TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-16-00254-CV
Michael Morath, in his Official Capacity as Texas Commissioner of Education; and
Michael Berry, in his Official Capacity as Deputy Commissioner of Education, Appellants
v.
Progreso Independent School District, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 345TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-GN-16-000005, HONORABLE GISELA D. TRIANA, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This is an interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s denial of the plea to the
jurisdiction filed by Michael Morath, in his official capacity as Texas Commissioner of Education,
and Michael Berry, in his official capacity as Deputy Commissioner of Education (collectively, the
Commissioner). Progreso Independent School District (PISD) sued the Commissioner for
declaratory and injunctive relief, alleging that the Commissioner acted ultra vires in lowering PISD’s
accreditation rating and appointing a board of managers in place of PISD’s board of trustees. The
Commissioner argues that PISD’s claims are barred by sovereign immunity. For the reasons
explained below, we will reverse the trial court’s order denying the Commissioner’s plea to the
jurisdiction and render judgment dismissing PISD’s claims.
Background
In August 2013, the FBI arrested two Progreso ISD employees and one Progreso ISD
board member for participation in a bribery and kickback scheme involving federal funds.1 In the
wake of these arrests, the Texas Education Agency (TEA) initiated a special accreditation
investigation (SAI) of PISD’s management, accounting, and reporting of federal and state funds.
See Tex. Educ. Code § 39.057 (authorizing Commissioner to conduct special accreditation
investigations).2 The final report resulting from this SAI concluded, among other things, that PISD’s
board of trustees and executive leadership failed to perform their duty to govern, administer, and
oversee the management of the district’s funds; and that the board, executive leadership, and
administration “knowingly allowed serious and pervasive violations of federal, state, and local
requirements pertaining to financial management, including contracting and purchasing laws.” The
SAI report also determined that PISD lacked the auditing and financial controls needed to prevent
the type of fraud that prompted the federal investigation, and recommended as sanctions that PISD’s
accreditation status be lowered. See id. § 39.057(d) (listing actions Commissioner may take as result
of SAI). In response to the SAI final report, the Commissioner appointed a management team
1
The employees and board member later pleaded guilty to, and were sentenced to prison
terms for, theft from an organization or local government that receives federal funds. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 666(a)(l)(A) (theft or bribery concerning programs receiving federal funds); see also, e.g., D.O.J.
News Release, Multiple Sentences Handed Down in Progreso Bribery Scheme, 2014 WL 12649558
(D.O.J. Aug. 11, 2014).
2
Relevant sections of the Education Code were amended and partially recodified in 2017.
See Act of May 29, 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., ch. 807, §§ 6–23, __ Tex. Gen. Laws __ (codified in Tex.
Educ. Code §§ 39.001–.301). Our references to the Education Code and Title 19 of the Texas
Administrative Code, however, are to provisions in effect as of December 30, 2015, the date the
Commissioner took the final actions at issue in this suit.
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consisting of two conservators to direct the board of directors in its oversight and governance of
the district.
A few weeks after TEA released the final report from the SAI conducted in the wake
of the FBI indictments, the Commissioner initiated a second SAI to address violations of statutes and
regulations regarding financial and internal-control procedures that had been uncovered by the first
SAI. The final report from this second SAI, released in late August 2015, recommended that the
Commissioner lower PISD’s 2014–2015 accreditation rating and appoint a board of managers
“because the nature of the violations uncovered indicate a widespread and systemic breakdown in
the district’s governance that has caused substantial harm to the public interest.” Soon thereafter the
Commissioner notified PISD that based on the district’s “deficiencies in financial management and
legal compliance” as identified in the second final report and the management team’s reports, he was
lowering the district’s accreditation status to “accredited-warned.” The Commissioner also notified
PISD that he was imposing a board of managers—i.e., displacing the board of trustees—and
appointing a new superintendent based on the lowered accreditation status, the findings in the second
SAI report, and the fact that a management team had been in place for at least two consecutive years.
The Commissioner cited as authority for his action sections 39.052(d) and 39.057(d) of the
Education Code and sections 97.1055, 97.1057, and 97.1059 of the TEA’s administrative rules as
support for his determinations. See id. §§ 39.052(d) (authorizing lowering of accreditation status
based on district’s performance), 39.057(d) (listing actions Commissioner may take in response to
SAI); 19 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 97.1055 (TEA, Accreditation Status), 39.1057 (TEA, Interventions
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and Sanctions; Lowered Rating or Accreditation Status), 39.059 (TEA, Standards for All
Accreditation Sanction Determinations).
Throughout its oversight of the district, which began in January 2014, the
management team issued quarterly reports to the Commissioner regarding the district’s governance
and finance. In an early quarterly report, the management team recommended that the Commissioner
appoint a board of managers to replace the PISD board because, even though two new PISD board
members had been elected in the May 2014 election, it did not appear to the management team that
the board would be able to move forward in a positive manner. In subsequent quarterly reports, the
management team noted improvement, but maintained its recommendation for continued oversight
and guidance through August 2015, namely due to board-member actions regarding the district’s
finances. In its sixth and, based on the record here, final quarterly report (issued shortly before the
final report for the second SAI), the management team suggested that PISD’s board remained
dysfunctional, criticizing the board’s handling of the hiring of a new superintendent, the award of
a roofing contract, and an employee-compensation matter. Based on its “concerns over district’s
finances and the board’s inattention to district finances,” the management team recommended “that
a board of managers be put in place as soon as possible.”
PISD sought both formal and informal review of the Commissioner’s decision to
lower its accreditation rating and appoint a board of managers to replace its board of trustees. PISD
argued in its appeal to the Commissioner that none of the provisions cited by the
Commissioner—sections 39.052(d) and 39.057(d) of the Education Code and sections 97.1055,
97.1057, and 97.1059 of the TEA’s administrative rules—authorized the Commissioner to lower the
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district’s accreditation record. The district also emphasized that the Commissioner had not identified
a single violation of any Education Code standards that had occurred during the 2014–2015 school
year for which its accreditation status had been lowered. On review, the Commissioner declined to
change his decisions and, on the same day, lowered the district’s accreditation status and appointed
the board of managers.
After the Commissioner appointed the board of managers, but before the appointed
board of managers could take their oaths of office, PISD filed the underlying declaratory action in
Travis County District Court, asserting that the Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner acted ultra
vires in lowering PISD’S accreditation rating and appointing the board of managers. In support of
its claims, PISD asserted that the statutory and regulatory provisions the Commissioner relied on did
not authorize him to lower PISD’s rating and impose a board of managers. PISD also argued that
there was no evidence of poor governance of the district following the first SAI. As relief, PISD
sought declarations that the Commissioner acted outside his authority and temporary and permanent
injunctive relief prohibiting the Commissioner from lowering PISD’s accreditation rating and
appointing a board of managers.
The Commissioner filed a plea to the jurisdiction in response to PISD’s suit, arguing
that the trial court lacked jurisdiction over PISD’s appeal because lowering accreditation status and
appointing a board of managers are acts that are within the Commissioner’s statutory authority.
After a hearing, the trial court denied the Commissioner’s plea to the jurisdiction. It is from this
order denying his plea that the Commissioner now appeals. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code
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§ 51.014(a)(8) (authorizing appeal from trial court’s denial of plea to jurisdiction asserted by
governmental body).
Discussion
The Commissioner challenges the trial court’s denial of his plea to the jurisdiction
in four issues on appeal: (1) an ultra vires claim cannot be used for judicial review, cannot operate
retroactively, does not apply when a determination is made final by statute or rule, and cannot be
based on mere procedural defects; (2) the Commissioner did not act ultra vires because the Education
Code expressly authorizes him to lower accreditation status and appoint a board of managers; (3) the
facts alleged by the district do not constitute ultra vires acts; and (4) the temporary injunction was
an abuse of the district court’s discretion.
Under the ultra vires doctrine, sovereign immunity does not bar a suit against a
government officer to restrain acts that are beyond the officer’s lawful authority. See, e.g., Houston
Belt & Terminal Ry. Co. v. City of Hous., 487 S.W.3d 154, 161 (Tex. 2016). There are four
requirements for such a suit. City of Austin v. Utility Assocs., Inc., 517 S.W.3d 300, 308 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2017, pet. denied). First, the suit must formally be pleaded against a governmental
official in his or her official capacity. Id. (citing City of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d 366,
372–73 (Tex. 2009)). Second, the “suit must not complain of a government officer’s exercise of
discretion, but rather must allege, and ultimately prove, that the officer acted without legal authority
or failed to perform a purely ministerial act.” Id. The third requirement, which relates to the nature
and effect of the remedy sought, requires that the remedy must be prospective in nature—i.e.,
compelling legal compliance going forward, as opposed to awarding retrospective relief to remedy
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past violations. Id. at 309. The fourth requirement, which is closely related to the third, is that an
ultra vires claim otherwise within the trial court’s jurisdiction may independently implicate immunity
if it would have the effect of establishing a right to relief against the government for which the
Legislature has not waived immunity. Id. (citing Texas Parks & Wildlife Dep’t v. Sawyer Trust,
354 S.W.3d 384, 388–89 (Tex. 2011) (title as against State); City of Hous. v. Williams, 216 S.W.3d
827, 828–29 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam) (retrospective monetary relief)).
There is no dispute that PISD’s pleadings comply with the first requirement. But
even assuming without deciding that PISD met the second requirement by alleging facts that would
constitute conduct that is ultra vires of the Commissioner’s authority, PISD’s ultra vires claims run
afoul of the third and fourth requirements because the claims complain of alleged past ultra vires
conduct and seek relief that is retrospective in nature. PISD seeks permanent injunctions prohibiting
the Commissioner “from lowering the PISD accreditation status for the 2014–2015 school year” and
“from appointing a board of managers for PISD.” But the Commissioner has already lowered
PISD’s accreditation status and has already appointed a board of managers—in fact, he did so on the
same day that he denied PISD’s appeal of his determinations. Thus, to grant PISD the relief it
seeks—its prior, higher accreditation status and no board of managers—would require the Court to
reach back in time to undo the past executive action of the TEA, presumably by ordering the
Commissioner to change his prior final and unappealable decisions to lower the accreditation status
and appoint the board of managers, and to reinstate PISD’s accreditation status. We have previously
held that such an ultra vires claim—i.e., one that requests relief requiring the undoing of an already-
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final administrative act of the Commissioner—is jurisdictionally defective. See Texas Educ. Agency
v. American Youthworks, Inc., 496 S.W.3d 244, 265–57 (Tex. App.—Austin 2016, pet. granted).
The fact that PISD is challenging final and unappealable decisions is another, related
immunity bar to its claims. See Morath v. Sterling City Indep. Sch. Dist., 499 S.W.3d 407, 412–13
(Tex. 2016). In Sterling City the supreme court dismissed for lack of jurisdiction ultra vires claims
that complained of decisions by the Commissioner because the Legislature had made the
complained-of decisions final and unappealable—i.e., beyond judicial review. See id. Here, similar
to the provision at issue in Sterling City, Education Code section 39.151 specifies that the
Commissioner’s decisions on accountability ratings are final and may not be appealed. See Tex.
Educ. Code § 39.151(d)–(e). Likewise, TEA rules stipulate that the Commissioner’s final orders
following either informal or formal review are final and unappealable. See 19 Tex. Admin. Code
§§ 157.1123 (TEA, Informal Review) (final report following “informal review is final and may not
be appealed”), 157.1136 (TEA, Final Order & Appeal) (final order issued following “formal review
is final and may not be appealed”); see also Tex. Educ. Code § 39.058 (requiring TEA to offer
informal review before issuing SAI final report). As the plurality opinion in Sterling City noted, the
Texas Supreme Court “has never allowed a challenge to an executive decision made final by statute,”
and it would not “absent a ‘manifest,’ ‘conspicuous and irreconcilable’ conflict between the action
and the statutory authority asserted by the executive.” 499 S.W.3d at 412–13 (citing Klumb v.
Houston Mun. Emps. Pension Sys., 458 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tex. 2015)).
We sustain the Commissioner’s first issue. Having done so, we need not address his
remaining issues.
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Conclusion
We reverse the district court’s order denying the Commissioner’s plea to the
jurisdiction and render judgment dismissing PISD’s claims.
__________________________________________
Jeff Rose, Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Goodwin and Bourland
Reversed and Rendered
Filed: December 7, 2017
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Michael Morath, in His Official Capacity as Texas Commissioner of Education And Michael Berry, in His Official Capacity as Deputy Commissioner of Education v. Progreso Independent School District
Combined Opinion