NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 07a0422n.06
Filed: June 20, 2007
No. 05-2590
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
Northern Michigan Building & Construction )
Trades Council and its Affiliated Unions, )
)
Petitioners, )
)
v. )
)
)
National Labor Relations Board, )On Petition for Review of an Order
)of the National Labor Relations Board
Respondent, )
)
and )
)
)
Zurn/N.E.P.C.O., )
)
Intervenor. )
Before: DAUGHTREY, Circuit Judge; COOK, Circuit Judge; and WEBER, Senior District
Judge.*
PER CURIAM. The Northern Michigan Building & Construction Trades Council and its
affiliated unions (“Union”) petition the court to review a final decision of the National Labor
Relations Board (“Board”). The decision found portions of an unfair labor practice complaint filed
*
The Honorable Herman J. W eber, Senior Judge for the United States District Court for the Southern
District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
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by the Union against Zurn/N.E.P.C.O. (“Zurn”) to have merit and dismissed other portions of the
complaint as being without merit. Zurn has intervened in this proceeding on the side of the Board.
This court has jurisdiction over the proceeding pursuant to § 10(a) and (f) of the National Labor
Relations Act (“NLRA”), 29 U.S.C. § 160(a) and (f).
I. Background
The facts giving rise to the complaint are set forth in the decision issued by the Board in this
matter on August 22, 2005. See Zurn/N.E.P.C.O., 345 NLRB No. 1 (2005). The pertinent facts are
summarized herein.
Zurn is a general contractor headquartered in Washington and Maine. The Union is composed
of member unions representing various trades, including pipefitters, ironworkers, electricians,
carpenters, millwrights, sheet metal workers, and operating engineers. A local consortium contracted
with Zurn to build a cogeneration plant in Cadillac, Michigan. Before it began hiring for the project
in April 1992, Zurn entered into an arrangement with a state agency, the Michigan Employment
Security Commission (“MESC”), to register applicants for jobs at the project and to process their
applications. In late January 1992, after numerous union members had attempted to apply for jobs
directly with Zurn, Zurn informed the Union that it would not be accepting direct applications, but
instead MESC would process all applications. The Union then began sending its members to the
MESC office to register for positions. At least 349 applicants with union affiliations ultimately
registered with MESC.
Zurn came to a special arrangement with MESC called a “custom referral arrangement.”
Under this arrangement, instead of referring qualified individuals to Zurn in the order in which they
registered, MESC agreed to honor Zurn’s priority hiring system, known as “policy 303.” The policy
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gave priority in hiring to qualified applicants who were present or former employees of Zurn, or who
had appropriate work experience and had been referred by current managers, supervisors, or
employees of Zurn. Thus, MESC would register individuals with priority under policy 303 and refer
them to Zurn on a “name call” basis ahead of other nonpriority registrants, including those who had
registered before the priority registrants.
In April of 1992, construction work began on the Cadillac project. Thirteen pipefitters and
other individuals were hired in the first few months. In May, the Union began scheduling regular
organizing meetings with Zurn’s employees, which were attended by the 13 pipefitters and several
carpenters. On May 18, Zurn’s resident manager assembled the employees, announced that soliciting
was prohibited, and threatened to fire anyone caught soliciting. A few days later, Zurn laid off the
four electricians it had hired.
On June 2, several of the unions notified Zurn of their organizing efforts and identified their
employee organizers. Sometime in early June, the pipefitting crew began wearing union insignia on
the jobsite. On June 12, the Union notified Zurn’s superintendent that seven pipefitters, among
others, were members of the organizing committee and that it was demanding recognition on behalf
of Zurn’s employees at the Cadillac jobsite.
On June 18, the Union held a rally at Zurn’s gate, which was attended by pipefitting crew
members on their lunchbreak. The pipefitters returned to work wearing union insignia. That
afternoon, Zurn laid off the entire pipefitting crew, ostensibly for lack of work. The following month,
Zurn hired two firms to complete the piping work. Zurn then began its main hiring of construction
craft workers to build the plant, with the last hires occurring in April 1993.
Unfair labor practice charges were filed against Zurn on July 1, September 2, October 19,
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November 13, and December 4, 1992. On December 5, several of Zurn’s employees struck over
Zurn’s alleged labor law violations, including its failure to hire union applicants. Other employees
and individuals joined the strike activity. On December 8, the Union contacted Zurn and made an
unconditional offer to return to work. Around December 9, MESC discontinued making “name call”
referrals to Zurn, reverting to its usual “first in, first referred” method in reaction to Zurn’s requesting
70 more “name call” applicants on a preferred basis.
After the strike began, Zurn attempted to contact 39 union applicants, identified as
discriminatees in the Union’s charges filed with the Board, with alleged offers of employment. Many
of these applicants expressed interest in employment, but only one was ultimately hired.
The Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) who heard the case found that over the course of the
Cadillac project, approximately 1700 persons registered with MESC to work for Zurn, and 1057
completed MESC “Form 2511.” Of those applicants, 439 had union backgrounds. Zurn hired 202
employees in the trades the Union sought to represent: carpenters, millwrights, ironworkers,
pipefitters, boilermakers, electricians, and operating engineers. According to the Board, 50 of the
successful applicants had union backgrounds. According to evidence submitted by Zurn, 169 of those
hired, including 17 with union backgrounds, were hired pursuant to Zurn’s special referral
arrangement with MESC. The remaining 33 were hired according to MESC’s regular referral
processes. Of those, 15 had union backgrounds.
The Cadillac project was completed in August 1993. Zurn never recognized the Union as the
representative of any of its employees on that job.
Based upon the Union’s unfair labor practice charges, the Board’s General Counsel issued
several complaints alleging that Zurn had violated the Act by, among other acts and omissions,
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refusing to hire qualified applicants because of their union membership and affiliation; refusing to
consider such applicants for hire; laying off and failing to recall numerous union supporters;
threatening and interrogating employees; and discriminatorily enforcing a no-solicitation rule. The
matter was tried before an ALJ between June 1993 and May 1994. The ALJ issued his initial decision
on October 27, 1995. The Board remanded the matter to the ALJ. The ALJ issued his First
Supplemental Opinion on February 24, 1997. The Board subsequently remanded the case to the ALJ
to make further findings in accordance with the decision in FES (a Division of Thermo Power) &
Plumbers & Pipefitters Local 520 of the United Assoc., 331 NLRB 9 (2000), appeal after remand,
333 NLRB 66 (2001), enforced, 301 F.3d 83 (3rd Cir. 2002). On September 6, 2001, the ALJ issued
his Second Supplemental Decision. The Board thereafter issued its decision from which this appeal
is taken.
II. The Board’s Decision
The Board adopted in part and rejected in part the findings of the ALJ. The Board determined
that the first two elements of a refusal-to-hire violation as set forth in FES were satisfied; that union
animus had infected a number of Zurn’s hiring decisions; and that Zurn had failed to show that it
would have made the same decisions in the absence of the applicants’ union affiliations.
The Board found, however, that policy 303 is not inherently discriminatory because it does
not, either by its terms or necessary operation, discriminate in hiring among individuals on the basis
of union membership or nonmembership. The Board found that the policy “does not on its face
preclude or limit the possibilities for consideration of applicants with union preferences or
backgrounds.” The Board acknowledged that policy 303 does give preference to applicants who were
either current or previous employees of Zurn and thus were “known quantities” to Zurn, or who were
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known to managers, supervisors and current employees of Zurn who were willing to vouch for them
as potential employees. The Board stated that in its view, however, the policy was “a rational hiring
practice for an employer that is trying to attract a qualified, dependable work force, and does not
necessarily indicate an invidious motive.”
The Board also found the record does not indicate that Zurn implemented policy 303 for
discriminatory reasons. To the contrary, the Board found that policy 303 and it predecessors were
in existence long before the Cadillac project began and there was no evidence that policy 303 was
formulated in order to avoid hiring individuals with union associations. The Board also noted that
although the practical effect of policy 303 would be that the former employees and applicants referred
by Zurn’s current managers, supervisors and employees would tend not to be union supporters since
Zurn is a nonunion employer, this circumstance would not necessarily blacklist union supporters or
lead to a nonunion workforce. The Board noted, in fact, that Zurn had hired through MESC’s normal
referral process 33 lower priority applicants (individuals with appropriate work experience but
without prior employee status or referrals), 15 of whom had union backgrounds, for openings in the
trades the Union sought to organize. The Board also found that the actual operation of policy 303
resulted in the hiring of 17 union supporters, or approximately 10% of the 169 priority hires, in the
relevant categories. The Board stated that although the ALJ had discounted these hires as mainly
occurring prior to the onset of the Union’s organizing campaign in June, the fact that these hires
occurred at all indicated that “the hiring policy itself did not constitute such an impermeable barrier
to union applicants as to be inherently discriminatory.” The Board concluded,
Because we find policy 303 to be facially lawful, not implemented for discriminatory
reasons, and not inherently discriminatory against union applicants, we shall not order
that it be rescinded.
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The Board further determined that the General Counsel had established that Zurn harbored
anti-union animus that contributed to its decision not to hire the union applicants in 23 instances,
either by hiring nonunion applicants who lacked any priority under policy 303 or by failing to hire
union applicants who should have been afforded preference in hiring. The Board determined that
Zurn violated § 8(a)(1) and (3), which makes it unlawful for an employer to refuse to hire applicants
because of their union status, on those occasions.
The Board determined, however, that the incidents where Zurn departed from policy 303 were
not sufficient to establish that the entire policy was being used to avoid hiring union applicants. The
Board determined that the evidence indicated that Zurn generally followed policy 303’s priority
criteria in hiring, having failed to follow the priorities set forth in the policy in only 23 of the 169
hiring decisions made other than through MESC’s normal processes. The Board reiterated that policy
303 on its face does not discriminate on the basis of union membership or affiliation, and its stated
hiring priorities are rationally related to the goal of hiring a competent, reliable work force. The
Board stated:
[O]nly when the Respondent deviated from the hiring policy was its conduct
motivated by union animus. Consequently, we reverse the judge insofar as he found
that the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(3) even when it hired applicants pursuant
to the priority categories as laid out in policy 303.
The Board noted that where the policy itself is lawful, the General Counsel must show
individual discriminatory deviations in order to prove violations. The Board cited as an exception
to this principle a case where the discriminatory deviations are so massive that one can infer that the
entire process is unlawfully motivated, as was the situation in Fluor Daniel, Inc., 333 NLRB 427
(2001), enforced, 332 F.3d 961 (6th Cir. 2003). The Board asserted that in Fluor Daniel, the
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conclusion that the employer’s entire hiring system was infected with union animus was warranted
because the total number of deviations from the facially neutral stated hiring protocols (3,892) was
actually greater than the total number of employees hired at the two job sites in question.
The Board went on to examine the facts surrounding the refusal to hire five individual
applicants in this case – Sean Redner, Tony Perez, Gerald Richard, Lori Custer, and Joe Van Dyke.
The Board determined that Zurn’s conduct concerning these individuals indicated an anti-union
motivation and that Zurn had failed to show it would have refused to hire them even in the absence
of their union affiliations.
The Board rejected the Union’s allegations that Zurn had violated § 8(a)(3) by refusing to
consider the union applicants in addition to refusing to hire them. The Board found there was no
evidence that any union applicants were denied the opportunity to register with MESC and to be
considered along with nonunion applicants for positions with Zurn. The Board found that in those
instances where Zurn had discriminated in hiring against union applicants, there was no basis for
concluding that those applicants had been excluded from Zurn’s hiring process altogether.
After having determined that Zurn engaged in certain unfair labor practices, the Board ordered
Zurn to cease and desist and to take certain affirmative action necessary to effectuate the policies of
the Act. Specifically, the Board ordered Zurn to do the following: (1) offer reinstatement to the
members of the pipefitting crew who Zurn had unlawfully laid off; (2) offer employment to the union
applicants Zurn would have hired but for its unlawful discriminatory practices; (3) offer James
Bragan, Custer and Perez instatement to the positions they were initially offered and backpay based
on what they would have earned in those positions; (4) offer Redner, Richard and Van Dyke
instatement to the positions for which they applied and appropriate backpay; (5) place the remaining
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discriminatees in the positions they would have filled absent the discrimination, consider them for
future openings in accord with nondiscriminatory criteria, and notify them, the Union, and the
Regional Director of future openings in positions for which the discriminatees applied or substantially
equivalent positions; and (6) make the discriminatees whole for any lost earnings plus interest. The
Board determined that under the circumstances of the case, and especially the length of time since the
completion of the project, it would not apply the presumption of continued employment in the
construction industry such as that applied in Dean Gen’l Contractors, 285 NLRB 573 (1987).
Instead, the Board determined to match each discriminatee to a hired applicant and then track each
slot as it actually provided employment.
After the Board issued its decision, Zurn stipulated that it would comply with the Board’s
Order. The Union filed this appeal, claiming that the Board erred in determining that anti-union
animus did not infect all of Zurn’s hiring decisions; in not finding policy 303 to be inherently
destructive of the NLRA; in failing to grant a “refusal to consider” remedy; in failing to apply the
presumption of continued employment to the discriminatees in this case; and in issuing a remedy that
is not consistent with the Board’s findings.
III. Standard of Review
The court reviews the factual findings of the Board to determine if they are “supported by
substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Fluor Daniel, Inc. v. NLRB, 332 F.3d 961,
967 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing W.F. Bolin Co. v. NLRB, 70 F.3d. 863, 870 (6th Cir. 1995)). The Board’s
underlying findings of fact are “conclusive” if they are supported by substantial evidence. 29 U.S.C.
§ 160(e). The court likewise reviews the Board’s application of the law to the facts under the
substantial evidence standard. Id. (citing FiveCAP, Inc. v. NLRB, 294 F.3d 768, 776 (6th Cir. 2002)).
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The court may not overturn the Board’s reasonable inferences, even if it would have reached a
different conclusion. Id.
A finding by the Board that no unfair labor practice occurred and the Board’s dismissal of an
unfair labor practice complaint “must be upheld unless it has no rational basis” or is “unsupported
by substantial evidence.” United Paperworkers Int’l Union v. NLRB, 981 F.2d 861, 865 (6th Cir.
1992) (quoting United Mine Workers of America, Dist. 31 v. NLRB, 879 F.2d 939, 942 (D.C. Cir.
1989). The court accepts the Board’s credibility determinations unless they have “no rational basis.”
Fluor Daniel, 332 F.3d at 967 (citing NLRB v. Valley Plaza, Inc., 715 F.2d 237, 242 (6th Cir. 1983)).
IV. Analysis
A. The Board’s finding that anti-union animus did not affect all of Zurn’s hiring decisions is
supported by substantial evidence
Section 7 of the NLRA, 29 U.S.C. § 157, grants employees the “right to . . . form, join, or
assist labor organizations . . . .” Section 8(a)(1) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), makes it an unfair
labor practice for an employer “to interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise” of
their § 7 rights. Section 8(a)(3) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(3), makes it an unfair labor practice
for an employer “by discrimination in regard to hire or tenure of employment . . . to . . . discourage
membership in any labor organization[.]” Thus, an employer violates § 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act by
refusing to hire applicants because of their union status.
The General Counsel for the Board bears the burden of proof in a refusal-to-hire case to show
“(1) that the respondent was hiring, or had concrete plans to hire, at the time of the alleged unlawful
conduct; (2) that the applicants had experience or training relevant to the announced or generally
known requirements of the positions for hire, or in the alternative, that the employer has not adhered
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uniformly to such requirements, or that the requirements were themselves pretextual or were applied
as a pretext for discrimination; and (3) that antiunion animus contributed to the decision not to hire
the applicants.” Fluor Daniel, 332 F.3d at 968 (citing FES, 331 NLRB 9). The burden then shifts
to the respondent to show that it would not have hired the applicants even in the absence of their
union activity or affiliation. Id.
The Union claims that the Board erred in ruling that Zurn acted with anti-union animus in
refusing to hire only some of the union applicants and in determining that anti-union animus did not
infect all of Zurn’s hiring decisions. The Union specifically contends that the Board erred in
distinguishing Fluor Daniel, wherein the Board reached the opposite result, on the ground that the
deviations in this case were de minimis. The Union argues that 23 deviations out of 202 hires cannot
be deemed “isolated,” “marginal” or “anomalous” so as to allow Zurn to “escape a finding of pretext
that invalidates [policy 303] as a defense even to those decisions that appear to conform to it.” The
Union also claims that the Board counted the deviations in a different manner here than it did in Fluor
Daniel. The Union argues that if the Board had counted the deviations in a consistent manner, the
number of deviations from policy 303 would have exceeded the number of actual hires. The Union
further contends that the Board erred in calculating the number of deviations and, specifically, by
reducing the number of unqualified hires as determined by the ALJ from 70 to 11, because the Board
failed to count all inexperienced applicants hired by Zurn as deviations. First, the Union claims that
the Board’s exclusion of three inexperienced hires based on the fact that they were hired in April or
May of 1992, before Zurn began using policy 303 in early June to avoid hiring union applicants, is
unfounded because the Board failed to consider that the Union’s organizing campaign began as early
as January of 1992. Second, the Union claims that the Board erred when it discounted the remaining
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hiring deviations in favor of unqualified hires on the ground that nearly half of them were hired into
helper positions for which “pertinent craft experience would seem to be less crucial.” The Union
alleges there was no evidence to support this speculation by the Board, and its reasoning runs counter
to Zurn’s assertion that policy 303 was “designed to select the most qualified applicant for the job
opening.”
The Union further argues that because the Board determined that the ALJ had failed to make
particularized findings in support of his ruling that there were at least 70 nonunion applicants hired
who had little or no experience in their job categories, the Board should have remanded the case to
the ALJ to make particularized findings instead of discrediting the ALJ’s findings. In an attempt to
demonstrate the Board’s error in failing to do so, the Union cites examples of individuals hired by
Zurn who allegedly had little or no qualifications for the positions for which they were hired. The
Union also claims that the Board failed to count all of Zurn’s falsifications of applications as
deviations from the hiring policy. The Union claims that these deviations are not only independent
evidence of anti-union animus, but they constitute sufficient independent evidence that Zurn
manipulated its hiring policy to discriminate in a wholesale manner against all union applicants. The
Union contends that although the ALJ found that Zurn had altered the applications of six non-union
applicants to indicate they had been referred to the job so as to have higher priority over union
applicants, and the ALJ further found that the parties had stipulated that 12 additional applications
were falsified to show referrals that never occurred, the Board found, without justification, that Zurn
deviated from policy 303 by falsely altering only three applications. The Union argues that even
assuming there were only three falsifications as the Board found, this is sufficient to show anti-union
animus because lying must carry more weight than other types of deviations.
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The Union also argues that the Board’s conclusion that Zurn hired a substantial number of
union supporters is not supported by the evidence. The Union alleges that the Board relied on
evidence that was not reliable and that should not have been admitted and credited by the Board in
making this determination. The Union argues that, in actuality, only 9.4% of the 202 individuals
hired for the Cadillac project had any indicia of union backgrounds and only 11% of the previous
employers listed on the applications of those hired were union.
In response, the Board contends that the Union failed to show that Zurn devised or
implemented policy 303 to avoid hiring union applicants. The Board contends that the evidence
shows that Zurn has a history of carrying a mobile work force with it throughout the country from one
job to the next; Zurn regularly rehired current and former employees and referrals to work on new
projects; Zurn had a hiring policy that gave preference to former employees and to referrals in effect
since at least the late 1980’s; Zurn hired some 50 employees with union backgrounds; and Zurn failed
to hire many non-union applicants. The Board claims that the court lacks jurisdiction to consider the
Union’s arguments regarding the admissibility of evidence because the Union never argued before
the Board that the ALJ erred in admitting the exhibits that it now questions and it never filed a motion
for reconsideration from the Board’s decision.
The Board also argues that it was justified in reducing the number of unqualified hires from
70 to 11 because (1) the ALJ named only 14 allegedly unqualified hires and failed to make specific
findings regarding the circumstances surrounding all 70 hires, and (2) discounting three of the pre-
June hires was consistent with the Union’s theory that Zurn discriminated following Union organizing
efforts that began in June 1992. The Board also claims the Union failed to preserve for appellate
review its argument that the Board should have remanded the case to the ALJ for particularized
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findings on the number of unqualified personnel hired because it could have filed a motion to
reconsider after the Board issued its decision. The Board further argues that the Union has
dramatically undercounted the number of hires with union backgrounds and has incorrectly identified
other individuals as lacking the qualifications necessary for the jobs for which they were hired.
A review of the record as a whole discloses that the Board’s factual findings and its
conclusions are supported by substantial evidence. The Board properly considered exhibits that the
ALJ had received into evidence regarding the categorization of individuals as having union status.
The Union has not shown that the Board’s decisions to credit the evidence before it concerning
applicants’ union affiliations, to determine the number of individuals with union affiliations in the
manner it did, and to accord the evidence the weight the Board believed it deserved were irrational
and are not entitled to deference. The Board could reasonably conclude based on the evidence of
record that Zurn hired a substantial number of individuals with union affiliations and that anti-union
animus did not contribute to the decision to not hire all of the applicants Zurn failed to hire.
The evidence did not compel the Board to reach the same result it reached in Fluor Daniel.
The Union’s argument to the contrary is based on the premise that the number of deviations from the
hiring policy in this case, if counted in a manner consistent with the method used in Fluor Daniel,
are so massive that they exceed the total number of employees hired. Initially, we note that the Union
does not in fact seek to count the deviations in this case in a manner consistent with that employed
in Fluor Daniel. In Fluor Daniel, the Board apparently calculated the number of deviations from the
hiring policy at issue by counting the number of deviations from all hiring protocols for each
applicant. Here, the Union argues that the Board should have calculated the number of deviations by
counting each qualified union applicant that Zurn failed to hire for every non-union individual hired.
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The two numbers yielded by these different calculations do not provide a proper basis for comparison.
In any event, the Board’s failure to reach the same result here that it reached in Fluor Daniel does not
undermine its decision. The Board was free to calculate deviations in whatever manner it chose, so
long as its calculation had a rational basis and was supported by substantial evidence. The Union has
not shown that the Board’s manner of calculating deviations was either irrational or unsupported by
substantial evidence. The number of deviations found by the Board was not so massive that the Board
was compelled to reach the same result it reached in Fluor Daniel and to conclude that a failure to
hire all applicants with some type of union affiliation was the result of anti-union animus.
B. The Board’s determination that policy 303 is not illegal per se is supported by substantial
evidence
Some conduct has been held to be “so ‘inherently destructive of employee interests’ that it
may be deemed proscribed without need for proof of an underlying improper motive.” NLRB v. Great
Dane Trailers, Inc., 388 U.S. 26, 33 (1967) (citations omitted). “That is, some conduct carries with
it ‘unavoidable consequences which the employer not only foresaw but which he must have intended’
and thus bears ‘its own indicia of intent.’” Id. (quoting NLRB v. Erie Resistor Corp., 373 U.S. 221,
228, 231 (1963). “Inherently destructive conduct is that conduct which has ‘far reaching effects
which would hinder future bargaining,’ i.e., that conduct which ‘creat[es] visible and continuing
obstacles to the future exercise of employee rights.’” NLRB v. Centra, Inc., 954 F.2d 366, 373 (6th
Cir. 1992) (citing Esmark, Inc. v. NLRB, 887 F.2d 739, 748 (7th Cir. 1989) (quoting Portland
Willamette Co. v. NLRB, 534 F.2d 1331, 1334 (9th Cir. 1976))). The two types of inherently
destructive conduct are “actions distinguishing among workers based on participation (or lack of
participation) in a protected activity, and those acts which . . . discourage collective bargaining by
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making it appear as a futile exercise in the eyes of employees. Id. (citing Esmark, 887 F.2d at 748-
49).
If the conduct in question is deemed “inherently destructive,” the employer “has the burden
of explaining away, justifying or characterizing ‘his actions as something different than they appear
on their face,’ and if he fails, ‘an unfair labor practice charge is made out.’” Great Dane Trailers, 388
U.S. at 33 (citing Erie Resistor, 373 U.S. at 228). If the employer satisfies its burden, “the Board may
nevertheless draw an inference of improper motive from the conduct itself and exercise its duty to
strike the proper balance between the asserted business justifications and the invasion of employee
rights in light of the Act and its policy.” Id. at 33-34 (citing Erie Resistor, 373 U.S. at 229). “On the
other hand, when ‘the resulting harm to employee rights is comparatively slight, and a substantial and
legitimate business end is served, the employers’ conduct is prima facie lawful,’ and an affirmative
showing of improper motivation must be made.” Id. at 34 (citing NLRB v. Brown, 380 U.S. 278, 289
(1965) and Am. Ship Building Co. v. NLRB, 380 U.S. 300, 311-313 (1965)).
The Union argues that policy 303 is illegal per se or inherently destructive of the NLRA. The
Union claims that Zurn’s hiring protocols created a dual system under which non-preferred job
seekers seldom completed the application process or, if they did, were turned down, whereas preferred
workers, who were unlikely to be proponents of unionization, were virtually guaranteed employment
and sailed through the application stage with direct assistance from Zurn. The Union asserts that after
studying the hiring and recruiting protocols used for its Cadillac project, Zurn’s own expert witness
testified that those mechanisms would be expected to result in a workforce dominated by employees
with nonunion backgrounds.
In response, the Board alleges that the Union abandoned its claim that policy 303 is
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“inherently destructive” of the Act by expressly asserting before the ALJ that it was not alleging that
the policy is “illegal per se.” Addressing the merits of the claim, the Board contends that it had a
rational basis for finding that policy 303 is not “inherently destructive.” The Board claims that the
policy says nothing on its face about union membership and therefore does not, on its face, preclude
or limit the possibilities for consideration of applicants with union preferences or backgrounds. The
Board further argues that an employer is entitled to rely on a priority hiring policy as a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason to not hire an applicant, so it follows that such a policy cannot be inherently
discriminatory. The Board also contends that it offered a rational explanation for how current and
former employees and referred applicants would tend to not be union supporters, but would not
necessarily be blacklisted. The Board further argues that the Union’s suggestion that the hiring policy
perpetuated a work force that is the product of prior unlawful discrimination is not well-taken because
the Union failed to show that Zurn engaged in widescale discrimination against labor unions prior to
the Cadillac project.1
The Board addressed in its decision the Union’s claim that policy 303 is illegal per se. The
Union is therefore not barred from pursuing its claim that policy 303 is inherently destructive of the
Act. The Union nonetheless cannot prevail under this theory because it has not offered sufficient
evidence in support of its claim. To establish its claim, the Union relies on the preferences that the
hiring system afforded candidates who had prior experience with Zurn or recommendations from
supervisory personnel with non-union work backgrounds, and on the testimony of Zurn’s expert
witness, Dr. Ephraim Asher, that he would expect Zurn’s priority system to “definitely” produce a
1
Zurn disputes the Union’s contention that its projects prior to the Cadillac project had never been union
operations and contends that one earlier project, the Pedricktown project, was in fact a union project.
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nonunion workforce. The Union contends that Dr. Asher’s admission constitutes evidence that “the
consequences of [Zurn’s] priority hiring system are so obvious that no evidence of motivation needs
to be presented.” Evidence that a hiring policy of this nature would result in a nonunion workforce,
however, falls far short of the type of conduct that would qualify as “inherently destructive” of
employee rights. The evidence offered by the Union is not sufficient to eliminate the need to establish
an improper motive and permit the court to overturn the Board’s conclusion that policy 303 is lawful,
the policy was rationally related to the goal of hiring a competent, reliable work force, and the entire
hiring process was not motivated by an anti-union animus, even though Zurn deviated from the policy
in a discrete number of instances.
C. The Board did not err in fashioning a remedy
The Union contends that Zurn was both actively recruiting and hiring employees for the
Cadillac jobsite, so that the blatant exclusion of union members and supporters from the hiring
process entitles those individuals for whom there were no job openings at the time of trial to a
“refusal to consider” remedy. The Union apparently believes that the individuals for whom there
were no job openings at the time of trial are entitled to a determination of whether other jobs
subsequently opened for which they would have been selected absent the employer’s unlawful
animus. The Union relies on the decision in FES wherein the Board held that (1) if a job opening
follows on the heels of a refusal to consider an applicant for positions of that kind, the question of
whether the applicant would have been offered the job had he been given nondiscriminatory
consideration at the outset is a remedial issue appropriately determined at the compliance stage, and
(2) if the General Counsel makes the required showing, then the job must be offered to that applicant
as a necessary part of the make-whole remedy. The Board counters that the Union is not entitled to
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a “refusal to consider” remedy because the Board dismissed the allegations that Zurn refused to
consider union applicants for hire as having no merit.
The Board’s position is well-taken. The Board determined that General Counsel had failed
to prove that Zurn excluded the union applicants from the hiring process, and the Board therefore
dismissed the allegation that union applicants were excluded from the hiring process altogether. The
Union has not shown that the Board erred in making this determination. It follows that the Board did
not err in failing to grant a remedy for an alleged refusal to consider union applicants for hire.
The Union also argues that the Board erred in refusing to apply the presumption of continued
employment because it departed from its established policy without explicitly announcing the change
in policy and its reasons for the departure. The Board stated that it was declining to apply the
presumption in light of the circumstances of the case, and especially the length of time that had
elapsed since completion of the Cadillac project. The Board did not err in this regard. The unusually
lengthy period of time between the unfair labor practices and the formulation of a remedy is a
sufficient basis in and of itself for declining to apply the presumption of continued employment.
Moreover, the Board formulated a reasonable alternative for making the wronged individuals whole.
Its decision to proceed in the manner it did is entitled to deference under § 10(c) of the Act, 29 U.S.C.
§ 160(c), which provides that in the event a violation of the Act is found, the Board is charged with
the responsibility of devising remedies to effectuate the policies of the Act. The court will not disturb
the Board’s order, which the Union has failed to show is “a patent attempt to achieve ends other than
those which can fairly be said to effectuate the policies of the Act.” See NLRB v. Overseas Motors,
Inc., 818 F.2d 517, 520 (6th Cir. 1987) (quoting Virginia Elec. & Power Co. v. NLRB, 319 U.S. 533,
540 (1943)).
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The Union further claims that the Board erroneously failed to include three discriminatees in
its amended remedy or proposed order and to include one individual on the list of applicants
discriminated against by departures from policy 303. The Union claims that the court should issue
an order instating these four individuals and making them whole for Zurn’s discrimination. The
Board has represented in its brief that it will consider the three discriminatees at the compliance stage
and nothing in its order precludes it from considering at the compliance stage the individual allegedly
omitted from the list of applicants. Based on the Board’s representation, the court need not address
these alleged omissions.
V. Conclusion
For all of the reasons set forth above, the decision of the Board is supported by substantial
evidence. The petition for review is DENIED.
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Northern Michigan Building & Construction Trades Council v. National Labor Relations Board
Court: Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Date filed: 2007-06-20
Citations: 243 F. App'x 898
Copy CitationsCombined Opinion