UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
CHARLES L. LIGHT, :
:
Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 08-1074 (RMU)
:
v. : Re Document Nos.: 8, 10, 13, 15, 18
:
KAREN G. MILLS, Administrator, :
U.S. Small Business Administration,1 :
:
Defendant. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
DENYING THE DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS THE FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT;
DENYING WITHOUT PREJUDICE THE DEFENDANT’S MOTION IN THE ALTERNATIVE FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT; DENYING THE PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE A SUR -
REPLY ; DENYING AS MOOT THE PLAINTIFF’S MOTIONS TO STRIKE
I. INTRODUCTION
This matter comes before the court on the defendant’s motion to dismiss or, in the
alternative, for summary judgment. The pro se plaintiff, an attorney, claims that the defendant
retaliated against him in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42
U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq., by declining to hire him as an Attorney Advisor because the plaintiff,
whom the defendant employed for several months in 1994, had previously accused the defendant
of committing unlawful discrimination. The defendant has moved to dismiss or, in the
alternative, for summary judgment. Because the court rejects the basis for the defendant’s
motion to dismiss, and because summary judgment is not warranted at this time as the parties
have not yet engaged in discovery, the court denies the defendant’s motion to dismiss and denies
1
Mills is automatically substituted for Jovita Carranza, the previous Acting Administrator of the
Small Business Administration. See FED . R. CIV . P. 25(d).
without prejudice the defendant’s motion in the alternative for summary judgment. This ruling
renders moot the remaining motions currently pending in this case.
II. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The roots of this action trace back to February 1994, when the defendant hired the
plaintiff as an Attorney Advisor in the Sacramento, California office of its Agency Office of
Disaster Assistance (referred to by the parties and hereinafter as “the DAO4 position”) following
a major earthquake in California in January 1994. Am. Compl. ¶ 8. The DAO4 position was to
last only sixty days, but the defendant extended the plaintiff’s employment for successive sixty-
day periods until September 1994, when the defendant terminated the plaintiff’s employment. Id.
¶¶ 9, 13. According to the defendant, it decided not to continue the plaintiff’s employment
because of several inappropriate comments that he had made, which had created an
uncomfortable work environment for the plaintiff’s female coworkers in particular. Def.’s Mot.
at 3-4. In a letter written to the defendant following his termination, the plaintiff maintained that
it was he who was subjected to “intolerable and discriminatory working conditions,” as a result
of one female coworker who appointed herself the “gender police” and overreacted to comments
that the plaintiff made concerning sexual harassment in the workplace. See id., Ex. 2.
Following his termination from the DAO4 position, the plaintiff commenced a lawsuit in
the Eastern District of California claiming sex discrimination, retaliation and constructive
discharge. Am. Compl. ¶ 19. In 2001, that court granted summary judgment in the defendant’s
favor. See generally Light v. Alvarez, No. S-99-778 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 18, 2001). Three years later,
in 2004, the plaintiff applied for one of several Attorney Advisor positions that had been created
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in Disaster Area Office 2 in the aftermath of Hurricane Charlie (referred to by the parties and
hereinafter as “the DAO2 position”). The defendant maintains that when it received the
plaintiff’s application, it consulted the database of personnel records that it maintains for all
former employees. Def.’s Mot., Ex. 4 (Aff. of Allan Hoberman, Director of Disaster Personnel
(“Hoberman Aff.”)). The “comments” section of the plaintiff’s personnel records stated: “During
employment in A4,” – i.e., the DAO4 position – “the employee demonstrated conduct issues
concerning his inability to get along w/his co-workers & managers.” Def.’s Mot., Ex. 5. The
plaintiff maintains that that comment is false. Am. Compl. ¶ 24. As a result of the comment, the
plaintiff’s application was forwarded to the defendant’s Director of Disaster Personnel, Allan
Hoberman, who was familiar with the plaintiff from his employment in the DAO4 position in
1994. Hoberman Aff. ¶ 3. In September 2004, the defendant notified the plaintiff that it had
chosen not to hire him for the DAO2 position. Am. Compl. ¶ 29.
The plaintiff commenced this action in June 2008, claiming that the defendant’s decision
not to hire him for the DAO2 position was made in retaliation for the plaintiff’s complaint of
discrimination concerning the DAO4 position in 1994. Id. ¶ 34. The plaintiff filed an amended
complaint in February 2009, see generally id., and the defendant filed a motion to dismiss or, in
the alternative, for summary judgment in March 2009, see generally Def.’s Mot. As that motion
is now ripe for adjudication, the court turns to the applicable legal standards and the parties’
arguments.
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III. ANALYSIS
A. Legal Standard for a Retaliation Claim
To prevail on a claim of retaliation, a plaintiff must follow the McDonnell Douglas
framework. Taylor v. Solis, 571 F.3d 1313, 1320 n.* (D.C. Cir. 2009) (observing that
“[r]etaliation claims based upon circumstantial evidence are governed by the three-step test of
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green”); Morgan v. Fed. Home Loan Mortgage Corp., 328 F.3d
647, 651 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (applying the McDonnell Douglas framework to a Title VII retaliation
claim). The Supreme Court explained the framework as follows:
First, the plaintiff has the burden of proving by the preponderance of the evidence a
prima facie case of [retaliation]. Second, if the plaintiff succeeds in proving the
prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant “to articulate some legitimate,
[non-retaliatory] reason for the employee’s rejection” . . . . Third, should the
defendant carry this burden, the plaintiff must then have an opportunity to prove by
a preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate reasons offered by the defendant
were not its true reasons, but were a pretext for [retaliation] . . . . The ultimate
burden of persuading the trier of fact that the defendant intentionally [retaliated]
against the plaintiff remains at all times with the plaintiff.
Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252-53 (1981) (internal citations omitted)
(quoting McDonnell Douglas v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973)).
To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, a plaintiff must show that (1) he engaged in
a statutorily protected activity, (2) a reasonable employee would have found the challenged
action materially adverse,2 and (3) there existed a causal connection between the protected
2
In the retaliation context, the term “adverse action” “encompass[es] a broader sweep of actions
than those in a pure discrimination claim.” Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191, 1198 n.4
(D.C. Cir. 2008). Thus, “[r]etaliation claims are ‘not limited to discriminatory actions that affect
the terms and conditions of employment’ and may extend to harms that are not workplace-related
or employment-related so long as ‘a reasonable employee would have found the challenged
action materially adverse.’” Id. (quoting Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53,
64, 68 (2006)).
4
activity and the materially adverse action. Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S.
53, 67-69 (2006); Jones v. Bernanke, 557 F.3d 670, 677 (D.C. Cir. 2009). The plaintiff’s burden
is not great: he “need only establish facts adequate to permit an inference of retaliatory motive.”
Forman v. Small, 271 F.3d 285, 299 (D.C. Cir. 2001).
If the employer successfully presents a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for its actions,
“the presumption raised by the prima facie is rebutted and drops from the case.” St. Mary’s
Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 507 (1993) (internal citation omitted); Brady v. Office of the
Sergeant at Arms, U.S. House of Representatives, 520 F.3d 490, 494 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (noting
that “the prima facie case is a largely unnecessary sideshow”). Upon such a showing by the
defendant, the district court need resolve only one question: “Has the employee produced
sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the employer’s asserted non-[retaliatory]
reason was not the actual reason and that the employer intentionally [retaliated] against the
employee on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?” Brady, 520 F.3d at 494.
In other words, did the plaintiff “show both that the reason was false, and that . . . [retaliation]
was the real reason.” Weber v. Battista, 494 F.3d 179, 186 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (alterations in
original and internal quotations omitted) (quoting Hicks, 509 U.S. at 515). The court must
consider whether the jury could “infer [retaliation] from the plaintiff’s prima facie case and any
other evidence the plaintiff offers to show that the actions were [retaliatory] or that the non-
[retaliatory] justification was pretextual.” Smith v. District of Columbia, 430 F.3d 450, 455
(D.C. Cir. 2005) (quoting Murray v. Gilmore, 406 F.3d 708, 713 (D.C. Cir. 2005)). The court
should assess the plaintiff’s challenge to the employer’s explanation in light of the totality of the
5
circumstances of the case. Aka v. Wash. Hosp. Ctr., 156 F.3d 1284, 1291 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (en banc).
The strength of the plaintiff’s prima facie case, especially the existence of a causal
connection, can be a significant factor in his attempt to rebut the defendant’s legitimate non-
retaliatory reason for the adverse action. See Aka, 156 F.3d at 1289 n.4 (stating that “a prima
facie case that strongly suggests intentional discrimination may be enough by itself to survive
summary judgment”); Laurent v. Bureau of Rehab., Inc., 544 F. Supp. 2d 17, 23 n.5 (D.D.C.
2008) (holding that the plaintiff cannot establish pretext because “she is unable to show any
causal connection”); Meadows v. Mukasey, 2008 WL 2211434, at *5-6 (D.D.C. May 29, 2008)
(holding that the plaintiff demonstrated pretext in part by establishing a causal connection). The
plaintiff may establish a causal connection “by showing that the employer had knowledge of the
employee’s protected activity, and that the [retaliatory] personnel action took place shortly after
that activity.” Cones v. Shalala, 199 F.3d 512, 521 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (quoting Mitchell v.
Baldrige, 759 F.2d 80, 86 (D.C. Cir. 1985)); accord Clark County Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532
U.S. 268, 273 (2001) (noting that the temporal connection must be “very close”: a three- or four-
month period between an adverse action and protected activity is insufficient to show a causal
connection, and a twenty-month period suggests “no causality at all”).
B. The Court Denies the Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss
The defendant urges the court to dismiss the plaintiff’s retaliation claim based on issue
preclusion. Def.’s Mot. at 12-14. More specifically, the defendant asserts that its reason for
declining to hire the plaintiff for the DAO2 position in 2004 – namely, the plaintiff’s inability to
get along with his coworkers and managers – was the same as its reason for choosing not to
renew his appointment for the DAO4 position in 1994. Id. at 13. The defendant notes that the
6
Eastern District of California previously granted summary judgment to the defendant on the
plaintiff’s claim that the decision not to renew his appointment for the DAO4 position was
discriminatory. Id. Thus, the defendant claims, the Eastern District of California decided that
the defendant had a legitimate, non-discriminatory justification for its decision not to employ the
plaintiff in 1994, and that determination has issue-preclusive effect, thereby establishing
conclusively that the defendant had a legitimate, non-retaliatory justification for choosing not to
employ the plaintiff when he applied for the DAO2 position in 2004. Id.
The plaintiff opposes the defendant’s motion to dismiss, arguing that issue preclusion is
not appropriate because the ruling that ostensibly has preclusive effect – the Eastern District of
California’s determination that the defendant had a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for
choosing not to employ the plaintiff – was not actually litigated. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 8-10. The
plaintiff also contends that the holding concerning the existence of a legitimate, non-
discriminatory reason was not necessary to the judgment in the Eastern District of California
action, see id. at 10-13, and that issue preclusion does not apply in this case because the Eastern
District of California’s holding concerning the existence of a legitimate, non-discriminatory
reason was one of multiple holdings in support of its ruling, see id. at 13-14. Finally, the plaintiff
asserts that because the defendant bears the burden of asserting a legitimate, non-discriminatory
reason, the court should not apply issue preclusion in this case. See id. at 14-16.
Though it has no need to tread into the thicket of the plaintiff’s reasoning, the court
agrees with the plaintiff that issue preclusion does not bar his retaliation claim. “A fundamental
requisite of issue preclusion is an identity of the issue decided in the earlier action and that
sought to be precluded in a later action.” Clark-Cowlitz Joint Operating Agency v. Fed. Energy
7
Regulatory Comm’n, 826 F.2d 1074, 1079 (D.C. Cir. 1987). In this case, however, the issue
addressed by the Eastern District of California was different from the issue in this case. The
Eastern District of California action concerned whether the defendant’s decision not to renew the
plaintiff’s appointment for the DAO4 position in 1994 violated Title VII, whereas this case
concerns the related but separate question of whether the defendant’s decision not to hire the
plaintiff for the DAO2 position in 2004 violates Title VII. See Burdine, 450 U.S. at 250
(assessing whether the defendant asserted a “legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason[] for the
challenged employment action”) (emphasis added). Put differently, because the employment
action challenged in the Eastern District of California case was different from the employment
action challenged in this case, there is no identity of issues, notwithstanding the fact that the
defendant advances the same legitimate, non-discriminatory justification for the two actions. Cf.
Anderson v. Genuine Parts Co., 128 F.3d 1267, 1273 (8th Cir. 1997) (rejecting the plaintiff’s
issue preclusion argument despite the fact that a jury had previously ruled in favor of the
plaintiff’s coworker, who was demoted along with the plaintiff and whose claim of age
discrimination was essentially identical to the plaintiff’s claim). Therefore, the Eastern District
of California’s grant of judgment to the defendant on the plaintiff’s claims concerning his
termination from the DAO4 position does not have issue-preclusive effect on the plaintiff’s claim
of retaliation based on the defendant’s decision not to hire him for the DAO2 position.
The two cases that the defendant relies in support of its argument on are inapposite. In
the first case, Wrenn v. Kurtz, the Sixth Circuit – in an unpublished opinion – held that because it
had previously held that there was a legitimate, non-discriminatory justification for the plaintiff’s
discharge, and because the defendants had relied on that justification in refusing to rehire the
8
plaintiff, the plaintiff had failed to establish intentional discrimination. 915 F.2d 1574, 1574 (6th
Cir. 1990). Sixth Circuit opinions are not binding on this court, and for the reasons discussed
above, the court does not consider the reasoning of Wrenn persuasive.3 Vines v. University of
Louisiana at Monroe, the other case on which the defendant relies, is even further off the mark.
In Vines, the Fifth Circuit held that because the district court had previously concluded that the
defendant had a legitimate, non-discriminatory justification for paying lower salaries to and not
renewing the contracts of the plaintiffs, and because a parallel state court action “involve[d]
claims that ar[o]se out of precisely the same set of facts, raise[d] the same issues . . . and [sought]
monetary relief” for the same individuals, the district court’s determination had preclusive effect
in the state court action. 398 F.3d 700, 710 (5th Cir. 2005). In this case, the plaintiff’s claim
does not arise out of an identical set of facts or raise identical issues as the claims that were at
issue in the Eastern District of California matter. To the contrary, the retaliation claim arises out
of a separate employment action, namely, the decision not to hire the plaintiff for the DAO2
position in 2004. See generally Am. Compl. As a result, the defendant’s reliance on Vines is
misplaced. For all of the foregoing reasons, the court denies the defendant’s motion to dismiss
the plaintiff’s retaliation claim.
3
The court also notes that the decision in Wrenn was issued before Title VII was amended in 1991
to explicitly “set[] forth standards applicable in ‘mixed motive’ cases.” Desert Palace, Inc. v.
Costa, 539 U.S. 90, 94 (2003). Prior to the 1991 amendment, plaintiffs asserting unlawful
discrimination were generally required to “show that an illegitimate consideration was a
‘substantial factor’ in the employment decision.” Id. at 93-94. In this case, by contrast, the
defendant could potentially be found liable under Title VII, as amended in 1991, if its decision
not to hire the plaintiff for the DAO2 position was based on a legitimate justification as well as
on retaliatory animus. See id. at 101 (stating that “a plaintiff need only present sufficient
evidence for a reasonable jury to conclude, by a preponderance of the evidence, that [a prohibited
classification] was a motivating factor for any employment practice”) (emphasis added).
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C. The Court Denies Without Prejudice the Defendant’s
Motion in the Alternative for Summary Judgment
The defendant maintains that there is no genuine issue of material fact in this case
because it has offered a legitimate, non-discriminatory justification for its decision not to hire the
plaintiff for the DAO2 position, and the plaintiff is unable to offer any evidence of pretext.
Def.’s Mot. at 14-18. The plaintiff responds that if he is permitted to take discovery, “he will be
able to firmly establish that the only basis for denying his application for employment was [his]
prior EEO activity.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 16.
Summary judgment is appropriate when “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure
materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and
that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED . R. CIV . P. 56(c); see also
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Diamond v. Atwood, 43 F.3d 1538, 1540
(D.C. Cir. 1995). To prevail on a motion for summary judgment, the moving party must show
that the nonmoving party “fail[ed] to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an
element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at
trial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. By pointing to the absence of evidence proffered by the
nonmoving party, a moving party may succeed on summary judgment. Id. The nonmoving party
may defeat summary judgment through factual representations made in a sworn affidavit if he
“support[s] his allegations . . . with facts in the record,” Greene v. Dalton, 164 F.3d 671, 675
(D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Harding v. Gray, 9 F.3d 150, 154 (D.C. Cir. 1993)), or provides
“direct testimonial evidence,” Arrington v. United States, 473 F.3d 329, 338 (D.C. Cir. 2006).
The court agrees that it should not rule on the defendant’s request for summary judgment
10
until after the parties have had an opportunity to engage in discovery. See Americable Int’l, Inc.
v. Dep’t of Navy, 129 F.3d 1271, 1274 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (holding that neither the Circuit nor the
district court was “in a position to decide as a matter of law whether there [was] a genuine
dispute . . . because the district court did not permit [the plaintiff] any discovery before issuing its
ruling”); First Chi. Int’l v. United Exchange Co., 836 F.2d 1375, 1380 (D.C. Cir. 1988)
(observing that ordinarily, “summary judgment is proper only after the plaintiff has been given
adequate time for discovery”). As a result, the court denies without prejudice the defendant’s
motion in the alternative for summary judgment.4
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court denies the defendant’s motion to dismiss the first
amended complaint, denies without prejudice the defendant’s motion in the alternative for
summary judgment, denies the plaintiff’s motion for leave to file a sur-reply and denies the
plaintiff’s motions to strike. An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately
and contemporaneously issued this 25th day of March, 2010.
RICARDO M. URBINA
United States District Judge
4
Because the plaintiff will have the opportunity to conduct discovery, the court need not address
his request for discovery under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f). See Velikonja v. Mueller,
315 F. Supp. 2d 66, 81 n.14 (D.D.C. 2004) (denying as moot the plaintiff’s Rule 56(f) motion
because the court denied the defendant’s motion for summary judgment), rev’d in part on other
grounds, Velikonja v. Gonzales, 466 F.3d 122 (D.C. Cir. 2006). In addition, this ruling renders
moot the plaintiff’s motions to strike two of the defendant’s exhibits and the plaintiff’s motion
for leave to file a sur-reply.
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Light v. Carranza
Combined Opinion