PUBLISH
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 95-6369
D. C. Docket No. CV-93-699-N
WALTER McMILLIAN,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
W. E. JOHNSON, MORRIS THIGPEN, TOM ALLEN,
MARIAN SHINBAUM, CHARLIE JONES, et al., in
their individual capacities,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Alabama
(July 9, 1996)
Before COX and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and PROPST*, District
Judge.
COX, Circuit Judge:
*
Honorable Robert B. Propst, U. S. District Judge for the
Northern District of Alabama, sitting by designation.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1
Walter McMillian was convicted of the murder of Ronda Morrison
and sentenced to death. He spent nearly six years on Alabama's
death row, including over a year before his trial. The Alabama
Court of Criminal Appeals ultimately overturned McMillian's
conviction because of the state's failure to disclose exculpatory
and impeachment evidence. McMillian v. State, 616 So.2d 933 (Ala.
Crim. App. 1993). The state then dismissed the charges against
McMillian and commenced a new investigation.
Finally released after six years on death row, McMillian
brought a § 1983 action against various officials involved in his
arrest, incarceration, and conviction. McMillian alleges federal
constitutional claims, as well as pendent state law claims.
McMillian sued several defendants, including Thomas Tate, the
Sheriff of Monroe County, Alabama, in both his individual and
official capacities, and Monroe County itself. McMillian seeks
damages from Sheriff Tate individually and from Monroe County for,
inter alia, causing his pretrial detention on death row,
manufacturing inculpatory evidence, and suppressing exculpatory and
impeachment evidence.2
1
For a more detailed recitation of the facts, see our opinion
in No. 95-6123, also decided today.
2
A suit against a public official in his official capacity
is, in all respects other than name, treated as a suit against the
local government entity he represents, assuming that the entity
receives notice and an opportunity to respond. Kentucky v. Graham,
473 U.S. 159, 166, 105 S.Ct. 3099, 3105 (1985). We treat
McMillian's claims against Tate in his official capacity and the
claims against Monroe County as stating the same claims because
(continued...)
2
McMillian's theory of county liability is that Sheriff Tate's
"edicts and acts may fairly be said to represent [the] official
policy [of] . . . Monroe County . . . in matters of criminal
investigation and law enforcement." (First Amended Complaint ¶
53.) The district court granted Monroe County's motion to dismiss,
relying on our since-vacated decision in Swint v. City of Wadley,
Ala., 5 F.3d 1435 (11th Cir. 1993), vacated sub nom. Swint v.
Chambers County Comm'n, 115 S. Ct. 1203 (1995), to hold that Monroe
County is not liable for Sheriff Tate's actions under § 1983
because sheriffs in Alabama are not final policymakers for their
counties in the area of law enforcement. In a later order, the
district court granted in part and denied in part various
defendants' motions for summary judgment in their individual
capacities. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), we granted McMillian
permission to appeal the district court's interlocutory orders.
II. ISSUES ON APPEAL
We address two issues on this appeal: (1) whether a sheriff in
Alabama is a final policymaker for his or her county in the area of
law enforcement; and (2) whether hearsay may be used to establish
the existence of a genuine issue of material fact to defeat a
motion for summary judgment when it is not shown that the hearsay
2
(...continued)
McMillian contends that Sheriff Tate represents Monroe County.
Whether McMillian's contention is meritorious is at issue on this
appeal.
3
will be reducible to an admissible form at trial.3
III. DISCUSSION
A. Whether a Sheriff in Alabama is a Final County Policymaker
1. Contentions of the Parties
McMillian contends that our decision in Swint is of no
precedential or persuasive value because the Supreme Court granted
certiorari and then vacated our decision on jurisdictional grounds.
In any event, he contends, Swint was wrongly decided. McMillian
urges that this case is controlled by Pembaur v. City of
Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 106 S. Ct. 1292 (1986), in which the
Supreme Court affirmed the Sixth Circuit's holding that an Ohio
sheriff could establish county law enforcement policy under
appropriate circumstances. According to McMillian, the relevant
facts here are the same as in Pembaur: in Alabama, the sheriff is
elected by the county's voters, is funded by the county treasury,
and is the chief law enforcement officer within the county.
McMillian argues that our decision holding that Alabama sheriffs
are final county policymakers in the area of jail administration,
3
McMillian raises two other issues on this appeal. First, he
contends that the district court erroneously required him to prove
violence or torture on his claim that the state coerced witnesses
to give false testimony. We do not read the district court's
opinion to impose such a requirement on McMillian.
Second, McMillian contends that the district court erred in
granting partial summary judgment on certain of his claims. The
district court evaluated McMillian's allegations incident by
incident and determined whether a genuine issue of material fact
exists as to each incident. McMillian's contention that the
district court erred in evaluating the evidence this way is
meritless. See 11th Cir. R. 36-1.
4
see Parker v. Williams, 862 F.2d 1471 (11th Cir. 1989), also
compels a holding that Alabama sheriffs are final policymakers in
the area of law enforcement.
Monroe County contends that Swint correctly held that Alabama
sheriffs are not county policymakers in the area of law enforcement
because, under state law, Alabama counties have no law enforcement
authority. In addition, according to the county, holding it liable
for the actions of a sheriff would be contrary to the Supreme
Court's reasoning in Monell in two respects. Monell v. New York
City Dept. of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S. Ct. 2018 (1978).
First, because counties have no control over sheriffs, allowing
county liability for a sheriff's actions would ignore Monell's
conception of municipalities as corporations and substitute a
conception of municipalities as mere units of geography. Second,
holding the county liable for a sheriff's actions would impose even
broader liability than the respondeat superior liability rejected
in Monell. Finally, Monroe County argues that cases from our
circuit, as well as the better reasoned cases from other circuits,
require a "functional" analysis looking to whether the county has
control over the sheriff or has other power in the area of the
sheriff's actions.
2. County Liability for Acts of Final Policymakers
A municipality, county, or other local government entity is a
"person" that may be sued under § 1983 for constitutional
violations caused by policies or customs made by its lawmakers or
5
by "those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent
official policy." Monell, 436 U.S. at 694, 98 S. Ct. at 2037-38.
A municipality may be held liable for a single act or decision of
a municipal official with final policymaking authority in the area
of the act or decision. Jett v. Dallas Independent School
District, 491 U.S. 701, 737, 109 S. Ct. 2702, 2724 (1989); City of
St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 123, 108 S. Ct. 915, 924
(1988) (plurality opinion); Pembaur, 475 U.S. at 480, 106 S. Ct. at
1298. A municipality may not be held liable, however, solely
because it employs a tortfeasor, that is, under a respondeat
superior theory. Monell, 436 U.S. at 691, 98 S. Ct. at 2036. The
line between actions embodying official policy--which support
municipal liability--and independent actions of municipal employees
and agents--which do not support municipal liability--has proven
elusive.
The Supreme Court has provided limited guidance for
determining whether an official has final policymaking authority
with respect to a particular action. In the Court's earliest
attempts to establish the contours of municipal liability, a
majority of the Court was unable to agree on the appropriate
approach to final policymaker status. See Pembaur, 475 U.S. 469,
106 S. Ct. 1292; Praprotnik, 108 S. Ct. 915. In Jett, though,
Justice O'Connor's approach in Praprotnik garnered the support of
a majority of the Court. See Jett, 491 U.S. at 737, 109 S. Ct. at
2723-24. We draw from Justice O'Connor's opinion, as adopted in
Jett, several principles to guide our decision.
6
Most important is the principle that state law determines
whether a particular official has final policymaking authority.
Praprotnik, 485 U.S. at 123, 108 S. Ct. at 924. We must look to
state and local positive law, as well as custom and usage having
the force of law. Id. at 124 n.1, 108 S. Ct. at 924 n.1.
Identifying final policymakers may be a difficult task, but state
law always should direct us "to some official or body that has the
responsibility for making law or setting policy in any given area
of a local government's business." Id. at 125, 108 S. Ct. at 925.
We may not assume that final policymaking authority lies in some
entity other than that in which state law places it. Id. at 126,
108 S. Ct. at 925. To the contrary, we must respect state and
local law's allocation of policymaking authority. Id. at 131, 108
S. Ct. at 928.
Two more principles guide our inquiry. First, "the authority
to make municipal policy is necessarily the authority to make final
policy." Id. at 127, 108 S. Ct. at 926. Second, the alleged
policymaker must have final policymaking authority with respect to
the action alleged to have caused the particular constitutional or
statutory violation. Id. at 123, 108 S. Ct. at 924; Jett, 491 U.S.
at 737, 109 S. Ct. at 2724. An official or entity may be a final
policymaker with respect to some actions but not others. See
Pembaur, 475 U.S. at 483 n.12, 106 S. Ct. at 1300 n.12. With
respect to a particular action, more than one official or body may
be a final policymaker; final policymaking authority may be shared.
Praprotnik, 485 U.S. at 126, 108 S. Ct. at 925.
7
3. Our Holding in Swint
We have already addressed whether, in Alabama, sheriffs are
final policymakers for their counties in the area of law
enforcement. Swint v. City of Wadley, Ala., 5 F.3d 1435. In
Swint, we held that sheriffs are not final policymakers for their
counties in the area of law enforcement because counties have no
law enforcement authority. Id. at 1451. We agree with McMillian
that, because the Supreme Court held that we lacked jurisdiction in
Swint and vacated our decision, Swint is not binding precedent.
McMillian argues further that the Supreme Court questioned our
holding on the merits in Swint and that Swint is of no persuasive
value. Though we decline to draw any inference from the Supreme
Court's grant of certiorari, we have taken a fresh look at Swint
and the issue before us.
We recognized in Swint that an official with final
policymaking authority in a particular area of a municipality's
business may subject the municipality to § 1983 liability through
her actions within that authority. Id. at 1450 (citations
omitted). In Swint, the plaintiff sought to hold Chambers County,
Alabama, liable for raids authorized by its sheriff. To determine
whether the Chambers County Sheriff possessed final policymaking
authority for Chambers County in the area of law enforcement, we
looked to Alabama law, as required by Jett and Praprotnik. Id. We
noted that a sheriff is a state rather than a county official under
Alabama law for purposes of imposing respondeat superior liability
on a county. Id. (citing Parker v. Amerson, 519 So.2d 442 (Ala.
8
1987)). However, that fact was not dispositive. Id. (citing
Parker v. Williams, 862 F.2d at 1478).
The critical question under Alabama law, we emphasized, is
whether an Alabama sheriff exercises county power with final
authority when taking the challenged action. Id. (citing Parker
v. Williams, 862 F.2d at 1478). Our examination of Alabama law
revealed that Alabama counties have no law enforcement authority.
Id. Alabama counties have only the authority granted them by the
legislature. Id. (citing Lockridge v. Etowah County Comm'n, 460
So.2d 1361, 1363 (Ala. Civ. App. 1984)). Alabama law assigns law
enforcement authority to sheriffs but not to counties. Id. (citing
Ala. Code § 36-22-3(4) (1991)). Thus, we concluded that a sheriff
does not exercise county power when he engages in law enforcement
activities and, therefore, is not a final policymaker for the
county in the area of law enforcement. Id. at 1451. We continue
to believe that this is the correct analysis.
The Supreme Court has not addressed whether a municipality
must have power in an area to be held liable for an official's acts
in that area. Still, we think that such a requirement inheres in
the Court's municipal liability analysis. As Justice O'Connor
explained in Praprotnik, a municipal policymaker is the official
with final responsibility "in any given area of a local
government's business." 485 U.S. at 125, 108 S. Ct. at 925. A
threshold question, therefore, is whether the official is going
about the local government's business. If the official's actions
do not fall within an area of the local government's business, then
9
the official's actions are not acts of the local government. That
Swint properly asked this threshold question is confirmed by our
precedent, as well as cases from other circuits. See Owens v.
Fulton County, 877 F.2d 947, 950 (11th Cir. 1989) (asking whether
district attorney was exercising county or state authority); Parker
v. Williams , 862 F.2d at 1478 (asking whether sheriff was
implementing county's or state's duty); Familias Unidas v. Briscoe,
619 F.2d 391, 404 (5th Cir. 1980) (asking whether county judge was
exercising county or state authority). Accord, e.g., Eggar v. City
of Livingston, 40 F.3d 312, 314 (9th Cir. 1994) (asking whether
judge's acts were performed under municipality's or state's
authority), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 2566 (1995); Dotson v.
Chester, 937 F.2d 920, 924 (4th Cir. 1991) (asking whether sheriff
wields county or state authority) (citing Owens and Parker); Baez
v. Hennessy, 853 F.2d 73, 77 (2nd Cir. 1988) (asking whether
district attorney represents county or state), cert. denied, 488
U.S. 1014, 109 S. Ct. 805 (1989); Soderbeck v. Burnett County,
Wisconsin, 821 F.2d 446, 451-52 (7th Cir. 1987) (Soderbeck II)
(asking whether sheriff acts on behalf of county or state).
McMillian contends that, even if Swint's analytical framework
is sound, Swint nevertheless was wrongly decided. He questions
Swint's conclusion that Alabama sheriffs do not exercise
policymaking authority for the county in the area of law
enforcement. He argues that, since their decisions are
unreviewable, sheriffs must set policy for some entity. If Swint
is correct that they do not set county policy, he reasons, then the
10
only alternative is that they set state law enforcement policy.
According to McMillian, though, sheriffs simply cannot set state
law enforcement policy. Thus, they must set county policy.
We are unpersuaded by this argument. We need not, and do not,
decide whether sheriffs are state policymakers to hold that they
are not county policymakers. But, to respond to McMillian's
argument, we note that state law could make sheriffs final
policymakers for the state, notwithstanding that they are elected
by county voters and have county-wide jurisdiction. McMillian's
arguments to the contrary involve the power to "set policy" in a
generic sense. "Policymaker" in § 1983 jurisprudence, however, is
a term of art that refers to the official or body that speaks with
final authority with respect to a particular governmental decision
or action. Jett, 491 U.S. at 737, 109 S. Ct. at 2724.
Using "policy" generically, McMillian may be correct that,
under principles of representative government, an official elected
locally should not set statewide "policy." And he may be correct
that, generically speaking, "policy" of a state connotes a single
policy rather than one state "policy" per county. But when
"policy" is understood as a § 1983 law term of art, we see no
reason why a county sheriff may not be a final policymaker for the
state in the area of law enforcement insofar as state law assigns
sheriffs unreviewable state law enforcement power.
McMillian insists that state policy cannot be different in
each county. That different entities may share final policymaking
authority, Praprotnik, 485 U.S. at 126, 108 S. Ct. at 925, however,
11
presumes that one policymaker's actions may subject a municipality
to liability even if another policymaker has a different policy.
Thus, we see no anomaly in having different state policymakers in
different counties. Such a situation would be no different than if
each of a city's police precinct commanders had unreviewable
authority over how arrestees were processed. Each commander might
have a different processing policy, but that does not render a
commander's policy that of her precinct as opposed to that of the
city when the city is sued under § 1983 for her unconstitutional
treatment of arrestees.
McMillian also argues that Swint conflicts with precedent from
the Supreme Court and our circuit. We address those arguments
below.
4. The Supreme Court's Decision in Pembaur
McMillian argues that the Supreme Court's decision in Pembaur
controls his case. Based on Ohio law, the Sixth Circuit held in
Pembaur that, in a proper case, a sheriff's acts may represent the
official policy of an Ohio county. Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati,
746 F.2d at 341 (6th Cir. 1984). Though reversing on other
grounds, the Supreme Court did not question the Sixth Circuit's
conclusion that a sheriff could be a county policymaker, 475 U.S.
at 484, 106 S. Ct. at 1301, explaining that the Supreme Court
"generally accord[s] great deference to the interpretation and
application of state law by the courts of appeals." Id. at n.13,
106 S. Ct. at 1301 n.13 (citations omitted). McMillian contends
12
that the Supreme Court explicitly affirmed the Sixth Circuit's
reasoning and holding and, therefore, that the Sixth Circuit's
analysis controls here. We disagree.
We do not read the Supreme Court's decision as an affirmation
of the Sixth Circuit's analysis of policymaker status. The Supreme
Court simply deferred to the Sixth Circuit's conclusion that a
sheriff is a county policymaker because the question is one of
state law. The Court did not describe or discuss the state law
factors on which the Sixth Circuit based its conclusion, nor did it
address any arguments about whether a sheriff is a county
policymaker. Instead, the Supreme Court's analysis and holding
addressed whether--assuming policymaker status--a decision by a
municipal policymaker on a single occasion may subject a
municipality to § 1983 liability. Id. at 471, 106 S. Ct. at 1294.
Thus, Pembaur does not control the issue presented here.
Even if we were to read the Supreme Court's Pembaur opinion as
implicitly approving the Sixth Circuit's policymaker analysis, it
would not follow that an Alabama sheriff is, like an Ohio sheriff,
a policymaker for her county. State law determines whether a
particular official has final policymaking authority. Praprotnik,
485 U.S. at 123, 108 S. Ct. at 924. Ohio law determined the Sixth
Circuit's conclusion. But Alabama law controls our conclusion.
McMillian contends that the Ohio law factors relevant to the
Sixth Circuit's decision are the same in Alabama. In both Ohio and
Alabama, he argues, sheriffs are elected by the residents of their
counties; receive their salaries, expenses, offices, and supplies
13
from their counties; and serve as the chief law enforcement
officers in their counties. According to McMillian, other aspects
of Alabama law are either not dispositive or irrelevant. That
Alabama law deems sheriffs state rather than county officials, he
argues, constitutes merely a non-dispositive label. And, he
contends, whether Ohio counties have any law enforcement authority
under state law was irrelevant to the Sixth Circuit's analysis,
except to the extent that Ohio counties financially support the
sheriff's law enforcement apparatus.
We are unpersuaded by McMillian's argument that Ohio and
Alabama law are the same in all relevant respects. While we agree
that similarities exist, there are differences. Under Alabama law,
but not under Ohio law, a sheriff is a state officer according to
the state constitution. Parker v. Amerson, 519 So.2d at 442. The
Constitution of Alabama of 1901 provides that the state executive
department "shall consist of a governor, lieutenant governor,
attorney-general, state auditor, secretary of state, state
treasurer, superintendent of education, commissioner of agriculture
and industries, and a sheriff for each county." Ala. Const. art.
V, § 112 (emphasis added). The Alabama Supreme Court has held that
sheriffs are employees of the state, not their counties, and thus
that counties may not be held vicariously liable for sheriffs'
actions. Hereford v. Jefferson County, 586 So.2d 209, 210 (Ala.
1991); Parker v. Amerson, 519 So.2d at 442. See also Cofield v.
Randolph County Commission, 844 F. Supp. 1499, 1502 (M.D. Ala.
1994) (dismissing county from § 1983 suit because, under Alabama
14
law, a county may not be held vicariously liable for sheriff's
actions). Moreover, as state executive officers, Alabama sheriffs
generally are protected by the state's sovereign immunity under
Article I, § 14, of the Alabama Constitution. Hereford, 586 So.2d
at 210; Parker v. Amerson, 519 So.2d at 442. Thus, sheriffs enjoy
a special status as state officers under Alabama law.
We recognize that a sheriff's designation as a state official
is not dispositive, Parker v. Williams, 862 F.2d at 1478, but such
a designation is relevant to whether a sheriff exercises state or
county power. See Soderbeck II, 821 F.2d at 451-52; Soderbeck v.
Burnett County, Wisconsin, 752 F.2d 285, 292 (7th Cir.) (Soderbeck
I) (finding provision of Wisconsin constitution prohibiting county
respondeat superior liability for sheriff's acts "powerful
evidence" that sheriff is not county policymaker), cert. denied,
471 U.S. 1117, 105 S. Ct. 2360 (1985). McMillian would have us
disregard Alabama's decision to make a sheriff a state official,
characterizing it as nothing more than a label.4 Instead, we heed
the Supreme Court's admonition that federal courts respect the way
a state chooses to structure its government. See Praprotnik, 485
U.S. at 126, 108 S. Ct. at 925.
We also reject McMillian's argument that Pembaur shows that
whether a county has law enforcement power is irrelevant. Though
4
We recognize that a state cannot insulate local governments
from § 1983 liability simply by labelling local officials state
officials. Parker v. Williams, 862 F.2d at 1479. We base our
decision not on a sheriff's "label" but on a county's lack of law
enforcement power, of which a sheriff's designation as a state
official is evidence.
15
the Sixth Circuit did not cite an Ohio county's law enforcement
authority as a factor in its decision, we are not convinced that
the existence of county law enforcement authority was irrelevant to
its decision. The Ohio law cited by the Sixth Circuit strongly
suggests that Ohio counties have law enforcement responsibilities
beyond simply providing sheriffs with funds. Ohio law provides
that "[i]n the execution of the duties required of him, the sheriff
may call to his aid such persons or power of the county as is
necessary." Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 311.07 (Baldwin 1982). It could
be that the Sixth Circuit did not mention this factor because "it
is obvious that the Sheriff is a County official," Pembaur, 746
F.2d at 341, or simply because the county did not argue that it had
no law enforcement power. In any event, regardless of its
relevance to the Sixth Circuit, we believe that the existence of
county law enforcement power is a prerequisite to a finding that a
sheriff makes law enforcement policy for a county.
5. Our Holding in Parker v. Williams
Relying on our decision in Parker v. Williams, McMillian
contends that Alabama counties have the same degree of power in the
area of law enforcement that we have found sufficient for county
liability in the area of hiring and training jail personnel. In
Parker, we held that a sheriff exercised county power with final
authority when hiring and training a jailer who raped an inmate.
862 F.2d at 1478. We determined that counties, not the state of
Alabama, have the responsibility for running jails under Alabama
16
law, because "[i]n practice, Alabama counties and their sheriffs
maintain their county jails in partnership." Id. at 1478-79.
Inherent in Parker's finding that counties and sheriffs
maintain jails "in partnership" was a finding that counties have
some duty or authority in the area of running county jails. Put
another way, only because Alabama law gives both counties and
sheriffs certain power with respect to running county jails could
it be said that a county's power in that area takes the form of a
partnership with the sheriff. McMillian correctly notes that
Parker does not require that a municipality act "in partnership"
with a government official to be liable for the official's actions.
But McMillian errs to the extent that he suggests that Parker
disavows any requirement that a municipality possess power in a
particular area for an official's actions in that area to be
attributed to the municipality. Parker holds that a county need
not directly control the sheriff to be held liable for the
sheriff's actions. 862 F.2d at 1480. It does not even suggest,
however, that a county need not have power in an area for a sheriff
to be said to exercise county power in that area.
McMillian contends that Monroe County possesses the degree of
law enforcement power required by Parker. Parker listed several
features of Alabama law demonstrating that, in practice, counties
share authority for running jails with sheriffs. Parker, 862 F.2d
at 1479. Cf. Strickler v. Waters, 989 F.2d 1375, 1390 (4th Cir.)
(state law requiring city to fund jail and keep it in good order
not enough to render city liable for sheriff's actions in
17
administering jail), cert. denied, 114 S. Ct. 393 (1993).
McMillian seizes on certain of these features to argue that
counties have the requisite power in the area of law enforcement as
well. McMillian is correct that certain features of Alabama law
with respect to jail maintenance, primarily those relating to
county funding of the sheriff's operations, also obtain with
respect to law enforcement. But McMillian's analogy fails because
important aspects of Alabama law evincing county power in the jail
maintenance area find no parallel in the law enforcement area.
As Parker notes, for example, in the area of jail maintenance,
the county commission is described by state law as the "body having
control over the jail," to which the state board of corrections
must submit certain jail inspection reports. 862 F.2d at 1479
(citing Ala. Code § 14-6-81). Though not cited in Parker, other
provisions of the Alabama Code further demonstrate county authority
over jails. For instance, the chairman of the county commission
has the power to inspect jails weekly and report the results to the
grand jury. Ala. Code § 11-12-22. In contrast, Alabama law
allocates to counties no similar powers in the area of law
enforcement. County involvement is limited: county voters elect
the sheriff and the county funds her operations.5 Thus, it cannot
be said that sheriffs and counties hold power in partnership as in
5
McMillian seems to suggest that the provision requiring
sheriffs to perform certain actions in their respective counties,
Ala. Code § 36-22-3(4), amounts to a grant of law enforcement power
to counties. It is true that state law limits a sheriff's
jurisdiction to her county. But such a geographical limitation on
the sheriff's power is fundamentally different from a grant of law
enforcement power to the county itself.
18
Parker, or that counties otherwise possess the degree of law
enforcement authority necessary to say that a sheriff exercises
county power in that area. But see Turner v. Upton County, 915
F.2d 133, 136 (5th Cir. 1990) (holding that sheriff is county
policymaker in area of law enforcement by virtue of election by
county voters), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1069, 111 S. Ct. 788
(1991).6
Our conclusion that, under Alabama law, law enforcement is an
exercise of state power, whereas jail maintenance is an exercise of
county power, accords with our other precedent. McMillian argues
that Lucas v. O'Loughlin, 831 F.2d 232 (11th Cir. 1987), cert.
denied, 485 U.S. 1035, 108 S. Ct. 1595 (1988), and the two Fifth
Circuit cases upon which it relied demonstrate that a sheriff is a
county policymaker in the area of law enforcement. He contends
that the factors we relied on to hold that a Florida sheriff's
termination of a deputy was an act of the county, id. at 235, are
the same under Alabama law: the sheriff is elected by the county,
carries out his duties within the county, is funded by the county,
and has absolute authority over the subject matter. He concedes
two differences between Lucas and his case. Lucas involved
6
We note that the Fifth Circuit seems to view an officer's
election by county voters as a significant, if not dispositive,
factor in holding counties liable for the officer's actions under
§ 1983. E.g., id.; Crane v. State of Texas, 766 F.2d 193, 195 (5th
Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1020, 106 S. Ct. 570 (1985). But see
Keathley v. Vitale, 866 F. Supp. 272, 276 (E.D. Va. 1994) (holding
that election is not sufficient basis to attribute sheriff's acts
to city). As we have explained, we do not view a sheriff's
election by county voters as dispositive, particularly when other
factors demonstrate that a sheriff is not exercising county power.
19
appointment and control of deputies, while he challenges law
enforcement activities; and sheriffs in Alabama are state officers,
while sheriffs in Florida are county officers. Nevertheless,
McMillian argues that these differences are not dispositive. Once
again, we disagree. We have already explained that an Alabama
sheriff's designation as a state official is relevant to whether
she exercises county law enforcement power; we shall not belabor
that point.
We also disagree with McMillian's argument that the type of
action challenged makes no difference. He contends that because
Sheriff Tate has absolute authority over law enforcement, just as
the sheriff in Lucas had absolute authority over the termination of
his deputy, Sheriff Tate must be a final policymaker for the county
in the area of law enforcement. This argument fails for at least
two reasons. First, that an official has absolute authority over
an area shows only that she is a final policymaker in the area; it
says nothing about whose authority she exercises in that area,
i.e., whether she is a final policymaker for the county or the
state. Keathley v. Vitale, 866 F. Supp. at 275. Second, whether
the action challenged involves termination of an employee or
traditional law enforcement activity is critical to whether a
sheriff exercises county or state authority. Lucas bears this out.
In holding that the Florida sheriff acted as a county
policymaker, Lucas relied on the distinction between an official's
local power in administrative matters and her state power in other
matters. We quoted two Fifth Circuit cases drawing the distinction
20
between local duties and state duties. Lucas, 831 F.2d at 235.
Familias Unidas distinguished between a Texas county judge's
traditional role in the administration of county government and his
role in implementing a state statute. Familias Unidas, 619 F.2d at
404. In that case, the Fifth Circuit held that the judge's role in
implementing a state statute, "much like that of a county sheriff
in enforcing a state law," effectuated state policy. Id. Van
Ooteghem similarly distinguished between a county treasurer's
"effectuation of the policy of the State of Texas [and] . . .
discretionary local duties in the administration of county
government," holding that the treasurer's "decisions regarding
termination of [an employee] fall on the local not the state side
of his duty: he was about the business of county government . . ."
Van Ooteghem v. Gray, 774 F.2d 1332, 1337 (5th Cir. 1985). In
Lucas, we determined that the same principle applied to the Florida
sheriff's termination of a deputy; thus, the sheriff was about the
business of county government, rendering the county liable for his
actions under § 1983. Lucas, 831 F.2d at 235.
Our holding here that Sheriff Tate is not a final policymaker
for Monroe County in the area of law enforcement, because Monroe
County has no law enforcement authority, really is just another way
of saying that when Sheriff Tate engages in law enforcement he is
not about the business of county government. The sheriff in Lucas,
in contrast, was about the business of county government in
terminating a deputy. And the sheriff in Parker was about the
business of county government when negligently hiring the jailer.
21
The county and sheriff maintain county jails in partnership, and
hiring a jailer falls on the local, administrative side of the
sheriff's duties.
We drew this distinction between local, administrative duties
and state duties in our post-Parker decision in Owens v. Fulton
County, 877 F.2d 947. In Owens, we held that a Georgia district
attorney acts for, and exercises the power of, the state rather
than the county when making prosecutorial decisions. 877 F.2d at
951, 52. Citing Parker, we noted that an official simultaneously
may exercise county authority over some matters and state authority
over others. Id. at 952 (citing Parker, 862 F.2d at 1479). We
found that a Georgia district attorney's relationship to the county
involves merely budgetary and administrative matters. Id. See
also Parker, 862 F.2d at 1478 ("The relationship between [the
sheriff] and the county . . . is central to the evaluation of
whether the county can be liable for [his] actions.") Thus, we
determined, a district attorney's acts with respect to budgetary
and administrative matters--such as terminating an employee--may be
exercises of county authority. But we held that the prosecution of
state offenses is an exercise of state authority. Owens, 877 F.2d
at 952.
B. Whether Hearsay May Be Used to Defeat Summary Judgment
In Count Three of his complaint, McMillian alleges that three
officials--Sheriff Tate, Larry Ikner, an investigator in the
prosecutor's office, and Simon Benson, an Alabama Bureau of
22
Investigation agent--coerced prosecution witnesses into giving
false testimony at McMillian's trial and thus knowingly used
perjured testimony. The district court granted partial summary
judgment to Tate, Ikner, and Benson on McMillian's claim that they
coerced Bill Hooks and Joe Hightower into testifying falsely,
holding that McMillian had failed to present sufficient evidence to
raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Tate, Ikner,
and Benson coerced Hooks and Hightower or knowingly used their
perjured testimony. The district court held that McMillian could
not create a genuine issue for trial with Hooks and Hightower's
hearsay statements to Alabama Bureau of Investigation agents
because the statements would be inadmissible at trial. In the
hearsay statements, Hooks and Hightower say that they were
pressured to perjure themselves; now they say in sworn affidavits
that they were not coerced and testified truthfully at trial.
McMillian contends that the district court erred in refusing
to consider the hearsay evidence on summary judgment. He contends
that the Supreme Court's decision in Celotex and our decisions in
Church of Scientology and Offshore Aviation permit the use of
hearsay to defeat a motion for summary judgment. Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 106 S. Ct. 2548 (1986); Church of
Scientology v. City of Clearwater, 2 F.3d 1514 (11th Cir. 1993),
cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 54 (1994); Offshore Aviation v. Transcon
Lines, Inc., 831 F.2d 1013 (11th Cir. 1987). Tate, Ikner, and
Benson contend that the district court properly refused to consider
the hearsay. Tate contends that McMillian misreads Celotex.
23
We do not read Celotex to permit McMillian to defeat summary
judgment with the type of hearsay evidence offered in this case.
In Celotex, the Supreme Court said:
We do not mean that the nonmoving party must
produce evidence in a form that would be
admissible at trial in order to avoid summary
judgment. Obviously, Rule 56 does not require
the nonmoving party to depose her own
witnesses. Rule 56(e) permits a proper
summary judgment motion to be opposed by any
of the kinds of evidentiary materials listed
in Rule 56(c), except the mere pleadings
themselves, and it is from this list that one
would normally expect the nonmoving party to
make the showing to which we have referred.
477 U.S. at 324, 106 S. Ct. at 2553. We read this statement as
simply allowing otherwise admissible evidence to be submitted in
inadmissible form at the summary judgment stage, though at trial it
must be submitted in admissible form. See Offshore Aviation, 831
F.2d at 1017 (Edmondson, J., concurring).
McMillian does not contend that Hooks and Hightower's
statements are admissible for their truth, that is, as substantive
evidence that they were coerced into testifying falsely. Nor does
McMillian contend that the content of the statements will be
reduced to admissible form at trial. He contends that Hooks and
Hightower might change their sworn affidavit testimony and admit to
being coerced, but a suggestion that admissible evidence might be
found in the future is not enough to defeat a motion for summary
judgment. McMillian alternatively contends that he can use the
statements to impeach Hooks and Hightower if they testify,
consistently with their affidavits, that they were not coerced and
did not testify falsely at McMillian's criminal trial. While the
24
statements may be admissible for that purpose, the district court
correctly noted that such impeachment evidence is not substantive
evidence of the truth of the statements alleging coercion. Such
potential impeachment evidence, therefore, may not be used to
create a genuine issue of material fact for trial. Because Hooks
and Hightower's statements will be admissible at trial only as
impeachment evidence, the statements do not create a genuine issue
of fact for trial.7
Neither Church of Scientology nor Offshore Aviation holds that
inadmissible hearsay may be used to defeat summary judgment when
the hearsay will not be available in admissible form at trial. In
Church of Scientology, we held that the district court should have
considered newspaper articles offered as evidence that Clearwater's
city commission conducted its legislative process with the
intention of singling out the Church of Scientology for burdensome
regulation. 2 F.3d at 1530-31. There was no argument that the
events recounted in articles could not be proven with admissible
evidence at trial, and we expressed no opinion as to whether the
articles themselves would be admissible at trial. Id. at 1530-31
& n.11. Indeed, there was every indication that witnesses would be
able to testify at trial from their personal knowledge of the
events recounted in the articles. Here, in contrast, McMillian
points to no witness with personal knowledge who will testify at
7
McMillian also argues that there is other evidence that
creates a genuine issue of fact for trial as to whether Tate,
Ikner, and Benson coerced Hooks and Hightower into testifying
falsely. We agree with the district court that the evidence is
insufficient to raise a genuine issue for trial.
25
trial that Hooks and Hightower were coerced into testifying
falsely.
In Offshore Aviation, we held that the district court should
have considered a letter offered in opposition to a motion for
summary judgment. 831 F.2d at 1015. The party moving for summary
judgment argued for the first time on appeal that the letter was
inadmissible hearsay. Id. We held that the objection to the
letter's admissibility was untimely and that the district court
should have considered the letter in its summary judgment decision.
Id. at 1016. We also noted that the fact that the letter itself
would be inadmissible at trial did "not undercut the existence of
any material facts the letter may [have] put into question." Id.
at 1015. Though we agree with McMillian that this and certain
other language in our opinion suggests that inadmissible hearsay
may be used to defeat summary judgment, we do not read Offshore
Aviation to hold that inadmissible hearsay may be used even when it
cannot be reduced to admissible evidence at trial. There was no
indication in Offshore Aviation that the letter could not be
reduced to admissible evidence at trial. Indeed, that the letter
at issue was based on the writer's personal knowledge, id. at 1016,
indicates that there was no impediment to the writer testifying at
trial as to the facts described in the letter.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court's
judgment.
26
AFFIRMED.
27