ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Douglas Norris Steve Carter
Cambridge City, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Timothy W. Beam
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
SUPREME COURT OF INDIANA
JOSEPH C. MONEGAN, )
)
Appellant (Defendant Below), )
)
v. ) No. 89S00-0010-CR-600
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee (Plaintiff Below). )
APPEAL FROM THE WAYNE SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Robert L. Reinke, Senior Judge
Cause No. 89D02-0506-CF-39
October 16, 2001
SHEPARD, Chief Justice.
Joseph Monegan appeals his sentence for murder. Among other things,
he challenges as unexplained the trial court’s finding that he was in need
of correctional and rehabilitative treatment that could best be provided by
commitment to a penal facility. We conclude that Senior Judge Reinke’s
findings on this point are a model of clarity.
Facts and Procedural History
In 1996, a jury found Monegan guilty of murdering Tyrone Deloney, and
the trial court subsequently sentenced him to life without parole. See
Monegan v. State, 721 N.E.2d 243, 246-47 (Ind. 1999). On appeal, we ruled
that the trial court had unconstitutionally applied an aggravating
circumstance under Indiana Code § 35-50-2-9(b)(8) because the aggravator, a
prior killing, had not been reduced to conviction. (Id. at 257.) We
remanded to the trial court for re-sentencing to a term of years. (Id.)
On remand, the trial court sentenced Monegan to the presumptive term
of fifty years and enhanced his sentence by ten years. The court listed
three aggravating factors as justifications for the enhanced sentence.
Monegan again appeals his sentence. We affirm.
I. Aggravating Factors
We turn first to Monegan’s contention that the trial court improperly
considered several aggravating factors in enhancing his sentence. In its
sentencing order, the court listed three aggravating factors: (1) Monegan’s
history of criminal and delinquent activity, (2) the risk that Monegan
would commit other violent crimes, and (3) the need for correctional and
rehabilitative treatment that could best be provided by commitment to a
penal facility. Monegan argues that the trial court failed to provide a
specific statement regarding the need for correctional or rehabilitative
treatment and that the court improperly considered four apprehensions that
did not result in convictions.
Sentencing decisions rest within the discretion of the trial court,
and we review such decisions only for an abuse of discretion. See, e.g.,
Jones v. State, 698 N.E.2d 289, 290 (Ind. 1998); Morgan v. State, 675
N.E.2d 1067, 1072 (Ind. 1996) (citation omitted). The trial court has
discretion to determine whether a presumptive sentence will be enhanced due
to aggravating factors. Jones, 698 N.E.2d at 690 (citing Sims v. State,
585 N.E.2d 271, 272 (Ind. 1992)).
When enhancing a sentence, a trial court is required to state its
specific reasons for doing so. Georgopulos v. State, 735 N.E.2d 1138 (Ind.
2000). Accordingly, the court’s sentencing statement must: (1) identify
significant aggravating and mitigating circumstances, (2) state the
specific reason why each circumstance is aggravating or mitigating, and (3)
demonstrate that it balanced the aggravating and mitigating circumstances
in reaching its sentence. Ajabu v. State, 722 N.E.2d 339, 343 (Ind. 2000).
In relying on the correctional or rehabilitative treatment aggravator
of Indiana Code § 35-38-1-7.1(b)(3), it is not enough that the sentencing
court simply recite the statutory language. See Culver v. State, 727
N.E.2d 1062, 1072 (Ind. 2000). Rather, “the court must give a specific and
individualized reason why the defendant is in need of correctional [or
rehabilitative] treatment that can best be provided by a period of
incarceration in excess of the presumptive sentence.” Ajabu, 722 N.E.2d at
343 (emphasis in original).
Monegan argues that the court failed to give an individualized
statement explaining why sixty years of correctional or rehabilitative
treatment would be necessary as opposed to the presumptive term of fifty
years. On the contrary, after reading the sentencing order and the
transcript of the sentencing hearing, we conclude that Judge Reinke did a
commendable job of explaining why an enhanced sentence was necessary in
this case.
Judge Reinke set out Monegan’s long history of encounters with the law
and explained how each encounter failed to deter Monegan from criminal
conduct. The judge also noted the various types of care and rehabilitation
the juvenile justice system had provided Monegan since the age of twelve,
all of which proved unsuccessful.[1] Judge Reinke concluded his discussion
of the aggravating factors by noting, “All of these factors demonstrate
that any rehabilitation of [Monegan] will be extremely difficult to
achieve, and will require extreme long term commitment.” (Resent. R. at
84.) This was a textbook explanation.
Monegan next argues that the trial court improperly considered four
prior apprehensions that did not result in convictions. In the sentencing
order, Judge Reinke listed as support for the recidivism aggravator the
fact that Monegan was arrested in January 1995 for receiving stolen
property and carrying a firearm without a license. (Resent. R. at 82.)
The two charges were subsequently dismissed. (R. at 313-15.) In addition,
three other arrests that did not result in convictions were mentioned
during the sentencing hearing.[2] (Resent. R. at 139-40.)
A similar claim was advanced in Sherwood v. State, 702 N.E.2d 694,
700 (Ind. 1998), in which the trial court considered defendant’s prior
arrest for wrongful use of cocaine for sentencing purposes. The trial
court listed this prior arrest as an aggravator. See id. We held that to
the extent the trial court viewed the prior arrest as evidence of criminal
history it would be improper under Indiana Code § 35-38-1-7.1(b)(2). See
id.
On the other hand, such an arrest could properly be considered under
Indiana Code § 35-38-1-7.1(d) as evidence that “subsequent antisocial
behavior on the part of the defendant has not been deterred even after
having been subject to the police authority of the State.” Id. (quoting
Tunstill v. State, 568 N.E.2d 539, 545 (Ind. 1991)). As noted in the
Tunstill opinion, we have upheld this use of arrests not reduced to
convictions in a long line of cases. See, e.g., Creasy v. State, 518
N.E.2d 785, 787 (Ind. 1988); Dillon v. State, 492 N.E.2d 661, 663 (Ind.
1986).
That is precisely how this sentencing court considered the arrests.
Regarding the 1995 arrest, the court stated in the sentencing order:
Such arrest does not establish the fact of the commission of the acts
for which [Monegan] was arrested, but it does establish that
[Monegan’s] subsequent antisocial behavior was not deterred even after
[Monegan] was so subject to the police authority and made aware of the
State’s oversight of the activities of its citizens.
(Resent. R. at 82.) Moreover, with regard to the other three unconvicted
arrests, the court said:
Those matters were not pursued to criminal, to adjudication, but on
the other hand the fact that [Monegan] knows that he is the subject of
an arrest, and he knows there is a Criminal Justice System out there
that can impose sanctions, and even after he knew it for months he
continued to deal drugs to hundreds of people . . . .
(Resent. R. at 141.) Rather than as evidence of prior criminal history,
the trial court properly deemed Monegan’s four prior apprehensions as
evidence that his antisocial behavior was not deterred by numerous
encounters with the law. There was no error on this point.
Due Process Violation
Monegan next claims that consideration of prior arrests that did not
result in convictions violated his due process rights under the Fourteenth
Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Tied closely to his first argument,
Monegan would have us overturn or revise our holding in Sherwood, 702
N.E.2d at 700, in which we recognized a trial court’s power to make limited
use of prior arrests as an aggravating factor. He urges that we prohibit
any use of prior arrests as an aggravating circumstance. Monegan argues,
“If the court were able to consider the arrests and disregard the favorable
resolutions, the defendant could never effectively refute the criminal
charge[s].” (Appellant’s Rep. Br. at 15.)
Monegan’s argument would be appropriate had the trial court used these
arrests under Indiana Code § 35-38-1-7.1(b)(2) as evidence of prior
criminal activity. We have repeatedly rejected this use. See, e.g.,
Tunstill, 568 N.E.2d at 545. As we have just noted, however, Monegan’s
prior arrests were considered for their psychological impact upon the
defendant under Indiana Code § 35-38-1-7.1(d)[3], which gives a sentencing
court the flexibility to consider any factor which reflects on the
defendant’s character.
A record of prior arrests reveals that subsequent antisocial behavior
has not been deterred although the defendant has been subject to the police
authority of the State and made acutely aware of its regulation of possible
misconduct. As aggravating circumstances go, this seems less weighty than
other, more tangible aggravators, but we are not persuaded that it is
unconstitutional to take it into account.
As authority for the argument that this use of prior arrests violates
his Due Process rights, Monegan cites two U.S. Supreme Court decisions.
The first, Gardner v. Florida, 430 U.S. 349, 361-62 (1977), is a plurality
decision in which the Court invalidated the imposition of a death sentence
because the sentencing judge relied on a confidential, undisclosed pre-
sentence investigation report. The second, Townsend v. Burke, 334 U.S.
736, 740-41 (1948), involved the reversal of two sentences imposed on an
unrepresented defendant because the absence of counsel prevented the
defendant from effectively refuting the sentencing court’s misreading of
the record. Neither is applicable to the case at hand.
First, the trial court did not rely on any undisclosed or confidential
information. The court and counsel discussed Monegan’s history of criminal
conduct numerous times. (Resent. R. at 126, 129-31, 133, 137-38.) Second,
Monegan was represented throughout trial by counsel, who had the
opportunity to correct any misreading of the record by the trial court.
Finally, Monegan’s record was not misread. As previously noted, Judge
Reinke thoroughly analyzed and discussed Monegan’s past conduct in deciding
upon the sentence imposed. His consideration of Monegan’s prior arrests,
analyzed in the way he did and placed alongside a substantial list of
convictions, was not a denial of Due Process.
Age as a Mitigating Factor
Monegan next asserts that his sentence was manifestly unreasonable
because the trial court failed to give significant weight to Monegan’s age
as a mitigating factor. The court identified Monegan’s age as a mitigator,
but attached little weight to it because Monegan was less than forty days
from his eighteenth birthday. Monegan therefore urges us to reduce his
sentence. See Ind. Appellate Rule 7(B).[4]
A trial court is not obligated to "credit or weigh a possible
mitigating circumstance as defendant suggests it should be credited or
weighed." Archer v. State, 689 N.E.2d 678, 684 (Ind. 1997) (citations
omitted). As we stated in Sensback v. State, 720 N.E.2d 1160, 1164 (Ind.
1999), “Age is neither a statutory nor a per se mitigating factor. There
are cunning children and there are naïve adults.” In other words, focusing
on chronological age, while often a shorthand for measuring culpability, is
frequently not the end of the inquiry for people in their teens and early
twenties. See Ellis v. State, 736 N.E.2d 731, 736 (Ind. 2000). There are
both relatively old offenders who seem clueless and relatively young ones
who appear hardened and purposeful.
A cursory examination of Monegan’s record of criminal activity in
addition to the crimes he admitted at trial reveals a trail of criminal
conduct that is rather substantial for a person of his age.[5] Certainly,
Monegan was beyond the age where the law commands special treatment.[6]
"Our statutes ‘evince strong legislative sentiment’ that a child younger
than sixteen should be treated differently in our judicial and correctional
systems than one who is sixteen or older." Trowbridge v. State, 717 N.E.2d
138, 150 n.7 (Ind. 1999) (quoting Carter v. State, 711 N.E.2d 835, 843
(Ind. 1999)).
Monegan cites several cases where youth was a significant mitigating
factor warranting a reduction in sentence, but these examples are easily
distinguishable. See, e.g., Brown v. State, 720 N.E.2d 1157, 1159-60 (Ind.
1999) (consecutive sentences of sixty-five and thirty years for murder and
conspiracy imposed upon a sixteen-year-old should be served concurrently
given defendant’s youth, sparse criminal history and role as a follower);
Carter, 711 N.E.2d at 836, 843 (Ind. 1999) (reducing a fourteen-year-old’s
sixty-year sentence to fifty years given the defendant’s youth); Walton v.
State, 650 N.E.2d 1134, 1135-37 (Ind. 1995) (reducing a sixteen-year-old
defendant’s 120-year sentence to two consecutive forty-year sentences given
his youth, mental illness, and lack of prior criminal history); Hill v.
State, 499 N.E.2d 1103, 1109-10 (Ind. 1986) (reducing an eighteen-year-
old’s fifty-year burglary sentence to thirty-five years given defendant’s
age, the crime committed, and lack of prior criminal history).
Considering Monegan’s significant history of criminal conduct, the
seriousness of the crime involved, and the sentence imposed, the refusal to
give significant weight to Monegan’s age as a mitigating factor did not
produce a sentence that is manifestly unreasonable.
Applicable Sentencing Statute
Monegan’s final claim alleges that the trial court applied the wrong
version of Indiana Code § 35-50-2-3 at re-sentencing.[7] The court imposed
the maximum possible sentence, the presumptive fifty-year period enhanced
by ten years. Monegan argues that the appropriate sentence was a
presumptive forty-year period with a twenty-year enhancement.
As we held in Smith v. State, 675 N.E.2d 693, 695-97 (Ind. 1996), and
Hicks v. State, 690 N.E.2d 215, 223 (Ind. 1997), for murders occurring
after May 5, 1995, the presumptive term is fifty years with the possibility
of a ten-year enhancement. Monegan murdered Deloney on June 7, 1995. See
Monegan, 721 N.E.2d at 246. The court thus used the correct sentencing
statute.
Conclusion
We affirm Monegan’s sixty-year sentence for murder.
Dickson, Sullivan, Boehm, and Rucker, JJ., concur.
-----------------------
[1] Starting at the age of twelve, Monegan was apprehended and released to
his mother thirteen times, detained at the Mary E. Hill Youth Shelter in
Wayne County twice, detained at the Henry County Youth Center three times,
committed to Boys’ School, and completed the Aurora workshop for substance
abuse. Despite these efforts, Monegan continued his criminal conduct.
Moreover, Monegan compiled nineteen violations while at the Department of
Correction following his first sentencing and was the subject of four
incident reports while at the Wayne County jail waiting for re-sentencing.
(Resent. R. at 83.)
[2] A 1991 arrest for child molestation was dismissed due to insufficient
evidence. Some 1993 charges for theft, possession of stolen property, and
false report were dismissed because Monegan successfully completed the
Aurora workshop for substance abuse. (Appellee’s Br. at 9.) Finally, 1994
charges of vehicle theft, robbery, and battery were found not true,
although he was found to have resisted law enforcement. (R. at 313-15.)
[3] The section states: “The criteria listed in subsections (b) and (c) do
not limit the matters that the court may consider in determining the
sentence.” Ind. Code Ann. § 35-38-1-7.1(d) (West 1998).
[4] Formerly App. R. 17(B).
[5] The Sentencing Order refers to the following crimes: (1) commission of
an act as a minor that if performed by an adult would have been class B
felony robbery; (2) two counts of resisting law enforcement; (3) a prior
murder on March 25, 1995, established by evidence introduced at trial; (4)
numerous acts of dealing in cocaine, admitted to at trial; (5) carrying a
loaded weapon and pointing it at other persons, admitted to at trial; and
(6) frequent use of marijuana, admitted to at trial. (Resent. R. at 80-
81.) Of course, Monegan was also convicted of the murder upon which this
appeal is based.
[6] For instance, Indiana law provides that a child under the age of
sixteen who commits murder cannot be sentenced to death or life
imprisonment without parole. See Ind. Code § 35-50-2-3(b) (West 1998).
[7] In 1994, the General Assembly twice amended Indiana Code § 35-50-2-3.
The first amendment changed the presumptive sentence for murder in section
3(a) from forty years to fifty years and reduced the possible enhancement
from twenty years to ten years. See P.L. 164-1994 (approved March 11, 1994
and effective July 1, 1994). Soon thereafter, the General Assembly also
amended the section to exclude mentally retarded individuals from receiving
death or life without parole sentences, but it failed to incorporate the
changes of the first amendment. See P.L. 158-1994 (approved March 15, 1994
and effective July 1, 1994). The General Assembly corrected the problem on
May 5, 1995 by passing P.L. 2-1995, thereby integrating both amendments.
Nevertheless, between July 1, 1994 and May 5, 1995, there were two
presumptive sentences for murder. See Smith v. State, 675 N.E.2d 693, 695
(Ind. 1996).