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Supreme Court Date: 2019.10.07
10:32:03 -05'00'
People v. Drake, 2019 IL 123734
Caption in Supreme THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v.
Court: GERALD DRAKE, Appellee.
Docket No. 123734
Filed March 21, 2019
Decision Under Appeal from the Appellate Court for the First District; heard in that
Review court on appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, the Hon.
Luciano Panici, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Appellate court judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Circuit court judgment reversed.
Cause remanded.
Counsel on Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Springfield (David L. Franklin,
Appeal Solicitor General, and Michael M. Glick and Erin M. O’Connell,
Assistant Attorneys General, of Chicago, of counsel), for the People.
James E. Chadd, State Appellate Defender, Patricia Mysza, Deputy
Defender, and Brett C. Zeeb, Assistant Appellate Defender, of the
Office of the State Appellate Defender, of Chicago, for appellee.
Justices JUSTICE KILBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Thomas, Garman, Burke, Theis,
and Neville concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant, Gerald Drake, was convicted of aggravated battery following a bench trial in
the circuit court of Cook County. The appellate court reversed his conviction and held that
retrial was barred by the double jeopardy clause. Based on the facts of this case, we hold that
the double jeopardy clause does not bar retrial of defendant. Accordingly, we reverse in part
the appellate court’s judgment and remand to the trial court for a new trial.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Defendant was charged by indictment with aggravated battery of a child (720 ILCS 5/12-
4.3(a) (West 2008)), heinous battery (720 ILCS 5/12-4.1(a) (West 2008)), and aggravated
domestic battery (720 ILCS 5/12-3.3(a) (West 2008)). The indictments alleged that defendant
caused great bodily harm to his six-year-old stepson, J.H., by immersing him in hot water.
¶4 Prior to trial, the State filed a motion seeking to admit J.H.’s out-of-court statement to
Rosalina Roxas, his nurse at John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital (Stroger Hospital). In that statement,
J.H. claimed that defendant caused his injuries by pouring a cup of hot water on him. The trial
court ruled that J.H.’s statement was admissible under the hearsay exception for statements
made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment. See Ill. R. Evid. 803(4) (eff. Apr. 26,
2012).
¶5 At defendant’s bench trial, Roxas testified that, as a registered nurse, she treated J.H. in the
pediatric intensive care unit at Stroger Hospital for burns to his buttocks, genital area, and legs.
When Roxas entered his room one day, J.H. called to her and stated he was going to tell her
something. J.H. then revealed that defendant poured hot water on him while he was in the
bathtub. When Roxas asked if J.H. had done anything to upset defendant, J.H. replied that he
had done nothing. Prior to that conversation, J.H. had not disclosed the cause of his injuries
but “just started crying if [anyone tried] to ask him anything about the incident.” On cross-
examination, Roxas confirmed that J.H. stated defendant poured a cup of hot water on him and
that she did not ask J.H. about the size of the cup.
¶6 The State also offered expert testimony from Dr. Marjorie Fujara, a specialist in child abuse
pediatrics at Stroger Hospital. J.H. was admitted with burns covering 13% of his body. J.H.
had third-degree burns through the full thickness of his skin on the tops of his feet up to his
ankles and second-degree burns on the soles of his feet, buttocks, and genital area. Full
thickness burns often require skin grafting because the tissue is damaged beyond recovery. Dr.
Fujara stated the burn pattern was “very distinctive” with a clear line between the burned and
healthy skin. The burns ended at J.H.’s ankles with no splash marks extending upward onto his
legs. She opined that the burns resulted from forcible immersion in hot water, explaining that
the soles of J.H.’s feet and his buttocks were burned less severely because they were in contact
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with the cooler surface of the bathtub. Dr. Fujara stated splash marks would be expected if J.H.
had been moving around in the bathtub. Based on the specific burn pattern, Dr. Fujara ruled
out alternative causes, observing that if J.H. had stepped into a bathtub filled with hot water he
would have “reflexively” withdrawn his foot and he would not have suffered burns to both feet
and his buttocks. Alternatively, if J.H. had been sitting in the bathtub when the hot water was
turned on, he would have flailed around when the water contacted his skin, resulting in splash
marks.
¶7 On cross-examination, Dr. Fujara stated she was aware that the hot and cold water lines
had been reversed and the hot water was measured at 160 degrees. That information, however,
did not alter her opinion that J.H.’s burns resulted from forced immersion. Dr. Fujara also
acknowledged that J.H.’s siblings were examined and did not demonstrate any indication of
abuse.
¶8 Thomas White, a retired investigator with the Department of Children and Family Services
(DCFS), testified that defendant stated his wife, J.H.’s mother, was at work when the injury
occurred. Defendant was at home caring for their children. White’s memory was “a little
foggy” on how many children defendant stated he was caring for, but it was either eight or
nine, and they ranged in age from infancy to 12 years old. Defendant acknowledged he felt “a
little overwhelmed.” At some point that morning, J.H. and his brother were wrestling and fell
into feces that had leaked from the baby’s diaper onto the floor. Defendant told them to go take
a bath.
¶9 White further testified that defendant did not explain how he became aware of J.H.’s
injuries. During his investigation, however, White learned that two of the other children told
their mother that J.H.’s feet were peeling after she came home from work between 10:30 and
11:30 that night. Defendant and J.H.’s mother then immediately took J.H. to the hospital.
Defendant acknowledged that he falsely identified himself as “Joe Campbell” at the hospital.
He also stated he was J.H.’s uncle and falsely claimed that J.H. was with a babysitter prior to
arriving at the hospital.
¶ 10 On cross-examination, White testified that defendant stated he was not angry when he sent
J.H. to take a bath. Defendant informed White that a new water heater had been installed a
couple of days before the incident. White turned the cold water knob in the bathtub and
observed the water temperature rise rapidly to 161 degrees. White noted the water temperature
normally should not exceed 119 degrees. He then went to the basement and determined that
the hot and cold water lines had been reversed when installed on the new water heater. White
did not observe any signs of abuse in the other children and stated they “[s]eemed appropriately
adjusted.”
¶ 11 Based on the evidence, the trial court found defendant guilty of the charged offenses. The
trial judge emphasized that the unrebutted expert testimony established that J.H.’s injuries
resulted from forcible immersion, defendant was the sole caregiver present when the injuries
occurred, and defendant exhibited consciousness of guilt by giving false information at the
hospital.
¶ 12 Defendant subsequently elected to be sentenced under the amended aggravated battery
statute. See 720 ILCS 5/12-3.05(a)(2), (b)(1) (West 2014). The trial court merged the
remaining counts into the aggravated battery conviction and sentenced defendant to 20 years’
imprisonment for that offense.
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¶ 13 On appeal, defendant contended, in pertinent part, that Rosalina Roxas’s testimony
recounting J.H.’s out-of-court statement was inadmissible hearsay and that the State failed to
prove the charged offenses beyond a reasonable doubt. 2017 IL App (1st) 142882, ¶ 20. The
appellate court held that the trial court erred in admitting J.H.’s statement identifying defendant
as the offender under the hearsay exception for statements made for the purpose of medical
diagnosis and treatment. The appellate court concluded the hearsay statement was not made
for that purpose and admission of the statement could not be considered harmless error. 2017
IL App (1st) 142882, ¶¶ 24-29.
¶ 14 The appellate court further held that the double jeopardy clause barred retrial because the
evidence presented by the State was insufficient to prove defendant guilty of the offenses
beyond a reasonable doubt. 2017 IL App (1st) 142882, ¶¶ 30-41. The appellate court reasoned
that J.H.’s hearsay statement was the only identification evidence placing defendant in the
bathroom when the injury occurred and the evidence showed that other people were in the
house when J.H. was injured. 2017 IL App (1st) 142882, ¶ 40. Defendant’s conviction was,
therefore, reversed. 2017 IL App (1st) 142882, ¶ 41.
¶ 15 Justice Gordon dissented from the portion of the majority’s opinion holding that the double
jeopardy clause barred retrial. 2017 IL App (1st) 142882, ¶ 48 (Gordon, J., concurring in part
and dissenting in part). The partial dissent maintained that the majority failed to consider the
excluded hearsay statement properly in its analysis of that issue. 2017 IL App (1st) 142882,
¶ 60 (Gordon, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). The partial dissent concluded that
this matter should be remanded for a new trial because the evidence presented at trial, including
J.H.’s hearsay statement, was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find defendant guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt. 2017 IL App (1st) 142882, ¶ 60 (Gordon, J., concurring in part and
dissenting in part).
¶ 16 We allowed the State’s petition for leave to appeal (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. July 1, 2018)).
¶ 17 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 18 On appeal to this court, the State does not dispute the appellate court’s holding that
admission of J.H.’s out-of-court statement was reversible error. Rather, the State only argues
that the appellate court erred in concluding retrial is barred by the double jeopardy clause. The
State contends the evidence submitted at trial, including J.H.’s hearsay statement, was
sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
According to the State, the appellate court failed to give adequate weight to J.H.’s out-of-court
statement identifying defendant as the offender in its double jeopardy analysis.
¶ 19 Defendant responds that the appellate court considered all of the evidence presented in this
case, including J.H.’s statement, and correctly held it was insufficient to prove defendant guilty
of aggravated battery beyond a reasonable doubt. J.H.’s hearsay statement that defendant
poured hot water on him was the only evidence that defendant was even present in the
bathroom, but the statement is inconsistent with Dr. Fujara’s opinion that the burns could have
resulted only from forcible immersion. Additionally, the evidence showed the hot and cold
water lines were reversed, and the hot water temperature was 160 degrees, indicating the burns
could have been caused accidentally. Defendant, therefore, concludes that this court should
affirm the appellate court’s judgment.
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¶ 20 The applicable law is well established. The double jeopardy clause prohibits a second, or
successive, trial to afford the prosecution another opportunity to provide evidence that it failed
to present at the first trial. People v. Lopez, 229 Ill. 2d 322, 367 (2008) (citing Burks v. United
States, 437 U.S. 1, 11 (1978)). The double jeopardy clause does not preclude retrial when a
conviction has been overturned because of an error in the trial proceedings, but retrial is barred
if the evidence introduced at the initial trial was insufficient to sustain the conviction. Lopez,
229 Ill. 2d at 367 (citing People v. Mink, 141 Ill. 2d 163, 173-74 (1990)). “[F]or purposes of
double jeopardy all evidence submitted at the original trial may be considered when
determining the sufficiency of the evidence.” People v. Olivera, 164 Ill. 2d 382, 393 (1995)
(citing Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33, 40 (1988)).
¶ 21 Retrial is the proper remedy if the evidence presented at the initial trial, including any
improperly admitted evidence, was sufficient to sustain the conviction. People v. McKown,
236 Ill. 2d 278, 311 (2010) (citing Lopez, 229 Ill. 2d at 367). In determining the sufficiency of
the evidence, a reviewing court must consider whether “ ‘ “after viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” ’ ” (Emphasis in original.) People v. Ross,
229 Ill. 2d 255, 272 (2008) (quoting People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261 (1985), quoting
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)).
¶ 22 In this case, a rational trier of fact could have credited Dr. Fujara’s testimony that J.H.’s
burns resulted from forcible immersion in hot water. Indeed, Dr. Fujara provided the only
expert testimony explaining J.H.’s burns.
¶ 23 Defendant contends, however, that Dr. Fujara acknowledged on cross-examination that the
burns on J.H.’s buttocks did not exhibit the “doughnut pattern” characteristic in forcible
immersion cases. Defendant quotes an article from the United States Department of Justice
entitled Burn Injuries in Child Abuse, as explaining that “[w]hen a child is held in scalding hot
bathwater, the buttocks are pressed against the bottom of the tub so forcibly that the water will
not come into contact with the center of the buttocks, sparing this part of the buttocks and
causing the burn injury to have a doughnut pattern.” Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice, Burn Injuries in Child Abuse, at 6 (2d ed. June 2001),
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/91190-6.pdf [https://perma.cc/Q97P-6LCD]. According to
defendant, Dr. Fujara testified on cross-examination that J.H. did not have that type of burn,
thus undermining her opinion that the burns resulted from forcible immersion. Defendant
posits that J.H. could have been burned accidentally because the water lines were reversed and
the water coming from the hot water tank was 160 degrees.
¶ 24 A review of the record, however, shows Dr. Fujara actually testified that J.H.’s burns
exhibited a doughnut pattern. When defense counsel questioned whether a picture of J.H.’s
buttocks “demonstrate[d] that kind of pattern,” Dr. Fujara responded “I think it does.” Dr.
Fujara explained that “probably because the water was so hot there is no absolute sparing,” but
she noted that “the area where he actually is sitting on the porcelain is less burned, so I do—I
believe if the water temperature weren’t as high, we might see that doughnut pattern of the
slight sparing in the center.” Dr. Fujara also noted that a doughnut pattern is only “commonly”
or “sometimes” seen when the burns result from forcible immersion.
¶ 25 In this case, Dr. Fujara offered persuasive expert testimony that J.H.’s burns resulted from
forcible immersion in hot water. Dr. Fujara’s testimony ruling out alternative causes rebuts
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defendant’s argument that J.H. may have been burned accidentally as a result of the faulty
water heater installation. We conclude that the trial court reasonably credited Dr. Fujara’s
testimony that J.H.’s injuries resulted from forcible immersion.
¶ 26 The critical issue, therefore, becomes whether the evidence was sufficient to conclude
beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was the offender. The evidence showed defendant
was the only adult present in the house at the time J.H. was injured. He did not seek prompt
treatment for the severe injuries suffered by J.H. Rather, J.H. was taken to the hospital for
treatment only after the other children informed their mother that J.H.’s feet were peeling. The
injuries apparently occurred when J.H. took a bath at some point in the morning, and J.H.’s
mother did not return home from work until late that night. When defendant and J.H.’s mother
finally took J.H. to the hospital, defendant gave an incorrect name, falsely stated he was J.H.’s
uncle, and told hospital staff that J.H. was with a babysitter prior to arriving at the hospital.
The trial court may have viewed each of those statements as evidence of consciousness of guilt.
See People v. Harris, 225 Ill. 2d 1, 26-27 (2007) (use of false identification may be admitted
as evidence of consciousness of guilt); People v. Milka, 211 Ill. 2d 150, 181 (2004) (a false
exculpatory statement is probative of consciousness of guilt). Accordingly, substantial
evidence pointed to defendant as the offender even without the excluded hearsay statement.
¶ 27 Finally, although the appellate court mentioned the excluded hearsay statement in its
analysis, we do not believe that statement was given the proper weight. Before concluding that
the evidence was insufficient to prove defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, the
appellate court observed that “J.H.’s erroneously admitted hearsay statement was the only
piece of evidence placing defendant in the bathroom where the injury occurred” and “[t]he
State provided no other identification evidence.” 2017 IL App (1st) 142882, ¶ 40. Defendant
similarly argues that the State did not present any live witness testimony showing defendant
was even present in the bathroom when J.H. was injured. The State was not necessarily
required to provide other evidence on that point, however. As previously noted, a reviewing
court must consider evidence admitted improperly when determining the sufficiency of the
evidence. Olivera, 164 Ill. 2d at 393 (citing Lockhart, 488 U.S. at 40). The excluded hearsay
statement is, therefore, competent evidence that defendant caused J.H.’s injuries for the
purpose of the sufficiency of the evidence analysis.
¶ 28 Further, all of the evidence, including J.H.’s hearsay statement, must be viewed in the light
most favorable to the prosecution. Given that standard, we believe a rational trier of fact could
have considered J.H.’s hearsay statement simply as an identification of the person who caused
his injuries. The trial judge was not required to parse six-year-old J.H.’s statement in a technical
manner. As a six-year-old, J.H. may not have been able to explain the precise way defendant
harmed him. Nonetheless, we do not believe a rational trier of fact is required to completely
discount the part of J.H.’s statement identifying defendant as the person who caused his injuries
merely because part of his statement is not perfectly consistent with the expert’s testimony.
¶ 29 In sum, our decision in this case is guided by the standard for reviewing this issue. We
must determine whether “ ‘ “after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” ’ ” (Emphasis in original.) Ross, 229 Ill. 2d at 272 (quoting
Collins, 106 Ill. 2d at 261, quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319). We believe the evidence,
including J.H.’s hearsay statement identifying defendant as the person who caused his injuries,
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was sufficient when viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution for a rational trier of
fact to find defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, the double jeopardy
clause does not bar retrial, and this case must be remanded to the circuit court for retrial without
the excluded hearsay evidence.
¶ 30 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 31 For the above reasons, we reverse the portion of the appellate court’s judgment barring
retrial of defendant for the charged offenses. We remand to the circuit court for a new trial.
¶ 32 Appellate court judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.
¶ 33 Circuit court judgment reversed.
¶ 34 Cause remanded.
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