, appellants filed a verified amended complaint pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a) which stated generally that:
[T]he plaintiffs have not made demands upon M.S.I., its officers or Directors with respect to commencing this action for the reason that the defendant Meyers possesses the voting control, and has utilized such control to name four of the five Directors, of the Corporation and further, has repeatedly used his control over the Board of Directors to dominate and oppress minority shareholders; thus, it would be futile and unavailing to demand that the Directors cause an action to be brought by M.S.I. against themselves.
Complaint 1120, J.App. at 22. Appellants also claimed that Meyers had refused demands to act on appellants’ complaints. Complaint H 18, id. at 21-22. The complaint further alleged that the director representing minority shareholder interests had been systematically excluded from participating in the management of the corporation in that the other directors failed to provide him with notice of meetings and financial and other information. Complaint H 19, id. at 22. Appellants, however, did not include any specific examples or details of the above alleged incidents.
Individual appellees moved to dismiss appellants’ amended complaint on March 15, 1982, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to meet the demand requirement of Rule 23.1. In the alternative, they sought a change of venue to the District of Maryland. Appellee corporation joined in the individual appellees’ motions.
Appellants responded with a cross-motion for leave to amend their, complaint should the court grant appellees’ motion to dismiss. Appellants contended in their papers supporting the motion that the complaint met the requirements of Rule 23.1 by stating that they had made numerous “oral demands” on the corporation and on Meyers. Alternatively, they argued that their complaint advanced grounds on which a demand should be excused as futile.
The district court granted appellees’ motion to dismiss appellants’ complaint finding that appellants had conceded that they had made no demand on the directors and then held that: “Plaintiffs’ amended complaint fails to allege with particularity any adequate or sufficient reasons for failing to make due demand on the defendant directors to obtain the relief requested.” Explaining its decision, the court said: “However, the mere recitation that the demand would be ‘futile’ is not enough. Plaintiff
DISCUSSION
Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.1 requires that in a derivative action the complaint must “allege with particularity the efforts, if any, made by the plaintiff to obtain the action he desires from the directors or comparable authority and, if necessary, from the shareholders or members, and the reasons for his failure to obtain the action or for not making the effort.” Demand on the directors is intended “to give the derivative corporation itself the opportunity to take over a suit which was brought on its behalf in the first place, and thus to allow the directors the chance to occupy their normal status as conductors of the corporation’s affairs.” Brody v. Chemical Bank, 517 F.2d 932, 934 (2d Cir.1975) (per curiam). Such a demand is excused if the demand would be “futile,” “useless” or “unavailing;” if the directors are “antagonistic, adversely interested, or involved in the transaction attacked, a demand on them is presumptively futile and need not be made.” Cathedral Estates v. Taft Realty Corp., 228 F.2d 85, 88 (2d Cir.1955) (citations omitted).
Appellants deny conceding that no demand had been made on the directors and they maintain that their complaint did allege facts sufficient to demonstrate the futility of making a demand on the directors. They point to the complaint’s allegation that “numerous oral demands” had been made on Meyers and the corporation. J.App. at 21. This, however, is the only allegation regarding demands to rectify the wrongs alleged in the complaint. For our purposes it is unimportant whether appellants conceded that they had not satisfied the demand requirements of Rule 23.1. Appellants have not pleaded “with particularity” their efforts to obtain action from the directors; the amended complaint does not supply any information on the timing, circumstances, or manner of the alleged demands or on the response of the directors. A demand on Meyers does not constitute a demand on a “comparable authority” under Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.1 because Meyers is not invested with the full powers of the board of directors. See Greenspun v. Del E. Webb Corp., 634 F.2d 1204, 1209 (9th Cir.1980).
Appellants argue in the alternative that they have satisfied the requirements of Rule 23.1 by pleading sufficient facts to excuse a demand and that the district court abused its discretion by not finding that a demand on the directors would have been futile. Appellants do not challenge the district court’s determination that allegations that the directors acquiesced in and benefited from the alleged wrongdoing are insufficient to excuse a demand. See Lewis v. Graves, 701 F.2d 245, 248-50 (2d Cir.1983). They argue instead that the district court abused its discretion by not considering their claim that demand on the directors would be futile because alleged wrongdoer Meyers owns 71 percent of the MSI voting
• We have repeatedly held that determination of the sufficiency of allegations of futility depends on the circumstances of the individual case and is within the discretion of the district court. See, e.g., Lewis v. Graves, 701 F.2d at 248; Elfenbein v. Gulf & Western Industries, Inc., 590 F.2d 445, 450 (2d Cir.1978) (per curiam). Consequently, our standard of review is abuse of discretion. Lewis v. Graves, 701 F.2d at 248. Given the lack of detail and the general nature of appellants’ allegations, it is clear that the district court did not abuse its discretion in its determination on the sufficiency of the allegations of futility. See Greenspun v. Del E. Webb Corp., 634 F.2d 1204, 1209 (9th Cir.1980) (allegations of control rejected as conclusionary); Vernars v. Young, 539 F.2d 966, 968 (3d Cir.1976) (claim that majority shareholder controlled key director does not fulfill requirement of pleading with sufficient particularity); In re Kauffman Mutual Fund Actions, 479 F.2d 257, 264 (1st Cir.) (conclusionary pleading that directors dominated by wrongdoers insufficient), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 857, 94 S.Ct. 161, 38 L.Ed.2d 107 (1973). Therefore the court’s dismissal of the complaint for failure to satisfy the conditions of Rule 23.1 would have been proper in the absence of the cross-motion for leave to amend.
There is no indication in the court’s opinion that it considered appellants’ motion for leave to further amend their complaint in the event of a dismissal. Appellees suggest that, because the court had the proposed further amendments and appellants’ supporting documents before it, the district court by implication considered them and found that they failed to rectify the deficiencies in the pleadings. See Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 S.Ct. 227, 230, 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962) (leave to amend need not be granted if the amendments serve no purpose). We cannot on this record accept appellees’ suggestion. Because the dismissal of appellants’ complaint may sound the death knell for their claims,2 an explicit determination of appellants’ cross-motion is necessary.
Whether leave to amend the complaint should be granted is within the sound discretion of the district court. Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 401 U.S. 321, 330, 91 S.Ct. 795, 802, 28 L.Ed.2d 77 (1971). However, because of Rule 15(a)’s stricture that “leave shall be freely given when justice so requires,” refusal to allow an amendment must be based on a valid ground. Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. at 182, 83 S.Ct. at 230. See Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 401 U.S. at 330-31, 91 S.Ct. at 802 (undue prejudice to non-moving party); Denny v. Barber, 576 F.2d 465, 471 (2d Cir.1978) (sufficient opportunity to plead previously); Goss v. Revlon, Inc., 548 F.2d 405, 407 (2d Cir.1976) (per curiam) (undue delay); Vine v. Beneficial Finance Co., 374 F.2d 627, 637 (2d Cir.1967) (bad faith on the part of the moving party). That the amendments would not serve any purpose is a valid ground to deny a motion for leave to amend. Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. at 182, 83 S.Ct. at 230; S.S. Silberblatt, Inc. v. East Harlem Pilot Block-Building 1 Housing Development Fund Co., 608 F.2d 28, 42 (2d Cir.1979). As long as appellants have “at least colorable grounds for relief, justice does ... require” leave to amend. S.S. Silberblatt, Inc., 608 F.2d at 42. Because the district court found the original
When the district court considers the sufficiency of the proposed amended complaint, or any further amendments that it may permit for the purposes of satisfying Rule 23.1, it will have to reconsider appellants’ claim that ownership of a majority of shares by the alleged wrongdoer makes demand on the directors futile. We have yet to join those courts that have held that control of the directors by the alleged wrongdoer is grounds to excuse a demand. See Clark Enterprises, Inc. v. Holywell Corp., 559 F.Supp. 1307, 1309-12 (E.D.Va. 1983) (“Demand is likewise excused where the board of directors is subject to the control of the alleged wrongdoers.”); Abbe v. Goss, 411 F.Supp. 923, 924-25 (S.D.N.Y. 1975) (demand excused where facts alleged showed that individual defendants “dominated and controlled” Board of Directors); In re Penn Central Securities Litigation, 367 F.Supp. at 1164 (requirements of Rule 23.1 met if “facts, are alleged which lend support to the protestation of domination and control”). Our opinion in Elfenbein v. Gulf & Western Industries, Inc., 590 F.2d 445 (2d Cir.1978) (per curiam), indicated that control of the directors by the alleged wrongdoer can make a demand on the directors futile. In Elfenbein, however, we declined to find that ownership of 27 percent of a corporation’s stock constituted control of the directors as a matter of law, particularly when only two of the eleven members of the board of directors were nominees of the alleged wrongdoer. Id. at 451. In the instant case, defendant Meyers owns 71 percent of the corporation’s voting shares and has nominated all but one of the directors.
However, pleading such ownership will not by itself satisfy the futility exception in Rule 23.1. The complaint must further indicate that the majority shareholder controls the votes of the board.3 See Lewis v. Curtis, 671 F.2d 779, 785 (3d Cir.) (“Control of the board by interested members, or participation by board members in a challenged transaction, may not be, in some circumstances, sufficient alone to make demand futile. A demand on the board should not be required, however, where the allegations of the complaint permit the inference by the court that the directors upon whom demand would be made lack the requisite disinterestedness to determine fairly whether the corporate claim should be pursued.”), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 880, 103 S.Ct. 176, 74 L.Ed.2d 144 (1982); Vernars v. Young, 539 F.2d 966, 968 (3d Cir. 1976) (“Certainly, there is no presumption that a director is controlled. Rather, the issue is an intensely factual one.”).
Appellants argue that a demand on the directors would be futile if the alleged wrongdoer controls the board because the directors will vote consistently with the interests of the wrongdoer even if those interests are directly contrary to the corpo
Determining whether the complaint pleads sufficient facts to establish that the alleged wrongdoer controls the votes of the directors and consequently that a demand on the directors would be futile is within the sound discretion of the district court, see Elfenbein v. Gulf & Western Industries, Inc., 590 F.2d at 450-51, and depends on the unique pleadings of each case under consideration. See Lewis v. Graves, 701 F.2d at 248. Facts that could be pleaded to indicate that the allegedly wrongdoing majority shareholder controls the votes of the directors include the extent of the directors’ involvement in the wrongdoing, the history of the board’s votes concerning the majority shareholder’s interests, the reaction of the majority shareholder to those who oppose him, directors’ statements concerning their loyalties and the directors’ other connections to the majority shareholder, e.g., family relationships, officer positions and financial ties. These are among the factors to be considered on remand by the district court in determining the sufficiency of the proposed amended complaint(s).
Appellants also urge us to hold that they should have leave to replead to remedy any defects not cured by the proposed amended complaint. Such a request is premature. Appellants may make the appropriate motions for further leave to amend on remand.
Judgment vacated and the case is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
1.
Brian P. Kenedy represented the minority shareholders and resigned after the present action was filed. His motion to dismiss the action against him was unopposed and was granted on February 28, 1983.
2.
"[U]nder [Rule 41(b) ] an order of a district court which dismisses a complaint for failure to state a claim, but which does not specify that the dismissal is without prejudice, is res judicata as to the then existing claim which it appears plaintiff was attempting to state.” Rinehart v. Locke, 454 F.2d 313, 315 (7th Cir.1971); see Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(b). The district court’s dismissal of appellants’ complaint, without leave to amend, would represent a bar to further action by appellants in both federal and state courts on the claims included in the dismissed complaint. An alternative action under New York or Maryland Blue Sky laws may also be barred. It is questionable whether New York law would permit in personam jurisdiction over all of the individual appellees, some of whom are not New York residents and have virtually no contacts with the state. See N.Y.Civ.Prac. Law § 302 (McKinney 1972 & Supp.1982).
3.
The Supreme Court cases cited by appellant, Delaware & Hudson Co. v. Albany & Susquehanna Railroad Co., 213 U.S. 435, 29 S.Ct. 540, 53 L.Ed. 862 (1909), and Doctor v. Harrington, 196 U.S. 579, 25 S.Ct. 355, 49 L.Ed. 606 (1905), are not persuasive authority that ownership of a majority of shares presumptively makes a demand futile. Both cases involve the application of Equity Rule 94, which stated that the complaint must "set forth with particularity the efforts of the plaintiff to secure such action as he desires on the part of the managing directors or trustees, and, if necessary, of the shareholders, and the causes of his failure to obtain such action." Delaware & Hudson, 213 U.S. at 445, 29 S.Ct. at 542 (emphasis in original).
The futility exception to the demand requirement of Rule 94 does not appear in the Rule, but was created by Doctor and Delaware & Hudson. In both cases, the Court determined that the facts of the case justified an exception to the Rule. Because the Rule was not being applied, there was no requirement that the plaintiff plead "with particularity” reasons for not making an effort to seek corporate action. See id. at 446-47, 29 S.Ct. at 542-43.
Rule 23.1, in contrast, requires that the plaintiff plead “with particularity ... the reasons ... for not making the effort” to seek corporate action.
4.
We do not believe that the directors' failure to act during the pendency of the instant suit necessarily indicates their hostility to intra-corpo-rate remedies. Business reasons or legal strategy might caution directors not to take remedial action after a suit is brought. But see Goldberg v. Meridor, 81 F.R.D. 105, 109-10 (S.D.N.Y. 1979).