[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
April 14, 2005
No. 04-10046
THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________ CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 98-01851-CV-CO-E
ROLLEN JACKSON,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
STATE OF ALABAMA STATE TENURE COMMISSION,
STATE OF ALABAMA BOARD OF EDUCATION,
PEGGY CONNELL, Superintendent of the
Talladega Board of Education in her
individual and in her official capacity,
Defendants,
TALLADEGA COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION,
Defendant-Appellee.
_______________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama
_________________________
(April 14, 2005)
Before ANDERSON, CARNES and RONEY, Circuit Judges.
CARNES, Circuit Judge:
In 1996 the Talladega County Board of Education fired Rollen Jackson from
his job as a welding instructor at Pittard Area Vocational High School. Shortly
thereafter, Jackson filed a lawsuit in federal district court. In the eight years of
litigation that followed, his case has been before four district court judges and two
juries. It is now before this Court for the second and final time.
I.
Several incidents preceded Jackson’s termination. During the latter part of
his nearly twenty-year tenure as a welding instructor, Jackson sent numerous
insulting and demeaning letters to members of the Talladega County Board of
Education. Shortly before Jackson was terminated, a student in his welding class
who was not wearing safety gloves was burned on his hand by a welding torch.
Jackson also went to a Board meeting at which he was not scheduled to participate
and distributed confidential records regarding his special education students,
apparently in an attempt to demonstrate that the classes were overcrowded.
On October 25, 1996, about a week after that incident at the Board meeting,
Dr. Peggy Connell, who was then the Superintendent of the Board of Education,
notified Jackson that the Board had decided to consider terminating his
2
employment. A public hearing was held and the Board voted to terminate
Jackson’s teaching contract. Jackson filed an administrative complaint with the
EEOC and, after receiving his right-to-sue letter, he filed this lawsuit in federal
district court. His lawsuit claimed that Dr. Connell and the Board: 1) had
impermissibly fired him on account of his race, in violation of Title VII, 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e et seq., 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1981(a), and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“the race
discrimination claim”); 2) had done so in retaliation for his speech in opposition to
racial discrimination, in violation of Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., 42 U.S.C.
§§ 1981, 1981(a), and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“the statutory retaliation claim”); and 3)
had also done so in retaliation for Jackson’s exercise of his First Amendment right
to free speech, in violation of the First Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“the
First Amendment claim”).
The district court, Judge Propst presiding, granted summary judgment to Dr.
Connell and the Board on all counts. With regard to the race discrimination claim,
the court determined that Jackson had presented no direct evidence of
discrimination, but that he had presented sufficient evidence to establish a genuine
issue of material fact as to the existence of a prima facie case under McDonnell
Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S. Ct. 1817 (1973). The court also
determined that the Board had proffered a legitimate non-discriminatory reason for
3
Jackson’s termination. The district court concluded, as well, that Jackson had
failed to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the reason
proffered by the Board for his termination was pretextual. For those reasons, the
court granted summary judgment in favor of Dr. Connell and the Board on the race
discrimination claim.
Regarding Jackson’s statutory retaliation claim, the district court determined
that Jackson’s speech activities were protected and that he had established a prima
facie case of retaliation. However, because the district court decided that Jackson
had failed to create a genuine issue of fact regarding whether the Board’s proffered
reason for discharge was a pretext, it granted summary judgment to Dr. Connell
and the Board on the statutory retaliation claim.
As for Jackson’s First Amendment claim, the district court applied the
analysis set out in Pickering v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563, 88 S. Ct. 1731
(1968) and Bryson v. City of Waycross, 888 F.2d 1562 (11th Cir. 1989). It
determined that Jackson’s speech was a matter of public concern, that his interest
in speaking outweighed the government’s interest in preventing him from doing so,
and that his speech played a substantial role in his termination. Nonetheless, the
district court granted summary judgment in favor of Dr. Connell and the Board
4
because there was no genuine dispute that the Board would have made the same
employment decision regardless of Jackson’s speech.
Jackson appealed to this Court, and we affirmed in part and reversed in part.
See Jackson v. Ala. State Tenure Comm’n, No. 99-15123 (11th Cir. Feb. 21,
2001). We held that summary judgment in favor of Dr. Connell was appropriate
on all claims because she was not a decisionmaker with regard to Jackson’s
termination. However, we reversed the grant of summary judgment in favor of the
Board on the race discrimination and statutory retaliation claims because we
concluded that the Board had not articulated, as required by McDonnell Douglas, a
non-discriminatory reason, or any reason at all, for Jackson’s termination.
Similarly, we reversed as to the First Amendment claim because the Board, not
having articulated any reasons for Jackson’s termination, had not established the
Mt. Healthy defense that it would have made the same decision to fire Jackson
regardless of his speech. See Mt. Healthy City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle,
429 U.S. 274, 97 S. Ct. 568 (1977).
On remand to the district court, the case was assigned to Judge Buttram and
tried before a jury. The jury found in favor of the Board as to the race
discrimination and First Amendment claims; but it returned a verdict in favor of
Jackson on the statutory retaliation claim and awarded him $36,000 in
5
compensatory damages and $150,000 in punitive damages. After the verdict was
rendered, it was discovered that one of the jurors had falsely answered questions
about her criminal history, having failed to disclose that she was convicted for
killing one of her children. For that reason, a new trial was granted. Judge
Buttram recused himself before the second trial, and the case was reassigned to
Judge Nelson.
Before the second trial, Judge Nelson granted summary judgment to the
Board on both the race discrimination and the statutory retaliation claims, leaving
only Jackson’s First Amendment claim. In resolving this type of First Amendment
claim, a four-step analysis applies, one step of which requires the court to
determine whether the employee’s interest in speaking outweighs the government’s
legitimate interest in preventing the speech in order to promote efficient public
service, an inquiry known as Pickering balancing. See Pickering, 391 U.S. at 568,
88 S. Ct. at 1734–35; Beckwith v. City of Daytona Beach Shores, 58 F.3d 1554,
1563–64 (11th Cir. 1995); Bryson, 888 F.2d at 1565. If the Pickering balance
weighs in favor of the government, the employee cannot prevail on his First
Amendment claim, and there is no point in submitting it to a jury. Brochu v. City
of Riviera Beach, 304 F.3d 1144, 1157 (11th Cir. 2002).
6
In denying summary judgment on the First Amendment claim, Judge Nelson
noted that in the proceedings before Judge Propst the district court had found that
the Pickering balance weighed in favor of Jackson. Judge Nelson held that,
because this Court did not disturb those findings on appeal, neither would he in
ruling on the Board’s motion for summary judgment. So the First Amendment
claim was heard by another jury in a second trial.
After the close of evidence and before the jury instructions were given, the
Board reminded the district court that Pickering balancing is to be done by the
court (Judge Propst had done it). On that basis, the Board renewed its motion for
judgment as a matter of law under Fed. R. Civ. P. 50, arguing that the balancing
should be decided by the court in its favor. Judge Nelson overruled the Board’s
motion and, parting ways with Judge Propst’s decision, instructed the jury to
perform the Pickering balancing. That was error in light of the well-established
case law dictating that the court, not the jury, must conduct the Pickering
balancing. See Brochu, 304 F.3d at 1157; Beckwith, 58 F.3d at 1563–64; Bryson,
888 F.2d at 1565.
While the jury was deliberating, Judge Nelson realized his mistake and took
steps to correct it. He called in the jury and explained to it that: “[Pickering
balancing] is not a question for the jury; it’s a question for me, one that I have to
7
answer. . . . [B]ecause I am going to answer question number three[, whether the
Pickering balance favors Jackson,] ‘no,’ then that means there is nothing for you to
do.” After dismissing the jury, Judge Nelson directed Jackson to submit an index
of instances Jackson contended were protected speech; he also instructed both
parties to brief the Board’s Rule 50 motion, even though he had already announced
his intention to grant it. Judge Nelson died before he could enter a written final
judgment.
The case was then assigned to Judge Coogler, who determined that Judge
Nelson had orally granted the Board’s Rule 50 motion for judgment as a matter of
law and had stated his reasons for doing so in open court. Judge Coogler decided
that Fed. R. Civ. P. 63 did not require him to hear the testimony of any witnesses,
because in deciding a Rule 50 motion, which is what Judge Nelson had done, a
court is not allowed to make credibility determinations and must draw all
reasonable factual inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. See Reeves v.
Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150–51, 120 S. Ct. 2097, 2110
(2000). Judge Coogler completed what he viewed as the “ministerial task” of
formally entering judgment in favor of the Board.
8
II.
Jackson raises several issues in this appeal. First, he contends that the prior
decision of this Court reversing Judge Propst’s grant of summary judgment in
favor of the Board established as law of the case that Jackson had satisfied certain
elements of his First Amendment and statutory retaliation claims. As a result,
according to Jackson, Judge Nelson violated the law of the case doctrine by re-
evaluating those elements, which led it to grant both the Board’s motion for
summary judgment on the statutory retaliation claim and its Rule 50 motion for
judgment as a matter of law on the First Amendment claim.
Second, Jackson contends that even if the law of the case doctrine did not
bar Judge Nelson’s Rule 50 decision, there were subsidiary issues of fact that
should have been decided by the jury before the court undertook the Pickering
balancing. It was error, he argues, to take the case away from the jury before it had
decided those subsidiary fact issues.
Third, Jackson contends that Rule 63 required Judge Coogler, who inherited
the case from Judge Nelson, to retry it instead of simply entering judgment, and
also that Fed. R. Civ. P. 52 required Judge Coogler to make findings of fact and
conclusions of law. Fourth, Jackson contends that the judgment in the first post-
remand trial (the one presided over by Judge Buttram) was improperly vacated.
9
Fifth, Jackson contends that Judge Nelson erred by granting the Board’s motion for
summary judgment on his race discrimination claim.
We will address each of Jackson’s contentions in turn.
III.
Jackson raises two arguments that rely on the law of the case doctrine. First,
he asserts that this Court’s decision reversing the grant of summary judgment in
favor of the Board on his First Amendment claim established that the Pickering
balance favors him. As a result, Jackson argues, Judge Nelson was barred by the
law of the case doctrine from deciding the Pickering balance issue in favor of the
Board. Second, Jackson argues that our previous decision also established that
there is a genuine issue of material fact with regard to Jackson’s statutory
retaliation claim. Accordingly, he argues that Judge Nelson violated the law of the
case doctrine by granting summary judgment in favor of the Board on that claim.
A.
In order to establish that he was fired in violation of the First Amendment,
Jackson first had to demonstrate that his speech involved a matter of public
concern. See Bryson, 888 F.2d at 1565. Second, he had to establish that the
“balance between the interests of the teacher, as a citizen, in commenting upon
10
matters of public concern and the interest of the State, as an employer, in
promoting the efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees”
weighed in his favor. See Pickering, 391 U.S. at 568, 88 S. Ct. at 1734–35; see
also Bryson, 888 F.2d at 1565. This step is known as Pickering balancing. Third,
Jackson had to show that his speech played a substantial part in the Board’s
decision to fire him. See Bryson, 888 F.2d at 1565–66. Finally, even if Jackson
were able to establish all three of those elements, his claim would still fail if the
Board proved by a preponderance of the evidence that it would have fired him
regardless of his speech. See id. at 1566. This last possibility is known as a Mt.
Healthy defense. See Mt. Healthy, 429 U.S. at 274, 97 S. Ct. at 568.
When this case was first before the district court (with Judge Propst
presiding), summary judgment was granted in favor of the Board on all the claims.
In the course of addressing the First Amendment claim, the district court decided
that Jackson’s speech was of public concern, that the Pickering balance weighed in
his favor, and that his speech played a substantial role in his being fired. Despite
that, the court ultimately held that the Board was entitled to summary judgment
because it found that “the only substantial evidence is that the same action would
have been taken” regardless of Jackson’s speech. In other words, the district court
found that the Board had mounted a successful Mt. Healthy defense.
11
On appeal, we reversed the district court’s decision on that claim, explaining
that: “the Board has failed to articulate any reason for Jackson’s termination and,
therefore, cannot yet establish that Jackson would have been terminated absent his
protected speech. Accordingly, summary judgment for the Board on Jackson’s
First Amendment claim was improper.” In the course of our discussion, we
recounted what “[t]he district court found,” but we did not comment on any of its
findings or conclusions other than to point out that it had erred in finding that the
Board had established a Mt. Healthy defense.
Nonetheless, Jackson argues that, by deciding the Mt. Healthy issue, we
implicitly held in his favor regarding the other elements of his First Amendment
claim, including the Pickering balance. That means, Jackson says, that we
established as law of the case that the Pickering balance favored him, and on
remand the district court (this time with Judge Nelson presiding) violated the law
of the case doctrine by ruling that the Pickering balance weighed in favor of the
Board. That ruling was crucial to the grant of the motion for judgment as a matter
of law to the Board on that claim.
“Under the law of the case doctrine, both the district court and the appellate
court are generally bound by a prior appellate decision of the same case. The law
of the case doctrine, however, bars consideration of only those legal issues that
12
were actually, or by necessary implication, decided in the former proceeding.”
Oladeinde v. City of Birmingham, 230 F.3d 1275, 1288 (11th Cir. 2000) (internal
quotations and citations omitted). Exceptions to this doctrine apply when
substantially different evidence is produced, when there has been a change in
controlling authority, or when the prior decision was clearly erroneous and would
result in manifest injustice. Id.; United States v. Robinson, 690 F.2d 869, 872
(11th Cir. 1982).
The first step in the analysis is to identify the legal issues this Court
“actually, or by necessary implication,” decided when we reversed the district
court’s grant of summary judgment. See Oladeinde, 230 F.3d at 1288. Jackson
says that we must have agreed with the district court that the Pickering balance
favored him, because if we had disagreed we could have affirmed on the
alternative ground that he had failed to establish that element. We need not decide
if Jackson’s missed opportunity or implicit agreement argument is correct because,
even if it is, the evidence before Judge Nelson when he entered judgment as a
matter of law was substantially different from the evidence upon which we based
our reversal of Judge Propst’s grant of summary judgment for the Board.
The prior appeal was from a grant of summary judgment based on the record
before the district court at that time. The dispositive question was whether there is
13
a genuine issue of material fact raised by that evidence. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
Even if we necessarily decided that question in Jackson’s favor during the earlier
appeal, we did so only as to the Pickering balance issue framed by the facts (drawn
from the evidence viewed in the light most favorable to Jackson) in that record.
That is the only Pickering balance issue the district court had before it, and that is
the only one that we could have implicitly decided during the appeal.
When the record changes, which is to say when the evidence and the
inferences that may be drawn from it change, the issue presented changes as well.
The first exception to the doctrine recognizes that the law of the case is the law
made on a given set of facts, not law yet to be made on different facts. See Davis
v. Town of Lake Park, 245 F.3d 1232, 1237 n.1 (11th Cir. 2001) (“Law of the case
does not apply in this situation because [the later district court judge] based his
post-trial order on a different record than did [the earlier district court judge] when
addressing summary judgment.”); Shelkofsky v. Broughton, 388 F.2d 977 (5th Cir.
1968) (reversal of summary judgment for a trial by jury would not preclude the
district court from later entering summary judgment or judgment as a matter of law
if the evidence offered at trial was insufficient to warrant submission to the jury);
see also Oladeinde, 230 F.3d at 1289; Robinson, 690 F.2d at 872–73.
14
In reversing Judge Propst’s grant of the Board’s motion for summary
judgment, we had before us limited evidence, including only excerpts from
Jackson’s termination hearing in front of the Board. We had the deposition of only
one Board member, and he was the lone member who voted against Jackson’s
termination. The evidence before us did not contain even an articulation by the
Board of the reasons for Jackson’s termination. The Board’s failure to provide any
reason, legitimate or otherwise, for Jackson’s termination was the stated basis for
our reversal of Judge Propst’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the Board.
By contrast, the record before us now contains the transcript of the two trials
that followed after we reversed the grant of summary judgment. Included is the
testimony of the three Board members who voted to terminate Jackson. Their
testimony discusses in detail the reasons Jackson was fired. It describes, among
other things, Jackson’s acerbic and demeaning letter-writing campaign and its
deleterious effect on the functioning of the school system. That conduct, as well as
his wrongful distribution of confidential student records and his poor job
performance, were among the reasons, the Board members testified, that caused
them to fire him. The new evidence weighs heavily in the Pickering balance on the
government’s side given its need to efficiently and effectively perform its
functions. See Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 149–54, 103 S. Ct. 1684, 1691–94
15
(1983). The articulation of reasons for the termination remedies a problem that
existed when the case was last before us.1
When, after the remand, Judge Nelson granted the Board’s motion based on
his decision that the Pickering balance favored the Board, he considered all of the
new evidence. His ruling that the Pickering balance favored the Board based on
the evidence at the judgment as a matter of law stage is not inconsistent with our
earlier ruling (if we implicitly made one) that the Pickering balance had favored
Jackson based on the evidence before Judge Propst at the summary judgment stage.
Two different sets of facts framed two different issues and permitted two different
rulings. Even if the law of the case is that the Pickering balance favored Jackson
1
Jackson relies on Baumer v. United States, 685 F.2d 1318 (11th Cir. 1982), for the
proposition that because this evidence was available to the Board when Judge Propst first ruled
on the motion for summary judgment, it should not be allowed to use the evidence now to avoid
the law of the case doctrine. Jackson’s reliance on Baumer is misplaced.
In that decision we held that the law of the case doctrine precluded the district court from
ascertaining the value of an option to purchase land on the date it was granted. Id. at 1319. We
found that, because the first time through the plaintiffs had chosen as part of their trial strategy
not to make any arguments about the value of the option on that date, they were not entitled “to
resurrect a previously abandoned issue.” Id. at 1321. We further stated that “[p]ermitting
evidence of the value of the option when granted was outside the scope of [the] mandate” to the
district court. Id.
This case is different from Baumer. The Board never abandoned for strategic or other
reasons its argument that the Pickering balance weighed in its favor. And our mandate to the
district court contained no limitation on the evidence that could be considered on this issue on
remand. To the contrary, because we reversed the grant of summary judgment, we anticipated
that more evidence would be developed as the case progressed. In Baumer the trial had already
been conducted at the time of the first appeal.
16
on the summary judgment record before Judge Propst, the law of the case is not
that the Pickering balance favored him on the record as it stood when Judge Nelson
entered judgment as a matter of law for the Board.
B.
For similar reasons, we reject Jackson’s argument that Judge Nelson’s grant
of summary judgment in favor of the Board on the statutory retaliation claim
violated the law of the case doctrine. Jackson’s argument is that, because we
reversed the grant of summary judgment for the Board on this claim in the first
appeal, Judge Nelson violated the law of the case by entering summary judgment
on the claim after remand. He did that before the second trial began, but after the
first full trial. (As we mentioned, the judgment which resulted from that first trial
was set aside because of juror misconduct.) At the time Judge Nelson entered
summary judgment for the Board, he had before him the transcript of the first trial.
Included in that transcript was the Board members’ testimony articulating reasons
Jackson was fired. That made the summary judgment issue materially different
from what it had been at the time of the first appeal, when we reversed the first
entry of summary judgment because the Board had not given any reasons for the
termination. Different evidence, different issues. The law of the case did not
17
preclude entry of summary judgment for the Board on the statutory retaliation
claim based on the record as it stood at the end of the first trial.
IV.
Moving away from the law of the case questions, Jackson’s next contention
concerns the proper allocation of responsibilities between the court and the jury in
deciding the Pickering balance issue. Jackson contends that, even though the
actual balancing is done by the court, subsidiary facts that make up the weights on
each side of the scale must be found by the jury. According to Jackson, Judge
Nelson erred in deciding that the Pickering balance favored the Board without
having the jury decide the underlying facts.
“We acknowledge that sometimes a situation might present a factual dispute
which must be resolved by the jury before the trial judge is able to make the law
calls required” in deciding the Pickering balance. Brochu, 304 F.3d at 1158.
There is, however, no categorical rule that requires the court to submit issues to the
jury before it can undertake the Pickering balancing. When the facts underlying
the balance are clear, courts can and do decide the Pickering balance issue without
the aid of a jury. See, e.g., Morris v. Crow, 117 F.3d 449, 458 (11th Cir. 1997).
Here the relevant facts were clear.
18
In resolving the Pickering balance, “[o]ne relevant consideration is whether
the speech at issue ‘impairs discipline by superiors or harmony among co-workers,
has a detrimental impact on close working relationships for which personal loyalty
and confidence are necessary, or impedes performance of the speaker’s duties or
interferes with the regular operation of the [public employer’s] enterprise.’” Id. at
457–58 (quoting Rankin v. McPherson, 483 U.S. 378, 388, 107 S. Ct. 2891, 2899
(1987)). In holding that the Pickering balance favored the government employer in
the Morris case, we explained that: “the manner in which Morris’ message was
expressed was disrespectful, demeaning, rude, and insulting, and it was perceived
as such by Morris’ co-workers. It is not difficult to see how Morris’ behavior . . .
could cause serious disciplinary problems, undermine employee morale, and
impair harmony among co-workers. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine how it could
do anything else.” Id. at 458.
The same is true in this case. There is no dispute that Jackson sent a number
of demeaning and inflammatory letters to, among others, the Superintendent of the
school, the director of the school, and members of the Board. For example,
Jackson sent a letter to the members of the Board in which he described one of the
Board members as a “Grand Wizard of the Klu [sic] Klux Klan” and a “selfish, no-
business-minded, insulting, disgusting person let alone a[n] ethnic genocizer [sic].”
19
He also sent a letter describing the then-assistant Superintendent as a “black
overseer with his whip, riding on his stallion with all of the noble trust and loyalty
that the master invested in him,” and stating that after the assistant
Superintendent’s job is done his “Master” (the Superintendent) will “put his big
black boy back in the fields.” Jackson wrote another letter to then-Superintendent
Dr. Connell that called her “very decieving [sic]” and stated: “I think that Dr.
Connell has demonstrated how she feels about the black community. She has our
vote of no confidence.” There were other letters in a similar vein.
With this evidence, coupled with the testimony of the Board members at the
first trial, Judge Nelson had before him enough undisputed evidence to decide that
Jackson’s conduct, in the words of our Morris decision “could cause serious
disciplinary problems, undermine employee morale, and impair harmony among
co-workers.” 117 F.3d at 458.
V.
Jackson’s next contention involves Judge Coogler’s actions after he took
over the case. Although Judge Nelson had orally granted the Board’s Rule 50
motion for judgment as a matter of law on the First Amendment claim after the
close of the evidence in the second trial, he died before he made any written
findings of fact and conclusions of law or entered final judgment. Without
20
recalling any witnesses or entering written findings of fact or conclusions of law of
his own, Judge Coogler entered a formal judgment in favor of the Board based on
Judge Nelson’s oral grant of the Board’s Rule 50 motion for judgment as a matter
of law.
Jackson argues that before entering judgment Judge Coogler was obligated
by Rule 63 to recall witnesses and hear for himself the testimony that had been
presented at the second trial.2 Jackson asserts that cases such as Emerson Electric
Co. v. General Electric Co., 846 F.2d 1324 (11th Cir. 1988) (per curiam), and Zand
v. C.I.R. Service, 143 F.3d 1393 (11th Cir. 1998), stand for the proposition that,
under Rule 63, any time a judge in a civil case becomes disabled or dies before
issuing findings of fact and conclusions of law, the successor judge must retry the
case. Jackson is wrong.
Emerson and Zand dealt with a version of Rule 63 that was considerably
narrower than the present one. See Emerson, 846 F.2d at 1324; Zand, 143 F.3d at
2
Rule 63 states:
If a trial or hearing has been commenced and the judge is unable to proceed, any
other judge may proceed with it upon certifying familiarity with the record and
determining that the proceedings in the case may be completed without prejudice to the
parties. In a hearing or trial without a jury, the successor judge shall at the request of a
party recall any witness whose testimony is material and disputed and who is available to
testify again without undue burden. The successor judge may also recall any other
witness.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 63.
21
1393. More importantly, in those two cases the underlying trials were before the
bench, not before a jury. Emerson, 846 F.2d at 1324; Zand, 143 F.3d at 1393.
Rule 63 treats bench trials and jury trials differently. The rule gives the parties the
right to insist that a witness be recalled in a bench trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 63 (“In a
hearing or trial without a jury, the successor judge shall at the request of a party
recall any witness whose testimony is material and disputed and who is available to
testify again without undue burden.”). The rule does not give that right where a
jury trial is involved. What we have here is a jury trial, not a bench trial.
That leaves as applicable only Rule 63’s general provision that: “If a trial or
hearing has been commenced and the judge is unable to proceed, any other judge
may proceed with it upon certifying familiarity with the record and determining
that the proceedings in the case may be completed without prejudice to the
parties.” Id. Judge Coogler did certify that he was familiar with the record and he
determined that the proceedings in the case could be completed without prejudice
to the parties; Rule 63 required no more. See id.
Jackson also contends that Judge Coogler violated Rule 52 by entering
judgment without issuing findings of fact and conclusions of law. Rule 52 requires
that “[i]n all actions tried upon the facts without a jury or with an advisory jury, the
court shall find the facts specially and state separately its conclusions of law
22
thereon . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a). The trial we are talking about was not
“without a jury;” it was with a jury.3
The rule also provides that “[f]indings of fact and conclusions of law are
unnecessary on decisions of motions under Rule 12 or 56 or any other motion
except as provided in subdivision (c).” Id. The motion we are talking about was
“any other motion,” because it was under Rule 50 which is not “provided” in
subdivision (c). As a result, neither Judge Nelson nor Judge Coogler were under
any obligation to enter findings of fact and conclusions of law in granting the
Board’s Rule 50 motion for judgment as a matter of law.
VI.
Jackson’s next contention is that the jury’s verdict from the first trial was
improperly vacated because there was no finding that the juror’s undisclosed
criminal conviction caused actual bias or prejudice. The reason Jackson cares is
that, although the jury decided against Jackson on other claims, it decided the
statutory retaliation claim in his favor and awarded him $36,000 in compensatory
damages and $150,000 in punitive damages. He would be happy to have that
verdict reinstated.
3
Jackson argues that because the Pickering balance is an issue for the court to decide, see
Brochu, 304 F.3d at 1157, the court must issue findings of fact and conclusions of law when
deciding a Rule 50 motion that is based on the outcome of the Pickering balance. Not only is
this interpretation unsupported by the law, but it is at war with the plain language of Rule 52.
23
“In reviewing a trial court’s disposition of a motion to grant a new trial, we
apply an abuse of discretion standard.” McWhorter v. City of Birmingham, 906
F.2d 674, 677 (11th Cir. 1990). Because the trial judge is in the best position to
gauge whether a trial has been contaminated by potentially prejudicial conduct,
“[w]e . . . hesitate to overturn the grant of a new trial based on such grounds.” Id.
The reason that Judge Buttram (the second of four district court judges to be
involved in the case) granted the Board’s motion for a new trial is that one of the
jurors had failed to disclose that she had been convicted of a felony, though that
specific question was asked during voir dire while she was under oath. It was
discovered after the trial that the juror had been convicted of the murder of her
child.
In addressing the prospective jurors, Judge Buttram had asked: “Are there
any of you who have ever been convicted of a state offense in state court, or a
federal offense in federal court, of a crime punishable by imprisonment for more
than one year, and who have not had your civil rights restored?” The juror in
question did not respond.
Later in the jury selection process, when that juror was introducing herself
and reading the answers to a questionnaire she had been given, she stated:
“Experience in a lawsuit? No. Experience as a witness in a lawsuit? No.
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Experience as a juror. None.” Jackson’s attorney also specifically asked the jurors
whether any of them had “participated as a plaintiff or defendant in a lawsuit.”
Again, the juror did not respond.
Just before the lawyers started asking questions, Judge Buttram asked: “Can
any of you think of any other matter which you should call to the Court’s attention
which may have some bearing on your qualifications as a juror . . . ?” Again, the
juror did not respond. Judge Buttram then stated: “In other words, . . . maybe
[there is] something that you feel like you need [me] to know about that, that I
have gotten close to, but haven’t asked the question direct to get the response, this
is an opportunity to give you to inform me of any matter that you think that I need
to be aware of that would bear upon your fairness, impartiality or qualifications to
serve in this particular case.” Again, no response.
The point is that this juror had several opportunities to come clean with the
court about her murder conviction .
In an order clarifying why he had granted the Board’s motion for a new trial,
Judge Buttram stated that he had “granted a new trial based solely upon the
ground that one member of the petit jury was shown to have been statutorily
unqualified to serve as a juror, based upon a prior felony conviction, which she
failed to reveal during voir dire despite direct questioning.” He also said that he
25
“did not consider the effect that said juror might have had on the outcome of the
jury’s deliberations or any possible bias she might have had, so [he] deemed it
unnecessary to hold an evidentiary hearing on such matters.”
In order to obtain a new trial “because counsel lacked an item of information
which objectively he should have obtained from a juror on voir dire examination[,]
. . . a party must first demonstrate that a juror failed to answer honestly a material
question on voir dire, and then further show that a correct response would have
provided a valid basis for a challenge for cause.” McDonough Power Equip., Inc.
v. Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548, 555–56, 104 S. Ct. 845, 850 (1984). It is undisputed
that a question about prior felony convictions is material to jury service and that an
honest answer from this juror would have provided a basis to challenge her for
cause. United States v. Carpa, 271 F.3d 962, 967 n.5 (11th Cir. 2001) (per curiam)
(“A pending or final felony conviction is a valid basis for challenge for cause.”);
see also 28 U.S.C. § 1865(b)(5). That leaves only whether the juror’s failure to
answer the question was dishonest, instead of inadvertent. Although the district
court did not explicitly state that the juror’s nondisclosure was dishonest, the court
did specifically note that she had failed to reveal her prior felony conviction
“despite direct questioning.” We are satisfied that the court implicitly found that
26
the juror’s failure to speak up was an intentional and dishonest response to an
indisputably material question.
In some circumstances a juror may have forgotten about a conviction or,
more likely, not realized that her conviction was covered by the question. That is
not a reasonable possibility here. This juror had been convicted in 1986 for
murdering her child and sentenced to fifteen years in an Alabama prison. She
served three years in prison and five years on probation. She could not have
forgotten that. The court asked about convictions for crimes punishable by
imprisonment for more than one year. Having spent three years in prison for
murder, there is no reasonable possibility that this juror could have honestly
doubted that she was covered by the question.
For these reasons, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its
discretion in granting the Board’s motion for a new trial. See Carpa, 271 F.3d at
966–68.
VII.
Jackson’s final contention is that Judge Nelson, after the judgment in the
first trial was vacated, erred by granting summary judgment in favor of the Board
on Jackson’s race discrimination claim. We review de novo the district court’s
grant of summary judgment, applying the same legal standards as those that control
27
the district court. Indus. Partners, Ltd. v. CSX Transp., Inc., 974 F.2d 153, 155
(11th Cir. 1992).
A.
Where, as in this case, a plaintiff has no “direct evidence,” circumstantial
evidence of employment discrimination is evaluated under the McDonnell Douglas
framework. Bass v. Bd. of County Comm’rs, 256 F.3d 1095, 1103–04 (11th Cir.
2001). Under it, the plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of
discrimination. “Once the plaintiff has made out a prima facie case of
discrimination, the employer must articulate some legitimate, non-discriminatory
reason for the [employment action].” Id. at 1104. If the employer meets this
burden of production, the presumption of discrimination is eliminated and the
plaintiff must then establish that each of the defendant’s proffered reasons is
pretextual. Id.
In order to show pretext, the plaintiff must “demonstrate that the proffered
reason was not the true reason for the employment decision. . . . [The plaintiff]
may succeed in this either directly by persuading the court that a discriminatory
reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the
employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence.” Tex. Dep’t of Cmty.
Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 256, 101 S. Ct. 1089, 1095 (1981). “[A] plaintiff
28
withstands summary adjudication by producing sufficient evidence to allow a
reasonable finder of fact to conclude that the defendant’s articulated reasons for its
decision are not believable.” Howard v. BP Oil Co., 32 F.3d 520, 526 (11th Cir.
1994) (citing St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 113 S. Ct. 2742
(1993)). In evaluating a summary judgment motion, “[t]he district court must
evaluate whether the plaintiff has demonstrated such weaknesses, implausibilities,
inconsistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions in the employer’s proffered
legitimate reasons for its action that a reasonable factfinder could find them
unworthy of credence.” Combs v. Plantation Patterns, 106 F.3d 1519, 1538 (11th
Cir. 1997) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
B.
Here, neither party disputes that Jackson made out a prima facie case of
racial discrimination under McDonnell Douglas. That takes us to the proffered
reasons and whether the evidence creates a genuine issue of material fact as to
pretext.
In their testimony the three Board members who voted in favor of Jackson’s
termination articulated several reasons for Jackson’s termination. They cited as
reasons Jackson’s letter-writing campaign, his alleged filing of false expense
reports, his wrongful distribution of confidential student records, his poor job
29
performance, and, according to Board member Ed McLain, his “blatant
insubordination.” One reason that all three of them gave was Jackson’s abusive
letter-writing campaign.
We have no doubt that the inflammatory and disparaging letters that Jackson
sent to various members of the Board were a legitimate basis for his termination.
See Rollins v. Fla. Dep’t of Law Enforcement, 868 F.2d 397, 401 (11th Cir. 1989)
(“[T]o qualify for the protection of the [anti-discrimination] statute, the manner in
which an employee expresses her opposition to an allegedly discriminatory
employment practice must be reasonable. . . . FDLE denied Rollins’ applications
for promotions because she had earned the reputation as a disruptive complainer
who antagonized her supervisors and colleagues and impaired the morale of her
unit. Such conduct, even when associated with complaints of discrimination, has
been held to fall outside the protection of [42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a)] and to provide
the employer with a legitimate basis for its action.” (citing Whatley v. Metro.
Atlanta Rapid Transit Auth., 632 F.2d 1325, 1329 (5th Cir. 1980); Hochstadt v.
Worcester Found. for Experimental Biology, 545 F.2d 222, 234 (1st Cir. 1976))).
Even Joe Duncan, the one Board member who voted against Jackson’s termination,
felt that Jackson’s demeaning and offensive letter-writing campaign was a
legitimate reason for his termination. He testified: “As I reflect back on
30
[Jackson’s termination] hearing, I would agree that on the other good and just
cause, due to the letters, we may have [had] probable cause to cancel Mr. Jackson’s
contract.” The right to disagree does not include within it the right to keep one’s
job after expressing that disagreement with abusive, racist, demeaning invective
publicly hurled at those with whom one serves.
Because the Board articulated legitimate nondiscriminatory reasons for
Jackson’s termination (specifically the letters), the burden was on Jackson to put
forth sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact with regard to
whether the Board’s proffered reasons for his termination were pretextual. See
Bass, 256 F.3d at 1104. Jackson has failed to meet this burden.
Jackson has made no attempt to argue that his letter-writing campaign was
conjured up by the Board in order to fire him. Nor would he be able to if he tried.
The letters are in the record and they shout for themselves. Without addressing the
content of those letters, Jackson endeavors to convince us that there is evidence
that some of the Board members, in particular McLain, were racist, and that racism
was the real reason the Board fired him.
In support of his assertion that some of the Board members were racist,
Jackson primarily relies on the testimony of Board member Duncan. Some of
Duncan’s testimony arguably indicates that he believed that McLain is a racist.
31
Assuming that Duncan’s opinion is admissible evidence, or even assuming that
McLain is a racist, that would not create a genuine issue of material fact that the
Board fired Jackson because of racism. Regardless of his opinion about some of
his fellow Board members, Duncan also testified that in his opinion “due to the
letters” the Board “may have [had] probable cause to cancel Mr. Jackson’s
contract.” Duncan recognized that the Board had legitimate reasons for Jackson’s
termination, but he felt that it was unfair to terminate him now, when Jackson’s
letter writing had been going on for several years. Any “unfairness” in not
permitting an employee to continue to engage in misconduct does not state a claim
under federal law.
Duncan never said that Jackson had been fired because of his race. When
asked in his deposition whether McLain wanted to terminate Jackson because he
was black, Duncan said: “I couldn’t say one way or the other.” When asked
whether McLain had any racial animus towards Jackson, he answered: “May have.
I really don’t know.” The evidence at trial and the deposition testimony of
Duncan, the only Board member who voted against Jackson’s termination, severely
undercuts Jackson’s contention that the Board fired him not because of his abusive
and disrespectful letter-writing campaign but because the Board members are
racists.
32
Jackson also points to a statement in a letter that was written by someone
outside the Board to then-Superintendent Dr. Connell. The letter discusses how the
school should deal with the problems caused by Jackson’s distributing confidential
documents at a Board meeting the day before. Part of the letter to Dr. Connell says
that Ralph Gaines, the Board’s attorney, had stated that “this might be what we
have been waiting on to move toward taking action on Mr. Jackson.” Jackson
argues that the hearsay in this letter is evidence that the Board was developing a
pretext so it could terminate him on account of his race. This argument is not
tenable.
The letter, with its “what we have been waiting on” language, does suggest
that at least Dr. Connell was contemplating taking some kind of action against
Jackson. (Dr. Connell was not on the Board but her recommendation to commence
termination proceedings was a prerequisite to the Board firing Jackson. Even if we
assume that her desire to take action against Jackson can be attributed to the Board,
that does not mean that the desire was born of racism. As our previous discussion
makes clear, the Board had abundant, non-racial reasons to get rid of Jackson.
Jackson tells us that the Board’s racial motivation must be “infer[red] from the
evidence as a whole.” Appellant’s Br. 56. We have studied the evidence as a
whole and it will not support any reasonable inference of racist motivation.
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C.
Jackson’s burden at the summary judgment stage came down to showing
that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the reasons the Board
gave for his termination were pretextual. He could have done this by pointing to
evidence that created a genuine issue that the reasons that the Board gave were
false or that a discriminatory reason was more likely the cause of his termination.
See Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256, 101 S. Ct. at 1095. He failed to do so. As a result,
the Board was entitled to summary judgment and Jackson is not entitled to have
that judgment reversed.
VIII.
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
34
Rollen Jackson v. State of Alabama State Tenure
Court: Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
Date filed: 2005-04-14
Citations: 405 F.3d 1276
Copy CitationsCombined Opinion