The present action was brought against the defendant by the attorney-general, under section 803 of the Code of Civil Procedure, charging it with the usurpation and unlawful exercise of the powers of a legally organized irrigation district, and asking a judgment declaring that the proceedings under which it claimed to have been organized were illegal and void, and that its powers and franchise be forfeited. An answer denying the allegations of the complaint was filed by the defendant, and thereafter, with the permission of the court, certain persons claiming an interest in the controversy, by reason of having become bona fide purchasers for value of certain bonds that had been issued by the defendant, filed complaints in intervention, wherein the allegations of the complaint were denied and certain defenses to the action of the plaintiffs were also set forth. The cause was tried by the court, and upon its findings of fact judgment was rendered in accordance with the prayer of the complaint. A motion for a new trial was made on behalf of the interveners, and denied by the court. From this order, and also from the judgment, the interveners have appealed. No motion for a new trial or appeal was made or taken by the defendant.
1. The motion of the respondent to dismiss the appeal upon the ground that there is no judgment against the appellants and that the district has taken no appeal, must be overruled. In the order of the superior court granting leave to intervene, it was determined that the interveners had an interest in the matter in litigation, and in the success of the defendants and against the plaintiff, and under section 387 of the Code of Civil Procedure, after the intervention had taken place they became parties to the action, "uniting with the defendant in resisting the claims of the plaintiff," and as such parties they are entitled to avail themselves of all the *Page 291 procedure and remedies to which the defendant would be entitled for the purpose of defeating the action, or resisting the claim of the plaintiff. The defendant cannot, by its inaction, deprive them of the right to review the action of the superior court in rendering judgment against their claim or against the defendant.
Upon the same principles, the claim of the interveners, that as the plaintiff did not answer their complaints in intervention, the facts therein alleged are to be deemed admitted, must be overruled. Although their pleadings are termed complaints, they are, in effect, answers to the complaint of the plaintiff. They were permitted to intervene upon the claim that they had an interest in the success of the defendant and against the plaintiff, and in addition to their denials of the allegations in the complaint, their pleadings contain only new matter in defense of the defendant's right, which, under section 462 of the Code of Civil Procedure, is "deemed controverted" by the plaintiff.
2. The plaintiff offered certain evidence tending to show that the defendant had not been legally organized as an irrigation district, and rested. The interveners then offered a certified copy of certain proceedings in the superior court of San Diego County, taken by virtue of the provisions of the act of March 16, 1889 (Stats. 1889, p. 212), for the examination and approval of the proceedings for the organization of the district, wherein that court made and entered its judgment, December 13, 1890, that all the proceedings had and taken for the organization of the district were confirmed and declared legal and valid. They also introduced another decree of confirmation under the act aforesaid, wherein the same court, on December 8, 1892, ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the said district had been duly organized. The plaintiff, against the objection of the interveners, was permitted to introduce evidence tending to show that the notice for the hearing upon the first petition for confirmation had not been given as prescribed by the aforesaid act, and also introduced testimony to the effect that upon the application for the second decree of confirmation an attorney, who had been employed to defend certain owners of property within the district at the hearing upon this application, had been paid one hundred dollars by the president of the board of directors to be absent from the court-room at said hearing, *Page 292 and that said attorney did not appear or in any way oppose the confirmation.
In its findings of fact herein, the court found that the notice for the hearing upon the application for confirmation, in December, 1890, had been published for only one week, and that the judgment then given was without jurisdiction of the subject-matter or the parties, and was procured by fraud, and that the said proceedings were wholly void; that the judgment of December 8, 1892, was procured by the fraudulent bribery of the attorney for certain property-owners in the district, and was therefore void and of no force and effect. The court also found that the original petition for the formation of the district was not signed by fifty or a majority of the freeholders within the district, and that no notice of the time or place for the presentation of any petition for the organization of the district was ever given.
In People v. Linda Vista Irrigation District, 128 Cal. 477, it was held that the proceeding under the aforesaid act of March 16, 1889, is a proceeding in rem, and that the decree of confirmation entered therein is binding and conclusive upon the state, as well as others, and is a bar to a subsequent proceeding in quo warranto, where the state seeks to assail the validity or regularity of the proceedings for the organization of the district. Upon the rule thus declared, the judgments of the superior court of San Diego County offered in evidence by the interveners were judicial determinations that all the steps necessary for the proper organization of the district had been taken, and were conclusive evidence of that fact, and constituted a bar to any further investigation of the validity or regularity of the proceedings.
The plaintiff could not by a collateral attack impeach the validity or force of these judgments. Whether invoked in support of a cause of action or as a defense, so long as they remained in force upon the records of the court wherein they were given, their validity and correctness could be questioned only in a direct proceeding therefor. (Carpentier v. City ofOakland, 30 Cal. 439; Joyce v. McAvoy, 31 Cal. 273,1 Eitel v.Foote, 39 Cal. 439; Hodgdon v. Southern Pacific R.R. Co.,75 Cal. 642.) Certain authorities have been cited by the respondent in support of the action of the superior court, but *Page 293 in each of these cases the action was between the parties to the original judgment, and was brought for the express purpose of setting aside that judgment.
The superior court, therefore, erred in admitting evidence for the purpose of impeaching these judgments, and in holding that it could enter upon an examination of the original proceedings for the organization of the district.
The judgment and order denying a new trial are reversed.
Garoutte, J., and Van Dyke, J., concurred.
Hearing in Bank denied.
Beatty, C.J., dissented from the order denying a hearing in Bank, and filed the following opinion on the 24th of April, 1901: —
1 89 Am. Dec. 172, and note.