Ray v. Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co.

BRANNON, PRESIDENT:

Annie S. Ray, a child of ten years, was struck and killed by a train of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad while she was crossing the railroad tracks at a ' street crossing in the town of Milton, and her administrator brought an action in the circuit court of Cabell' county against the railroad company, and recovered a verdict and judgment for $2,-900.00 damages.

The company assigns it as error that the demurrer to the declaration was not sustained. The only question which is here worth considering, or is relied upon by counsel, arises on two of the four counts. It is urged that those two counts are bad because they show no duty on the part of the 'company. to Annie Ray, since they do not state whether she was a passenger on the train, an employee, a licensee or a trespasser. Though the first count says that the railroad crosses a public street called Smith street, strangely enough it does not show what the street has to do with the case. It does not say that the child was struck while passing along the street. It simply avers that the defendant so carelessly and negligently managed the train that it struck the child. Though it does not say that the child was struck while on the street and crossing the track, as was the case, yet if she was struck anywhere, on the street or elsewhere, by reason of negligent running of the train, the liability exists. If a train kills a tresspasser on its track, by negligence, it is liable. The count avers that the train was pursuing the track, and struck the child; and it is fair to say that the child was on the track, or very near it, and was thus struck. The case of B. & O. R. Co. v. Whittington, 29 Grat. 805, does hold that the declaration must state whether the person injured was a passenger employee, licensee or what; but we think that that case forgets the rule that some duty is owing by a railroad company to any one, even a trespasser, on its track anywhere, whether at a crossing or not. At any rate, we cannot follow that case in disregard of Bias v. Raihway, 46 W. Va. 349. But in the B. & O. Case the count was not as good as in this case, since it simply alleged that the defendant conducted itself so negligently, carelessly and un-skilfully as to inflict on Whittington severe bodily injury not saying how, whereas the counts in this declaration say that the train was by negligence driven against the child on the track. The same is to be said of the second count. It mentions no street, but simply alleges that the defendant negligently and carelessly drove its train against the child and killed her. If even I am wrong in saying, that counts one and two are bad, as the third and fourth counts are good, the verdict being general, not on any particular count, the bad counts cannot reverse, as section 13, chapter 131, Code, says that where there are several counts, ■ one of which is faulty, if entire damages are given, the verdict is good. As you cannot say on which count the jury found, the common law said that no judgment could be given; but the statute changes the rule. Cook v. Thornton, 6 Rand. 11; 2 Barton L. Prac. 695.

The second assignment of error is that the court allowed oral evidence to prove that Smith street had been used by the public as a public street, the claim of the plaintiff, under two counts of the declaration, being that the child was passing along that street and crossing the railroad, and was there struck by the train, and that the defendant did not blow the whistle or ring the bell for alarm as required by statute at public streets. The defendant contends that to come under this statute the records of the town council must be adduced to show it to be a public street. For this contention we are cited to Childrey v. Huntington, 34 W. Va. 466; Boyd v. Woolwine, 40 W. Va. 283; King v. Talbott, 32 Id. 6; Ball v. Cox, 29 Id. 401. Those cases do not apply to the case in hand. They are cases where the question was whether a city was liable for defect in the street, or a contest between owners of land as to the existence of a private right of way, or a contest between the public and the owner as to the right of a way over his land. Surely, section 61, chapter 54, Code, requiring a bell to be rung or a steam whistle to be whistled, “where the railroad crosses any public street or highway,” applies to any street or road actually used by the public generally as and for a street — used so generally, so. long, as to be fairly denominated and considered a .highway, no matter that no record of its adoption by the county court or council can be produced. According to the contention of counsel for the defendant, this Smith street ill a town of seven hundred people, dedicated by the owner twentjr-five years before this lamentable accident, the dedication accepted by the public . by constant general use for that time, one of two main streets in the town crossing the railroad and connecting the two sections of the town on the north and south sides of the railroad, in the heart of the town, worked by the town authorities, recognized by the railroad company itself as a public street by making and keeping up a crossing on this street over its tracks, and erecting a board at this crossing having on it the warning, “Look out for the locomotive. Railroad Cross-sing,” and a whistling post to tell engineers where to give alarm, is not such a street as to require the bell or whistle alarm, simply because no order of council establishing or recognizing Smith street can be found. Surely that would lop off much of the usefulness of the statute, and jjartially defeat the "design of the Legislature. In Hast v. Railroad Co., 52 W. Va. 396, we hold that dedication accepted by public and generally used makes a public highway between dedicator and the public, though the dedication is not accepted by the county court, though not for the purpose of charging the county with the maintenance of the road. General user will, for many purposes, make a highway. Many cases are cited in 3 Elliott on Railroads, section 1154, for the proposition that if the place has been used as a passageway, for a long time, and this use is with the knowledge and permission of the railroad company, it is its duty to treat it as a highway. From that late great work, Thomp, Com. on Negligence, section 1566, I quote: “Under a statute of Georgia, the omission to blow the whistle and check the speed of the train on ap^ proaching a crossing over a road which, though used to a greater or less extent by the public, has never been legally established as a road, is not negligence per se, though it is plain that it may be evidence of negligence to go to a jury, under principles already considered.' The term lam/ other road’ in such a statute, has been construed as referring to public highways only, and not to private crossings. A road which is openly and notoriously used as a highway, and which has been recognized by the railroad company as such, by planking and maintaining it asa public crossing, is within the meaning and operation of a statute requiring the whistle to be sounded or the bell rung on the approach of a train to a ‘traveled public road or street. ’ It is not necessary in order to make a highway such as the statute intends, that there should be a technical, absolute public right acquired by prescription or otherwise. In the same State, it has been conceded that a public crossing over a railway may be established by a sufficiently long user, so as to put the railway company under the statutory duty of giving signals when its trains approach it. But the same court has held that, for a railway company merely to permit the public to use a crossing within a switchyard, does not make it a public road or street crossing, within a statute requiring signals to be given. A way provided by a railway company over its own grounds to its depot, has been held not to be a “tixivded public roadf within the meaning of the same statute; but this seems untenable. On the other hand, evidence that a public road has been worked and traveled for ten or fifteen years has been held sufficient to show that it is a “traveled public road” within the meaning of the same statute. ' A statute of another state requiring such signals at “pubic highways” is not limited to.roads which are defined to be public highways in another statute of the same state, but includes a highway which is made public by general use. Under a statute requiring signals to be given upon approaching “the place where the railroad shall cross any traveled public road or street,” — it is held that the road or street must be traveled as well as public: it is not sufficient that there has been a mere dedication of the road or street to the public use. A statute of the kind under consideration, which uses the word “public” as descriptive of the roads at which the stated precautions are required, is not to be restrained to roads which are laid out and established as public roads in the statutory manner, but applies equally to roads which have been dedicated by mere acts m pain by land-owners to the use of the public, provided the extent of travel upon them makes them public roads in pomt of fact.” I think that Smith street under such dedication and general use was a public street; but we need not, for this case, rely on that alone, because the company by making a crossing with plank for wagons and with cinders for foot passepgers treated and held it out to the public as a public crossing, and by locating a whistling post to give engineers the place for sounding whistle or bell, and by uniformly sounding them, admitted its duty to do so. The following from that late great work, Elliott on Railroads, section 1154, will show this: “In order to impose upon the company the duty to treat a place as a public crossing, those who use the place as a crossing must either have a legal right to so use it, or must use it at the invitation of the company, and “neither sufferance nor permission, nor passive acquiescence” is equivalent to an invitation. If, however, the traveler uses a place as a crossing by invitation of the company, it must use ordinary care to prevent injury to him, as where the company constructs a grade crossing and holds it out to the public as a suitable place to cross. Where by fencing off a foot way over its tracks it induces the public to so use it, by building to the track plank bridges for foot passengers, or by constructing gates in the railroad fence for the use of pedestrians who habitually cross the track, it thereby holds out the place as proper for them to use. Such invitation as imposes on the company the duty of ordinary Care is implied, where by some act or designation of the company persons are led to believe that a way was intended to be used by travelers or others having lawful occasion to go that way, and the company is under obligation to use ordinary care to keej) it free from danger. There is much conflict of authority as to what constitutes such a general use of a place as a crossing, or such recognition of the right to use such a place, as will impose upon the company the duty of observing the precaution required at public crossings, but we think the doctrine we have expressed is the true one supported by the best reasoned cases and by the recognized principles of law. ” See Norfolk Co. v. Carper, 88 Va. 556, (14 S. E. 328.) There ean be no question that Smith street is a public street within the meaning of said statute under the facts of this case. It is prudent to say, upon the important question whether a road is a public one under the statute, that no general infallible rule . can be given. Each case must depend on its facts where there is not legal establishment of the road or street. It is clearly not just to railroads to say that any one can open a passage on his land and by using it himself and allowing others to use it, compel the railroad company to sound its bell or whistle; it cannot be compelled to observe these precautions anywhere indifferently. On the other hand, it is unreasonable and defeative of the statute, to say that a way long used by the general public, dedicated by an owner for a highway, traveled by many persons, presenting constant danger to persons in crossing, plainly requiring these signals for protection of life of passengers both on the highway and railway, should not be so treated by the railroad, only because no order of court or council establishes it. Such a rule would dispense with such warnings at many crossings on the most public streets.

Another alleged error is based on the reading from the Code and books of reported cases by counsel of the plaintiff in argument before the jury. Counsel distinctly call upon us to say whether it is not error to allow counsel to read law to the jury against objection. The subject has been much discussed in Bloyd v. Pollock, 27 W. Va. 75; Ricketts v. C. & O. Ry. Co. 33 Id. 433; Gregory v. O. R. R. Co., 37 Id. 606. As stated in the Gregory Case reading law from law books to the jury is very dangerous, and should not be indulged. So many books and decisions are read, of such diverse statement and conclusion, some good law, some bad, some not pertinent to the case, and misapplied to the facts, and at the close of the argument the law of the case is “confusion worse confounded.” How can the most intelligent jury solve the riddle? The safer course is not to read law to the jury. As in this case it may entail reversal. The court has full power to refuse to allow it. It consumes time and lengthens trials. Attorneys should argue and apply the facts, and get the law by instructions from the court, if desired. If it is true that the jury is the judge of evidence and the court of the law, then it follows that law should not be read to the jury; for if the jury is not the judge' of the law, why read law books to it? The courts of the United States do not allow it. In most of the states it is not allowed. Sullivan v. Royer, 1 Am. St. R. 51 & note; Phoenix v. Allen, 11 Mich. 501; Hudson v. Hudson., 16 S. E. 350. “The practice of counsel reading from law books when arguing to the jury is exceedingly dangerous and should not be indulged in.” Steffenson v. Chicago, 51 N. W. 610. “The court may, in civil cases, refuse to permit counsel to read law to á jury, and this cannot be assigned as error. It is the province of the court, in such cases to interpret the law for the jury, and not for the jury to interpret the law for themselves. ” Sprague v. Graig, 51 Ill. 288. When, however, law has been read, it becomes a question whether it should cause reversal. If the law is bad, or not pertinent to the case, unless instructions after such argument propound the sound law on the very points to which the bad law relates, it will call for reversal; but if so cured, it will not. If good and pertinent law, it will not call for reversal. The law read in this case was statute and decided law pertinent and sound, except as stated below, and we see no cause for reversal for that cause under cases above cited. I will say, however, that the reading from Cleveland v. Corrigan, 3 L. R. A. 387, was bad, because it states three clashing lines of authorities, as to the care required of children, leaving it to the jury to say which was the correct one. Perhaps plaintiff’s instruction 1 cured it; but it should not have been read.

But this does not end the trouble. The attorney read long, confusing recitals of facts from decided cases. For what purpose? From Omaha v. Morgan, a long recital of the facts of that case — nothing but a recital of facts. What had they to do with this case except to confuse the jury? Was it intended to similarize the two cases? This was not admissible. It is purely evidentiary matter, which everybody concedes to be not allowable, because a jury must try a case by, and only, by its own evidence. The facts had little or no similarity with the case before the jury. So far as they had, it was improper; if they had not, then it was improper for that case to touch this case. Then, there is the long detail of facts read from Surft v. Staten Island, 25 N. E. 378, touching injury to a little girl of fifteen while crossing a railroad track, injured while watching one train by another approaching from another direction. The cases being nearly akin in facts and character, the object was to lend strength to the plaintiff’s case by using that case as a precedent; in other words, to try this case by that case. It also contained much argumentation to prove the liability on the facts of that case — the mere facts —and thence deduced liability on the defendant in this case. It is not allowable to thus introduce evidence and facts of another case, because it lends its impress, influences, or may in fluence, the jury trying the case in hand. It is matter foreign and extraneous to the case. See Ricketts v. Ches. & O. Ry., 33 W. Va. 433, citing 1 Thompson on Trials section 947, saj'ing that counsel had no right to introduce any evidentiary matter not in evidence, and cannot under pre-tence of reading law books read passages which bear on ques ■ tions of facts before the jury. It is not allowable even to read the facts of the same case as contained in a report of a decision upon it in the supreme court. State v. Wright, 72 Am. D. 533.

For reasons stated above as to Smith street being a street, we think defendant’s instructions 8 and 9 bad, -as they say that user will not make a street, but only record acceptance of dedication. In any view, under all circumstances of the case, they were inapt and misleading. Judgment reversed, verdict set aside, new trial awarded, case remanded.

Beversed.