Filed 7/20/15 P. v. Rodriguez CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E061774
v. (Super.Ct.No. RIF1207100)
RAUL ALONSO RODRIGUEZ, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Charles J. Koosed, Judge.
Affirmed as modified
Eric R. Larson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Respondent.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General,
Charles C. Ragland and Brendon W. Marshall, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff
and Respondent.
1
I
INTRODUCTION
Defendant and appellant Raul Alonso Rodriguez appeals from a judgment entered
following jury convictions for engaging in sexual intercourse with a child (Pen. Code,1
§ 288.7, subd. (a); count 1) and commission of a forcible lewd act on a child (§ 288,
subd. (b)(1); count 2). The jury further found true the special circumstance allegation on
count 2 that defendant kidnapped the victim and substantially increased the risk of harm
to her over and above the level of risk necessarily inherent in the underlying offense.
(§ 667.61, subd. (d)(2).) The trial court sentenced defendant to life in prison without the
possibility of parole as to count 2 and imposed a concurrent term of 25 years to life as to
count 1.
Defendant contends the trial court erred in failing sua sponte to instruct the jury on
the crime of nonforcible lewd act as a lesser included offense of the count 2 offense of
committing a forcible lewd act. Defendant argues the trial court also erred in failing to
instruct on consent as a defense to the special circumstance kidnapping allegation on
count 2. In addition, defendant asserts the abstract of judgment and sentencing minute
order fail to reflect that sentencing on count 1 was concurrent to count 2. Defendant also
argues his parole revocation fine should be stricken because he was sentenced to life
without the possibility of parole.
1 Unless otherwise noted, all statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2
We conclude that any instructional error was harmless error. We further direct the
trial court to amend the incorrect sentencing minute order to state that sentencing on
count 1 was imposed concurrent to the sentence on count 2. Also, the parole revocation
fine is ordered stricken because defendant was sentenced to life without the possibility of
parole. The judgment is affirmed as modified.
II
FACTS
During the evening of September 22, 2012, Jane Doe, who was nine years old,
went to bed in her family home. She lived with her parents, sister and brother, uncle,
grandmother, and defendant, who was grandmother’s boyfriend. Because Jane Doe’s
grandmother was out of town, defendant slept in grandmother’s bedroom by himself.
When Jane Doe’s father (father) got up in the middle of the night to use the bathroom, he
looked in Jane Doe’s bedroom and noticed Jane Doe was not there. He told Jane Doe’s
mother (mother) that Jane Doe was not in her bedroom.
Father searched for Jane Doe in the house. He noticed the front door was locked.
Father knocked on defendant’s bedroom door. There was no response. Mother banged
on defendant’s door while loudly asking if Jane Doe was there. After a few minutes,
defendant said Jane Doe was inside. He unlocked and opened the bedroom door.
Defendant was wearing a bathrobe. Jane Doe was wearing only a T-shirt, with no pants
or underwear, and was crying.
Father grabbed defendant and detained him until the police arrived about five
minutes later. Defendant told father he “messed up.” Before the police arrived, mother
3
took Jane Doe out of defendant’s bedroom. Jane Doe told mother that defendant had
entered her bedroom, covered her mouth, and carried her into his bedroom. He then
pushed her down on the bed, removed her shorts and underwear, got on top of her, tried
to put his penis in her vagina, and threatened to kill mother and father if she yelled.
Riverside Police Officer Jorge Sepulveda interviewed Jane Doe. The interview
was recorded and played for the jury. During the interview, Jane Doe said that defendant
entered her bedroom while she was sleeping, grabbed her, covered her mouth, told her to
come with him or he was going to kill mother, and carried her to his bedroom. Defendant
then pulled off her shorts and told her, if she screamed, he would kill her parents. Jane
Doe said that when defendant tried to push his penis in her “butt,” “it hurt really bad.”
When the police apprehended defendant, he stated, “[J]ust shoot me. Put a bullet
in my head.” The police found Jane Doe’s shorts and underwear in defendant’s bedroom.
The next day, at the police station, defendant wrote Jane Doe an apology letter stating, “I
ask that you please forgive me for what occurred. I am going to pay for my crime in jail.
I know that there’s no hope for me, but I ask God that you are cured of the trauma you
have gone through. I regret what happened a lot. God bless you and your parents.”
Jane Doe testified two years after the incident that she went to sleep the night of
the incident, and the next thing she remembered was being on the bed in defendant’s
bedroom. She said she was not sure how she got there. She remembered defendant
touched her vagina with his penis and felt pain on “the sides” of her vagina while she lay
on her back on the bed. She told defendant it hurt but he continued. When her parents
4
began knocking on defendant’s bedroom door, defendant told her that if she said anything
he would kill her parents.
Defendant, who was 60 years old at the time of trial, testified that he was a “little
drunk” on the night of the incident. That night, after drinking 20 beers, he went to the
bathroom. Afterwards, he noticed Jane Doe’s bedroom door was open and Jane Doe was
awake. She followed him back to his bedroom. Defendant denied carrying Jane Doe and
claims they had no conversation at that time. When they got to defendant’s bedroom,
defendant invited Jane Doe in to watch television. After Jane Doe entered, defendant
locked the door and got in bed with Jane Doe. Defendant acknowledged that, although
Jane Doe had been in defendant’s bedroom many times when her grandmother was there,
Jane Doe had never been there before with only defendant.
Defendant stated that, after the two watched television, defendant asked Jane Doe
to take off her shorts and underwear. Jane Doe complied. Defendant testified he was
sexually aroused and attempted to insert his penis in Jane Doe’s vagina while she lay on
her back on the bed. A few seconds later, he stopped when Jane Doe said it hurt and her
parents began knocking on the bedroom door. Defendant contradicted himself by
testifying he only attempted to penetrate Jane Doe’s vagina but then also testified that his
penis actually entered her vagina. Defendant denied threatening to kill Jane Doe’s
parents.
5
III
INSTRUCTION ON NONFORCIBLE LEWD ACT
Defendant contends the trial court committed prejudicial error by failing to
instruct the jury sua sponte on the count 2 lesser included offense of nonforcible lewd act
(§ 288, subd. (a)). We conclude that although the trial court should have instructed on
nonforcible lewd act as a lesser included offense of forcible lewd act (§ 288, subd.
(b)(1)), the omission was harmless error.
A. Standard of Review
Courts review the failure to give a lesser included offense instruction under the de
novo standard of review. (People v. Cooksey (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 1407, 1411.) “[A]
trial court errs if it fails to instruct, sua sponte, on all theories of a lesser included offense
which find substantial support in the evidence. . . . [¶] . . . [T]he existence of ‘any
evidence, no matter how weak’ will not justify instructions on a lesser included offense,
but such instructions are required whenever evidence that the defendant is guilty only of
the lesser offense is ‘substantial enough to merit consideration’ by the jury. [Citations.]
‘Substantial evidence’ in this context is ‘“evidence from which a jury composed of
reasonable [persons] could . . . conclude[]”’ that the lesser offense, but not the greater,
was committed. [Citations.]” (People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 162
(Breverman).) Finally, “in deciding whether there is substantial evidence of a lesser
offense, courts should not evaluate the credibility of witnesses, a task for the jury.”
(Ibid.)
6
An uncharged offense is included in a greater charged offense if the greater
offense, as defined by statute, cannot be committed without also committing the lesser
(the elements test), or the language of the accusatory pleading encompasses all the
elements of the lesser offense (the accusatory pleading test). (People v. Parson (2008) 44
Cal.4th 332, 349.)
Defendant was charged in count 2 and convicted of committing a forcible lewd act
on a child in violation of section 288, subdivision (b)(1). Section 288, subdivision (b)(1)
provides: “Any person who commits an act described in subdivision (a) by use of force,
violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the victim
or another person, is guilty of a felony . . . .” Subdivision (a) of section 288 defines the
crime of nonforcible lewd act, which defendant argues is a lesser included offense of the
crime of forcible lewd act.
The trial court instructed on the charged offense of lewd conduct by means of
force in violation of section 288, subdivision (b)(1). Neither party requested, nor did the
trial court instruct, on the offense of nonforcible lewd act. The crime of committing a
nonforcible lewd act upon a child is defined in section 288, subdivision (a) as an act
committed by “any person who willfully and lewdly commits any lewd or lascivious act,
including any of the acts constituting other crimes provided for in Part 1, upon or with the
body, or any part or member thereof, of a child who is under the age of 14 years, with the
intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust, passions, or sexual desires of that
person or the child . . . .” (§ 288, subd. (a).)
7
The crime of nonforcible lewd act (§ 288, subd. (a)) is a lesser included offense of
forcible lewd act (§ 288, subd. (b)(1)). (People v. Chan (2005) 128 Cal.App.4th 408,
421; People v. Ward (1986) 188 Cal.App.3d 459, 472.) The trial court in the instant case
was therefore required to give sua sponte instruction on nonforcible lewd act if there was
substantial evidence from which the jury could conclude that defendant did not use
“force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the
victim.” (§ 288, subd. (b)(1).)
Defendant argues there was substantial evidence establishing he did not commit
the crime of forcible lewd act. Such evidence included Jane Doe’s statements indicating
defendant did not use force or duress, since she was unable to remember how she arrived
in defendant’s bedroom. Defendant also asserts Jane Doe testified he only threatened her
when her father was knocking on the bedroom door, after defendant had already
committed the lewd act. In addition, defendant testified he did not use any force when he
sexually abused Jane Doe and he did not threaten her. This evidence, particularly
defendant’s testimony, was substantial enough to require sua sponte instruction on the
lesser included offense of nonforcible lewd act. “The testimony of a single witness,
including the defendant, can constitute substantial evidence requiring the court to instruct
on its own initiative.” (People v. Lewis (2001) 25 Cal.4th 610, 646; accord, People v.
Speaks (1981) 120 Cal.App.3d 36, 40.) Nevertheless, we conclude failure to give the
instruction was harmless error.
8
B. Harmless Error
In Breverman, supra, 19 Cal.4th 142, the Supreme Court adopted the Watson2
standard of review regarding instructional error as to lesser included offenses. (People v.
Elize (1999) 71 Cal.App.4th 605, 616.) The failure to instruct sua sponte on a lesser
included offense “is not subject to reversal unless an examination of the entire record
establishes a reasonable probability that the error affected the outcome.” (Breverman, at
p. 165.)
Applying the Watson test here, we conclude the error in not instructing the jury on
the lesser included offense of nonforcible lewd act was harmless error. It is not
reasonably probable the outcome would have been more favorable had instruction on
nonforcible lewd act been given because there was overwhelming evidence defendant
used force and duress to commit a lewd act upon Jane Doe. There was evidence that
defendant went into Jane Doe’s bedroom in the middle of the night while she was
sleeping, put his hand over her mouth, grabbed her out of her bed, carried her to
defendant’s bedroom, locked his bedroom door, pushed her down on his bed, removed
her shorts and underwear, got on top of her, and inserted his penis into Jane Doe’s
vagina.
Evidence supporting a finding of force and duress included testimony defendant
threatened to kill Jane Doe’s parents during the commission of the lewd act. Officer
2 People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 (Watson).
9
Sepulveda testified Jane Doe told him defendant threatened to kill mother if Jane Doe did
not come with defendant to his bedroom and then defendant carried her to his room. Jane
Doe also told Sepulveda that, when defendant pulled off her shorts, he threatened to kill
her parents. Jane Doe testified at trial that she told defendant he was hurting her but he
continued. Jane Doe’s parents observed Jane Doe crying when defendant opened the
locked bedroom door. In addition, defendant was larger and older than Jane Doe, and
was a household member.
“‘[D]uress” has been defined as ‘a direct or implied threat of force, violence,
danger, hardship or retribution sufficient to coerce a reasonable person of ordinary
susceptibilities to first, perform an act which otherwise would not have been performed,
or, second, acquiesced [sic] in an act to which one otherwise would not have submitted.’
As this court recognized in People v. Superior Court (Kneip) (1990) 219 Cal.App.3d 235,
duress involves psychological coercion. (Id. at p. 238.) Duress can arise from various
circumstances, including the relationship between the defendant and the victim and their
relative ages and sizes. [Citations.] ‘Where the defendant is a family member and the
victim is young, . . . the position of dominance and authority of the defendant and his
continuous exploitation of the victim’ is relevant to the existence of duress. [Citation.]”
(People v. Senior (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 765, 774-775; see People v. Espinoza (2002) 95
Cal.App.4th 1287, 1319-1320; People v. Schultz (1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 999, 1005.) In
Schultz, the court held that the defendant committed a lewd act by duress when the
defendant grabbed and restrained the nine-year-old distraught victim, cornered her and
10
used the defendant’s physical dominance in conjunction with his psychological
dominance to overcome her resistance. (Id. at p. 1005.)
Furthermore, defendant’s version of the circumstances leading to defendant
sexually abusing Jane Doe was not believable. Defendant claimed Jane Doe willingly
and silently, in the absence of threats, duress, or force, followed him to his bedroom in
the middle of the night and compliantly removed her shorts and underwear, while lying
on defendant’s bed. Defendant acknowledged Jane Doe had never been in defendant’s
bedroom when her grandmother was not there. When Jane Doe’s parent’s found her in
defendant’s bedroom, she was crying. In addition, the jury found true the special
circumstance kidnapping allegation on count 2 (§ 667.61, subdivision (d)(2)). This
indicates the jury rejected defendant’s testimony that he did not use any force or duress.
The jury was instructed that in order to find the kidnapping allegation true it must find
that defendant took, held, or detained the victim by force or fear.
Even though the trial court erred in not instructing the jury sua sponte on the lesser
included offense of nonforcible lewd acts, it is not reasonably probable defendant would
have received a more favorable result. The failure to instruct on nonforcible lewd act was
therefore harmless error. (Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 836.)
IV
INSTRUCTION ON CONSENT DEFENSE
Defendant contends the trial court erred in not instructing the jury on consent as a
defense to the special circumstance allegation on count 2 (aggravated kidnapping
enhancement). The jury found true the enhancement allegation that defendant kidnapped
11
Jane Doe during commission of count 2, in violation of section 667.61, subdivision
(d)(2). Defendant argues that consent is a defense to kidnapping. Therefore the trial
court was required to instruct sua sponte on consent.
A. Forfeiture
The People argue defendant forfeited his objection to the trial court not sua sponte
instructing on consent. Generally, “‘[a] party may not complain on appeal that an
instruction correct in law and responsive to the evidence was too general or incomplete
unless the party has requested appropriate clarifying or amplifying language.’” (People
v. Hart (1999) 20 Cal.4th 546, 622; People v. Guerra (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1067, 1134.)
CALCRIM No. 3175 is an accurate statement of law on the aggravated kidnapping
allegation. Defendant therefore was obligated to request modification or clarification
and, having failed to have done so, forfeited his contention. Even assuming defendant
did not forfeit his contention, we nonetheless find there was no prejudicial error, as
discussed below. (People v. Samaniego (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1148, 1163.)
B. Analysis
A trial court must instruct the jury sua sponte on the general principles of law that
are closely and openly connected to the evidence presented at trial. (People v.
Wickersham (1982) 32 Cal.3d 307, 323, disapproved on another ground in People v.
Barton (1995) 12 Cal.4th 186, 200-201.) “A trial court must give a requested instruction
only if it is supported by substantial evidence, that is, evidence sufficient to deserve jury
consideration. [Citations.] . . . ‘[U]nsupported theories should not be presented to the
jury.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Marshall (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1, 39-40.) “In determining
12
whether error has been committed in giving or not giving jury instructions, we must
consider the instructions as a whole.” (People v. Kegler (1987) 197 Cal.App.3d 72, 80.)
Here, the trial court gave modified CALJIC No. 3175 on the aggravated
kidnapping enhancement. The court instructed the jury that, “[t]o prove this allegation,
the People must prove that: [¶] 1. The defendant took, held, or detained [Jane Doe], by
the use of force or by instilling reasonable fear; [¶] 2. Using that force or fear, the
defendant moved [Jane Doe] a substantial distance; [¶] 3. The movement of [Jane Doe]
substantially increased the risk of harm to her beyond that necessarily present in the
Lewd and Lascivious Act by Force” (count 2).
Defendant asserts the trial court erred in omitting the optional bracketed paragraph
4, which states: “[Jane Doe] did not consent to the movement.” (CALCRIM No. 3175.)
Defendant acknowledges the trial court instructed the jury on principles concerning a
child who is incapable of consent. The court gave CALJIC No. 1201, which stated in
part that to prove the defendant is guilty of kidnapping a child, the People must prove, “1.
The defendant used physical force to take and carry away an unresisting child; [¶] 2. The
defendant moved the child a substantial distance; [¶] 3. The defendant moved the child
with an illegal intent or for an illegal purpose; [¶] AND [¶] The child was under 14 years
old at the time of the movement. [¶] . . . [¶] A person is incapable of giving legal consent
if he or she is unable to understand the act, its nature, and possible consequences.”
(CALCRIM No. 1201.)
Defendant argues that, because there was substantial evidence supporting the
consent defense, the trial court erred in failing to instruct that consent was a defense.
13
Defendant relies on his own testimony that Jane Doe followed him and voluntarily came
with him into his bedroom. Defendant denied carrying her there. Defendant further
asserts that she was old enough to know where she was going. She was in her family’s
home and had been in defendant’s bedroom before.
The People argue there was no prejudicial error in not instructing on consent
because there was evidence defendant used force and fear, and “the concepts of consent
and force or fear with regard to kidnapping are inextricably intertwined.” (People v.
Majors (2004) 33 Cal.4th 321, 331.) The court in People v. Davis (1995) 10 Cal.4th 463,
517, held that the trial court properly instructed the jury on kidnapping by stating that,
“To consent to an act or transaction a person must, one, act freely and voluntarily and not
under the influence of threats, force or duress.”
Even assuming the trial court erred in omitting the optional paragraph on consent
from the CALCRIM No. 3175 instruction, such omission was harmless error. We
recognize there is disagreement among the courts as to whether consent is an element of
kidnapping or a defense, and whether the Chapman3 or Watson harmless error standard
of review applies. Regardless, we conclude that under either standard, the absence of
instruction on consent was harmless error. (People v. Sengpadychith (2001) 26 Cal.4th
316, 326; People v. Dickey (2005) 35 Cal.4th 884, 905; People v. Corning (1983) 146
Cal.App.3d 83, 89.)
3 Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24.
14
Here, there was overwhelming evidence that defendant used threats, force and
duress to transport Jane Doe to his bedroom for the purpose of committing a lewd act.
The instructions given as a whole were sufficient in instructing the jury that the
aggravated kidnapping enhancement required a finding that Jane Doe’s movement from
her bedroom to defendant’s bedroom during the kidnapping, was nonconsensual and the
result of defendant using force, fear, or duress. There is no reasonable possibility that the
absence of instruction on consent contributed to the jury finding true the enhancement.
(People v. Archer (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 1380, 1394.) Such instruction would not have
made any difference in the jury’s finding on the aggravated kidnapping enhancement.
Not only is it highly probable the jury understood a lack of consent was required for the
enhancement but, in addition, as discussed in the preceding section, there was
overwhelming evidence that defendant used force, fear, and duress to move Jane Doe
from her bedroom to his bedroom.
V
ABSTRACT OF JUDGMENT AND MINUTE ORDER CORRECTION
Defendant contends the sentencing minute order and abstract of judgment should
be amended to show that the sentence on count 1 was imposed concurrent, not
consecutive, to count 2. The People agree, as does this court.
During sentencing, the trial court imposed a 25-years-to-life sentence for count 1.
The court ordered the sentence to run concurrent to the sentence for count 2 of life
without the possibility of parole. The minute order and abstract of judgment, however,
state that the trial court ordered the sentence for count 1 to run consecutive to the
15
sentence for count 2. The minute order and abstract of judgment must be amended to
correct this clerical error. (People v. Mitchell (2001) 26 Cal.4th 181, 186-187.)
VI
PAROLE REVOCATION FINE
Defendant requests this court to strike the parole revocation fine from his sentence
because he was sentenced to a term of life without the possibility of parole. The People
agree, as does this court.
At sentencing, the trial court imposed a $10,000 restitution fined under section
1202.4, subdivision (b), and a $10,000 suspended parole revocation fine under section
1202.45. “A parole revocation fine may not be imposed for a term of life in prison
without possibility of parole, as the statute is expressly inapplicable where there is no
period of parole.” (People v. Jenkins (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 805, 819.) Here, the trial
court improperly imposed the $10,000 suspended parole revocation fine because
defendant was sentenced to life without the possibility of parole for count 2. The fine
must therefore be stricken.
VII
DISPOSITION
The trial court is directed to amend the sentencing minute order dated August 15,
2014, to state that sentencing on count 1 was imposed concurrent to the sentence on
count 2. Also, the parole revocation fine is ordered stricken because defendant was
sentenced to life without the possibility of parole. The judgment is affirmed as modified.
16
The trial court is directed to issue a modified abstract of judgment and forward a certified
copy to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
CODRINGTON
J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ
P. J.
MILLER
J.
17
People v. Rodriguez CA4/2
Combined Opinion