107 T.C. No. 14
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
PEN COAL CORPORATION, f.k.a. P&C "BITUMINOUS COAL", INC.,
Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
PEN HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES, Petitioner v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket Nos. 23670-95, 23672-95. Filed November 6, 1996.
Ps filed petitions for redetermination contesting,
inter alia, R's determination that Ps are liable for
interest computed at the increased rate prescribed in
sec. 6621(c), I.R.C., applicable to large corporate
underpayments of tax. R filed motions to dismiss for
lack of jurisdiction and to strike allegations relating
to Ps' liability for interest under sec. 6621(c).
Held: Sec. 6214(a) does not provide statutory
authority for this Court to redetermine Ps' liability for
interest computed at the increased rate prescribed in sec.
6621(c). Held, further, R's motions to dismiss for lack of
jurisdiction and to strike will be granted.
- 2 -
B. John Williams Jr., Carolyn O. Ward, and Miriam L. Fisher,
for petitioners.
Stephen M. Miller and Nancy W. Hale, for respondent.
OPINION
RUWE, Judge: This case was assigned to Special Trial Judge
Robert N. Armen, Jr., pursuant to the provisions of section
7443A(b)(4) and Rules 180, 181, and 183.1 The Court agrees with
and adopts the opinion of the Special Trial Judge, which is set
forth below.
OPINION OF THE SPECIAL TRIAL JUDGE
ARMEN, Special Trial Judge: These cases are before the
Court on (1) respondent's Motion to Dismiss for Lack of
Jurisdiction and to Strike as to Interest Due From the
Petitioner, filed in docket No. 23670-95; and (2) respondent's
Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction and to Strike as to
the Taxable Year 1989 and as to Interest Due From the Petitioner,
filed in docket No. 23672-95.
As explained in greater detail below, the issue for decision
is whether the Court has jurisdiction to redetermine petitioners'
liability for interest computed at the increased rate established
1
Unless otherwise indicated, all section, chapter, and
subtitle references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect
for the taxable years in issue, and all Rule references are to
the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
- 3 -
by section 6621(c) applicable to large corporate underpayments of
tax.
Background
On August 17, 1995, respondent issued notices of deficiency
to Pen Coal Corp. (Pen Coal) in which respondent determined the
following deficiencies in, additions to, and accuracy-related
penalty in respect of Pen Coal's Federal withholding taxes under
chapter 3 of subtitle A:
Additions to Tax and Penalty
Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec.
Year Deficiency 6651(a)(1) 6653(a) 6661 6662
1986 $1,694,871 $423,718 $90,425 -- --
1987 3,125,107 -- -- $781,277 --
1988 1,638,186 -- -- 409,547 --
1989 1,600,390 -- -- -- $320,078
Respondent also determined that Pen Coal's underpayments for the
taxable years 1986 through 1989 constitute large corporate
underpayments within the meaning of section 6621(c)(3) and that
Pen Coal is therefore liable for interest computed at the
increased rate prescribed in section 6621(c)(1).2 The notices of
2
Sec. 6621(c), which was enacted in its present form by sec.
11341(a) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, Pub.
L. 101-508, 104 Stat. 1388-470, effective for purposes of
determining interest for periods after Dec. 31, 1990, sets forth
the rules for determining the amount of interest payable under
sec. 6601 on large corporate underpayments of tax. Sec. 6621(c)
provides in pertinent part:
(continued...)
- 4 -
2
(...continued)
SEC. 6621(c). Increase In Underpayment Rate For Large
Corporate Underpayments.--
(1) In general.--For purposes of determining the
amount of interest payable under section 6601 on any
large corporate underpayment for periods after the
applicable date, paragraph (2) of subsection (a) shall
be applied by substituting "5 percentage points" for "3
percentage points".
(2) Applicable rate.--For purposes of this
subsection--
(A) In general.--The applicable date is
the 30th day after the earlier of--
(i) the date on which the 1st
letter of proposed deficiency which
allows the taxpayer an opportunity
for administrative review in the
Internal Revenue Service Office of
Appeals is sent, or
(ii) the date on which the
deficiency notice under section
6212 is sent.
* * * * * * *
(3) Large corporate underpayment.--For purposes of
this subsection--
(A) In general.--The term "large
corporate underpayment" means any
underpayment of a tax by a C corporation for
any taxable period if the amount of such
underpayment for such period exceeds
$100,000.
(B) Taxable period.--For purposes of
subparagraph (A), the term "taxable period"
means--
(i) in the case of any tax
(continued...)
- 5 -
deficiency also state that interest will be computed on the
addition to tax under section 6651(a)(1) for the taxable year
1986 pursuant to section 6601(e)(2).3
On August 17, 1995, respondent issued notices of deficiency
to Pen Holdings, Inc., and its subsidiaries (Pen Holdings) in
which respondent determined the following deficiencies in, and
additions to, Pen Holdings' Federal income taxes:
2
(...continued)
imposed by subtitle A, the taxable
year, or
(ii) in the case of any other
tax, the period to which the
underpayment relates.
3
Sec. 6601(e)(2)(B) provides in pertinent part:
SEC. 6601(e). Applicable Rules.--Except as otherwise
provided in this title--
* * * * * * *
(2) Interest on penalties, additional amounts, or
additions to the tax.--
* * * * * * *
(B) Interest on certain additions to
tax.--Interest shall be imposed under this
section with respect to any addition to tax
imposed by section 6651(a)(1) * * * for the
period which--
(i) begins on the date on
which the return of the tax with
respect to which such addition to
tax is imposed is required to be
filed (including any extensions),
and
(ii) ends on the date of
payment of such addition to tax.
- 6 -
Additions To Tax
Year Deficiency Sec. 6651(a)(1) Sec. 6661
1982 $1,457,191 -- $364,298
1983 990,664 -- 247,666
1984 1,510,584 -- 377,646
1985 2,317,050 $175,058 579,263
1986 5,102,222 -- 1,275,556
1987 4,229,739 -- 158,778
1988 3,181,108 -- --
Respondent also determined that Pen Holdings' underpayments for
the taxable years 1982 through 1988 constitute large corporate
underpayments within the meaning of section 6621(c)(3) and that
Pen Holdings is therefore liable for interest computed at the
increased rate prescribed in section 6621(c)(1). The notices of
deficiency also state that interest will be computed on the
addition to tax under section 6651(a)(1) for the taxable year
1985 pursuant to section 6601(e)(2).
On August 17, 1995, respondent issued additional notices of
deficiency to Pen Holdings in which respondent determined the
following deficiencies in, and additions to, Pen Holdings'
Federal withholding taxes under chapter 3 of subtitle A:
Addition To Tax
Year Deficiency Sec. 6651(a)(1)
1982 $676,894 $169,223
1983 972,657 243,164
1984 729,143 182,286
1985 1,079,888 269,972
Respondent also determined that Pen Holdings' underpayments for
the taxable years 1982 through 1985 constitute large corporate
- 7 -
underpayments within the meaning of section 6621(c)(3) and that
Pen Holdings is therefore liable for interest computed at the
increased rate prescribed in section 6621(c)(1). The notices of
deficiency also state that interest will be computed on the
additions to tax under section 6651(a)(1) for the taxable years
1982 through 1985, pursuant to section 6601(e)(2).
All references to petitioners are to Pen Coal and Pen
Holdings (and its subsidiaries).
On November 14, 1995, petitioners separately filed petitions
for redetermination with this Court contesting the notices of
deficiency described above. Each of the petitions contains
allegations that respondent erred in her determinations regarding
the imposition of interest under sections 6601(e)(2) and
6621(c)(1). Specifically, petitioners allege that they are not
liable for interest computed at the increased rate prescribed in
section 6621(c) because petitioners do not have a "large
corporate underpayment" for any of the taxable years in issue.
In the alternative, petitioners allege that respondent failed to
allow them an opportunity for administrative review prior to the
issuance of the notices of deficiency and that, as a consequence,
the applicable date for computing increased interest under
section 6621(c) is the date that the notices of deficiency were
mailed.4
4
We note that pursuant to sec. 6621(c)(2)(A)(ii), the
"applicable date" is the 30th day after the date on which the
(continued...)
- 8 -
As indicated, respondent moved to dismiss for lack of
jurisdiction and to strike the allegations in the petitions
concerning petitioners' liability for interest. Respondent
contends that this Court lacks jurisdiction in these proceedings
to redetermine petitioners' liability for interest under sections
6601(e)(2) and 6621(c).
Petitioners filed objections to respondent's motions in
which they cited Ohio Farm Bureau Federation v. Commissioner, 106
T.C. 222 (1996), and Northwestern Indiana Telephone Co. v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1996-168, for the proposition that this
Court has the authority, by virtue of its jurisdiction to
redetermine deficiencies in tax, to redetermine a corporation's
liability for interest under section 6621(c). In the
alternative, petitioners argued in their objections that this
Court has jurisdiction to redetermine such interest after payment
and within 1 year of the date on which the decision of the Court
becomes final, pursuant to section 7481(c).
During the course of the oral argument on respondent's
motions, counsel for both parties acknowledged that the Court's
memorandum opinion in Northwestern Indiana Telephone Co. v.
Commissioner, supra, had been modified (by Order dated April 17,
1996) to eliminate all references to section 6621(c). The
parties also acknowledged that, although Ohio Farm Bureau
(...continued)
notice of deficiency is sent.
- 9 -
Federation v. Commissioner, supra, includes references to section
6621(c), the Court did not address in that case the
Commissioner's determination that the taxpayer was liable for the
increased rate of interest applicable to large corporate
underpayments of tax. Id. at 223, 236 n.9. In addition, counsel
for petitioners conceded that the Court lacks jurisdiction as to
petitioners' liability for interest under section 6601(e)(2).
And, based on respondent's concession that no notice of
deficiency was issued to Pen Holdings for 1989, counsel for
petitioners also conceded that insofar as Pen Holdings is
concerned, the Court lacks jurisdiction as to the taxable year
1989.5
Following the hearing on respondent's motions, both parties
filed additional memoranda with the Court.
Discussion
The issue for decision in these cases is whether this Court
has jurisdiction to redetermine petitioners' liability for
interest computed at the increased rate prescribed by section
6621(c) on large corporate underpayments of tax. As explained in
greater detail below, we conclude that we lack jurisdiction to
redetermine such interest in these deficiency proceedings. We
leave for another day whether we have jurisdiction to determine
5
Both parties recognized that the Court may consider Pen
Holdings' 1989 taxable year in determining its correct tax
liability for the years in issue. Sec. 6214(b).
- 10 -
such interest in a supplemental proceeding commenced pursuant to
section 7481(c) and Rule 261.
Section 6601(a) provides the general rule that interest will
be imposed at the rate established under section 6621 on any tax
that is not paid on or before the last date prescribed for
payment. Section 6621(a)(2) provides the general rule that the
underpayment rate shall be the sum of the Federal short-term rate
determined under section 6221(b) plus 3 percentage points.
Section 6621(c), which was enacted in its present form by
section 11341(a) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of
1990, Pub. L. 101-508, 104 Stat. 1388, effective for purposes of
determining interest for periods after December 31, 1990, sets
forth the rules for determining the amount of interest payable
under section 6601 on large corporate underpayments of tax. As
relevant herein, section 6621(c) provides that interest shall be
computed on an underpayment of tax by a C corporation that
exceeds $100,000 at an increased rate equal to the Federal short-
term rate determined under section 6621(b) plus 5 percentage
points. The computation of interest under section 6621(c) is
applicable for periods after the 30th day after the earlier of
(1) the date of mailing of the first letter of proposed
deficiency which allows the taxpayer the opportunity for the IRS
Appeals Office review, or (2) the date of mailing of a notice of
deficiency under section 6212.
- 11 -
Petitioners have attempted to place in dispute their
liability for interest under section 6621(c) in an effort to have
the Court determine the correct "applicable date" for computing
such interest. Petitioners allege that they were not given a
meaningful opportunity for Appeals Office review and that the
applicable date should be from August 17, 1995, the date on which
the deficiency notices were mailed in these cases, rather than
the earlier dates determined by respondent.6
It is well settled that this Court is a court of limited
jurisdiction and that we may exercise jurisdiction only to the
extent expressly authorized by statute. Sec. 7442; Judge v.
Commissioner, 88 T.C. 1175, 1180-1181 (1987); Naftel v.
Commissioner, 85 T.C. 527, 529 (1985). It is equally well
settled that this Court's jurisdiction to redetermine a
deficiency in tax generally does not extend to statutory interest
imposed under section 6601. See Bax v. Commissioner, 13 F.3d 54,
56-57 (2d Cir. 1993), affg. an Order of this Court; LTV Corp. v.
Commissioner, 64 T.C. 589, 597 (1975); see also Asciutto v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1992-564, affd. 26 F.3d 108 (9th Cir.
1994). Indeed, section 6601(e)(1) expressly provides that
interest prescribed by section 6601 is treated as tax "except
[for purposes of] subchapter B of chapter 63, relating to
deficiency procedures". Because the effect of such language is
to exclude interest from the definition of a "tax" for purposes
6
See supra note 4.
- 12 -
of section 6211(a), it follows that such interest is not a
deficiency. See White v. Commissioner, 95 T.C. 209, 213 (1990).
Respondent moves to dismiss and to strike the allegations in
the petitions insofar as they pertain to section 6621(c) on the
grounds that (1) such interest does not fall within the
definition of a deficiency under section 6211(a), and (2) there
is otherwise no specific grant of statutory authority for this
Court to redetermine a taxpayer's liability for such interest.
Petitioners acknowledge the general limitations respecting
this Court's jurisdiction as to statutory interest.
Nevertheless, petitioners contend that section 6214(a) vests this
Court with jurisdiction to redetermine interest computed at the
increased rate prescribed in section 6621(c)(1).
Section 6214(a)
Section 6214(a) provides in pertinent part:
SEC. 6214(a). Jurisdiction as to Increase of
Deficiency, Additional Amounts, or Additions to the
Tax.--Except as provided by section 7463, the Tax Court
shall have jurisdiction to redetermine the correct
amount of the deficiency even if the amount so
redetermined is greater than the amount of the
deficiency, notice of which has been mailed to the
taxpayer, and to determine whether any additional
amount, or any addition to the tax should be assessed,
if claim therefor is asserted by the Secretary at or
before the hearing or a rehearing. [Emphasis added.]
Specifically, petitioners contend that section 6214(a) provides
this Court with authority to redetermine interest computed at the
- 13 -
increased rate prescribed in section 6621(c) on the ground that
such interest constitutes an "additional amount" within the
meaning of section 6214(a). In conjunction with the foregoing,
petitioners contend that this Court's narrow interpretation of
section 6214(a) in Bregin v. Commissioner, 74 T.C. 1097 (1980),
is erroneous. Petitioners further contend that the lack of any
mention of this Court's jurisdiction in section 6621(c), despite
the presence of such a provision in former section 6621(c), is at
most a neutral factor to be taken into account in resolving
congressional intent. We disagree with petitioners' contentions.
In Bregin v. Commissioner, supra, the taxpayer filed a tax
return for 1974 on which he claimed a credit for taxes withheld
on his wages in excess of the amounts shown to have been withheld
on his Forms W-2. The Commissioner overlooked the discrepancy
and allowed a refund to the taxpayer based on the withholding
credit reported on the taxpayer's return. Later, the
Commissioner issued a notice of deficiency to the taxpayer in
which the Commissioner determined that the taxpayer had received
unreported income in 1974. The notice did not include any
allegation that the taxpayer had claimed any excessive credit.
The taxpayer invoked this Court's jurisdiction by filing a
petition for redetermination.
Shortly before trial, the Commissioner filed a motion for
leave to amend answer to include an allegation that the taxpayer
had claimed an excessive withholding credit under section 31.
- 14 -
Although recognizing that the alleged excessive credit did not
fall within the definition of a deficiency under section 6211(a),
the Commissioner argued that the Court had jurisdiction over the
issue on the ground that it constituted an "additional amount"
within the meaning of section 6214(a).
Upon review of the matter, we rejected the Commissioner's
argument for several reasons. First, we looked to chapter 68
entitled "Additions to the Tax, Additional Amounts, and
Assessable Penalties", for guidance as to the meaning of the term
"additional amount" as used in section 6214(a). In light of the
similarity between the language used in section 6214(a) and the
various provisions included under chapter 68, we concluded that
the term "additional amount" as used in section 6214(a) was meant
to refer to one of the assessable civil penalties described in
chapter 68. Bregin v. Commissioner, supra at 1102-1103.
Next, we examined the plain language of section 6214(a) and
its predecessors and reviewed the legislative history of such
section. We noted that section 6214(a) originated as section
274(e) of the Revenue Act of 1926, ch. 27, 44 Stat. 56, which
authorized this Court's predecessor, the Board of Tax Appeals, to
determine "whether any penalty, additional amount or addition to
the tax should be assessed." Bregin v. Commissioner, supra at
1103. Although the term "penalty" was later omitted when section
6214(a) was enacted as part of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954,
we observed that the committee reports declared that no material
- 15 -
change was intended. Id. We further observed that the language
in former section 274(e) expanding the Board's authority to
determine whether "any penalty, additional amount or addition to
the tax should be assessed" was added by the Senate Finance
Committee for the express purpose of allowing the Commissioner to
determine that a deficiency is attributable to fraud or
negligence, after the issuance of a deficiency notice, but
without requiring the Commissioner to issue a second notice of
deficiency to the taxpayer. Id. at 1103-1104 (citing S. Rept.
52, 69th Cong., 1st Sess. (1926), 1939-1 C.B. (Part 2) 332, 353).
We stated that "the legislative history of section 6214(a)
indicates that the provision was not designed to have the broad
meaning urged by the Commissioner." Id. at 1104.
We also pointed out in Bregin that the Commissioner was
given the authority under section 6201(a)(3) to recover amounts
due from a taxpayer's overstatement of withholding credits
without issuing a notice of deficiency. Under the circumstances,
we could find no indication that Congress intended section
6214(a) to provide the Commissioner with an alternative method
for recovering on such a claim. Id. at 1104-1105.
Petitioners, like the Commissioner in Bregin, propose a
broad interpretation of the term "additional amount" in section
6214(a) in an effort to persuade the Court to exercise
jurisdiction over an item that otherwise does not satisfy the
statutory definition of a deficiency under section 6211(a). In
- 16 -
furtherance of their position, petitioners assert that the
Court's more restrictive interpretation of section 6214(a) in
Bregin is erroneous on the grounds that (1) the Court's
interpretation impermissibly renders the term "additional amount"
a mere redundancy; and (2) the Court violated section 7806(b) by
relying on the use of the term "additional amounts" in chapter 68
in interpreting the term "additional amount" in section 6214(a).7
We disagree with petitioners' assertion that this Court's
interpretation of section 6214(a) in Bregin v. Commissioner, 74
T.C. 1097 (1980), renders the term "additional amount" a mere
redundancy. As our detailed analysis of section 6214(a) and its
legislative history in Bregin amply demonstrates, Congress used
the phrase "any additional amount, or any addition to the tax" in
section 6214(a) to ensure an understanding that this Court's
jurisdiction encompasses items that are to be assessed,
collected, and paid in the same manner as taxes, including the
7
Sec. 7806(b) provides in pertinent part:
SEC. 7806(b). Arrangement and Classification.--No
inference, implication, or presumption of legislative
construction shall be drawn or made by reason of the
location or grouping of any particular section or
provision or portion of this title, nor shall any table
of contents, table of cross references, or similar
outline, analysis, or descriptive matter relating to
the contents of this title be given any legal effect.
* * *
- 17 -
additions to tax and other additional amounts (not labeled
"additions to tax") described in chapter 68.8
We likewise find petitioners' reliance on section 7806(b) to
be misplaced. Section 7806(b) provides that no inference,
implication, or presumption of legislative construction shall be
drawn or made by reason of the location or grouping of any
particular section or provision or portion of title 26. In
Bregin, we did not draw an inference, implication, or presumption
of legislative construction by reason of the location or grouping
of any particular section or provision of the Internal Revenue
Code in interpreting section 6214(a). As explained above, we
merely looked to chapter 68, and the meaning given to the term
"additional amounts" therein, to aid in interpreting the same
term as it is found in section 6214(a). Simply stated, we see no
tension between the Court's analysis in Bregin and the
proscriptions of section 7806(b).
Former Section 6621(c)
Contrary to petitioners' contention, we also find former
section 6621(c) and the case law interpreting that section to be
relevant in resolving the jurisdictional issue presented by
respondent's motions. A brief review of the provisions of former
section 6621(c), as well as the case law developed by this Court
8
We observe that the accuracy-related penalty imposed by
current sec. 6662 and the fraud penalty imposed by current sec.
6663 are both penalties and not additions to tax.
- 18 -
in regard to our jurisdiction thereover, will be helpful before
we discuss this matter further.
Former section 6621(c), originally codified as section
6621(d) and applicable with respect to interest accruing after
December 31, 1984, provided that interest payable under section
6601 will be computed at a rate equal to 120 percent of the
normal rate provided under section 6601 on any substantial
underpayment of tax attributable to a tax-motivated transaction.9
Former section 6621(c)(4) provided in pertinent part:
(4) Jurisdiction of Tax Court.--In the case of any
proceeding in the Tax Court for a redetermination of a
deficiency, the Tax Court shall also have jurisdiction
to determine the portion (if any) of such deficiency
which is a substantial underpayment attributable to tax
motivated transactions.
In short, former section 6621(c)(4) established a limited
exception to the general rule that this Court lacks jurisdiction
over statutory interest by providing that, in a proceeding for
redetermination of a deficiency, this Court has jurisdiction to
determine the portion (if any) of such a deficiency that is a
substantial underpayment attributable to tax-motivated
transactions.
9
Sec. 6621(d) was added to the Internal Revenue Code by the
Deficit Reduction Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98-369, sec. 144(a), 98
Stat. 494, 682. Sec. 6621(d) was redesignated sec. 6621(c) by
the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-514, sec. 1511(c)(1)(A)-
(C), 100 Stat. 2085, 2744. Former sec. 6621(c) was repealed by
sec. 7721(b) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989,
Pub. L. 101-239, 103 Stat. 2106, 2399, effective with respect to
returns the due date for which is after Dec. 31, 1989.
- 19 -
The question of the scope of this Court's jurisdiction under
former section 6621(c) arose in White v. Commissioner, 95 T.C. at
212-214, involving a so-called affected items proceeding. In
White, the Commissioner issued a notice of deficiency to the
taxpayers solely for additions to tax after the underlying tax
deficiency was assessed following the conclusion of partnership
level proceedings. The taxpayers filed a petition contesting the
additions to tax as well as their liability for additional
interest under former section 6621(c). This prompted the
Commissioner to file a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction
as to the additional interest.
In granting the Commissioner's motion to dismiss in White,
we first held, based upon a combined reading of sections 6211(a),
6230(a), and 6601(e)(1), that interest computed at the increased
rate prescribed in former section 6621(c)(1) is not a deficiency
within the meaning of section 6211(a). Consistent with this
holding, we rejected the taxpayers' argument that section
6230(a)(2)(A)(i) provided statutory authority for this Court to
redetermine such interest. Next, we analyzed former section
6621(c)(4) and concluded that our jurisdiction under that
provision is limited to cases where the parties dispute a
deficiency in tax imposed by subtitle A, and, specifically, to
determining whether a portion of such a deficiency constitutes a
substantial underpayment attributable to tax-motivated
transactions. In other words, Congress granted this Court
- 20 -
limited authority to determine only the portion of a deficiency
in tax that is subject to interest computed at the increased rate
prescribed in former section 6621(c)(1). Because the only items
in dispute in White concerned additions to tax, the underlying
deficiency in tax having been previously assessed as a
computational adjustment pursuant to section 6230(a)(1), we held
that former section 6621(c)(4) did not provide this Court with
jurisdiction to redetermine the taxpayers' liability for
increased interest under former section 6621(c).10 Accord
Odend'Hal v. Commissioner, 95 T.C. 617 (1990) (where addition to
tax was sole item in dispute, this Court lacks jurisdiction to
redetermine interest computed at the increased rate prescribed in
former section 6621(c)(1)); cf. Barton v. Commissioner, 97 T.C.
548 (1991) (this Court has jurisdiction to redetermine additional
interest computed at the increased rate prescribed in former
section 6621(c)(1) pursuant to this Court's jurisdiction to
determine an overpayment under section 6512(b)(1)).
Although the specific subject matter of present section
6621(c) regarding corporate underpayments is different from that
of former section 6621(c) regarding substantial understatements
attributable to tax-motivated transactions, the operative
principle common to both provisions is the imposition of
10
In concluding our opinion in White v. Commissioner, 95
T.C. 209, 217 (1990), we expressly suggested that congressional
action would be needed to fill the jurisdictional gap identified
in that case.
- 21 -
statutory interest at an increased rate. Given the commonality
of purpose of the two provisions, it is wholly appropriate to
draw a negative inference from the fact that Congress expressly
granted this Court jurisdiction in former section 6621(c)(4) but
failed to do the same in present section 6621(c). In this
regard, a brief recapitulation of the various elements of our
analysis will buttress the point and expose the inherent weakness
in petitioners' position.
As previously discussed, this Court's jurisdiction to
redetermine a deficiency in tax generally does not extend to
statutory interest imposed under section 6601. Significantly,
section 6601(e)(1) provides that the deficiency procedures set
forth in subchapter B of chapter 63 are not applicable to
interest imposed under section 6601. In addition to these
principles, we have discussed this Court's opinion in Bregin v.
Commissioner, 74 T.C. 1097 (1980), where we held that the term
"additional amount" in section 6214(a) is limited to the
assessable civil penalties described in chapter 68. These
factors alone are adequate to overcome petitioners' assertion
that section 6214(a) provides a jurisdictional basis for this
Court to redetermine interest computed at the increased rate
prescribed in present section 6621(c).
Moreover, when Congress' enactment of former section
6621(c)(4) is also taken into account, the result is overwhelming
confirmation that (1) petitioners' reliance on section 6214(a) is
- 22 -
misplaced; and (2) Congress simply did not intend for this Court
to exercise jurisdiction, at least in the context of a deficiency
proceeding, to redetermine a taxpayer's liability for interest
computed at the increased rate prescribed in present section
6621(c).
With regard to the first point, we note that if petitioners'
theory that section 6214(a) provides this Court with jurisdiction
to redetermine interest under section 6621(c) were correct, there
would have been no need for Congress to enact former section
6621(c)(4).11 Thus, in order to avoid an interpretation that
would render former section 6621(c)(4) redundant and superfluous,
it follows that petitioners' theory of jurisdiction is incorrect.
In addition to the foregoing, we believe that former section
6621(c)(4) reflects Congress' understanding of the need to
specifically define this Court's jurisdiction with respect to
matters involving statutory interest in recognition of section
6601(e)(1), which serves to deny this Court jurisdiction over
such interest. Against this background, we conclude that
Congress would have expressly granted this Court jurisdiction to
redetermine interest computed at the increased rate prescribed by
present section 6621(c) if such had been the intent of Congress.
11
Further, taking petitioners' theory to its logical
conclusions, the issue might arise whether this Court has
jurisdiction as to interest in general, notwithstanding the
provisions of sec. 6601(e) or as to any item that would not
otherwise satisfy the definition of a deficiency under sec.
6211(a).
- 23 -
Section 7481(c)
Petitioners' initial objections to respondent's motions to
dismiss included an alternative argument that this Court has the
authority, by virtue of section 7481(c), to consider petitioners'
liability for interest computed at the increased rate prescribed
in section 6621(c).
Section 7481(c), codified by section 6246(a) of the
Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100-647,
102 Stat. 3342, 3751, serves to confer jurisdiction on this Court
to resolve disputes concerning respondent's post-decision
computation of statutory interest; i.e., to determine interest on
deficiencies that have been redetermined by this Court and
assessed under section 6215. See, e.g., Stauffacher v.
Commissioner, 97 T.C. 453 (1991); Note to Rule 261, 93 T.C. 821,
1040-1041 (1989).
Section 7481(c) provides in pertinent part as follows:
SEC. 7481(c). Jurisdiction Over Interest
Determinations.--Notwithstanding subsection (a), if--
(1) an assessment has been made by the
Secretary under section 6215 which includes
interest as imposed by this title,
(2) the taxpayer has paid the entire
amount of the deficiency plus interest
claimed by the Secretary, and
(3) within 1 year after the date the
decision of the Tax Court becomes final under
subsection (a), the taxpayer files a petition
in the Tax Court for a determination that the
- 24 -
amount of interest claimed by the Secretary
exceeds the amount of interest imposed by
this title,
then the Tax Court may reopen the case solely to
determine whether the taxpayer has made an overpayment
of such interest and the amount of any such
overpayment. * * *
Notably, petitioners abandoned their alternative position in
the memoranda that they filed after the hearing in these cases.
Petitioners now assert that the question regarding the
"applicable date" for computing interest at the increased rate
prescribed in section 6621(c) is not an issue the resolution of
which falls within this Court's jurisdiction under section
7481(c). Petitioners further assert that if this Court also
lacks jurisdiction to redetermine their liability for such
interest in these deficiency proceedings, then they would be left
without a remedy in this Court.12
Consistent with the plain language of section 7481(c), it is
evident that the proceeding contemplated by such section may only
be brought after this Court's decision regarding the underlying
deficiency is final and the taxpayer has paid the interest in
dispute. See Asciutto v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1992-564,
affd. 26 F.3d 108 (9th Cir. 1994). Accordingly, the scope of
this Court's jurisdiction under section 7481(c) is not a matter
that is properly before us at this time, and we therefore leave
12
Petitioners do not assert that they would be without a
remedy in some other court.
- 25 -
consideration of that issue for another day. Suffice it to say
that the mere possibility that our jurisdiction may be limited in
a proceeding under section 7481(c) to determine petitioners'
liability for interest pursuant to section 6621(c) does not
provide the requisite statutory basis for us to exercise
jurisdiction over that matter in these deficiency proceedings.
Conclusion
In order to reflect the foregoing,
Orders granting respondent's
Motions to Dismiss for Lack of
Jurisdiction and to Strike
will be issued.