Marcin Waldemar Sosniak appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion to dismiss his indictment due to an alleged constitutional speedy trial violation. Because we find that Callaway v. State, 275 Ga. 332 (567 SE2d 13) (2002), and Boseman v. State, 263 Ga. 730, n. 1 (438 SE2d 626) (1994), wrongly decided that the denial of a pre-trial constitutional speedy trial claim may be directly appealed, we dismiss Sosniak’s appeal for failure to follow the interlocutory appeal procedures of OCGA § 5-6-34 (b).
1. The record shows that Sosniak was arrested on March 20,2006 for murder,* 1 and, with his co-defendants, Jason McGhee and Frank Ortegon, was indicted on September 10,2007. On October 5,2007, the
2. OCGA § 5-6-34 (a) (1) authorizes direct appeals only from “final judgments [of the trial court], that is to say, where the case is no longer pending in the court below.”2 Because “ ‘the only possible remedy’ ” for a constitutional speedy trial violation is dismissal of the indictment with prejudice, Strunk v. United States, 412 U. S. 434, 440 (93 SC 2260, 37 LE2d 56) (1973) (quoting Barker v. Wingo, 407 U. S.
Sosniak’s direct appeal rests instead on application of the so-called “collateral order” doctrine. This doctrine was originally developed by the United States Supreme Court as an interpretation of28USC§ 1291, the federal statute that, much like OCGA § 5-6-34 (a) (1), authorizes direct appeals in federal cases only “from all final decisions of the district courts.” See also 28 USC § 1292 (authorizing appeals from specified interlocutory orders in subsection (a), like OCGA § 5-6-34 (a) (2)-(12), and authorizing other interlocutory appeals at the discretion of both the trial and appellate courts, like OCGA § 5-6-34 (b)).
In 1977, in Abney v. United States, 431 U. S. 651, 653 (97 SC 2034, 52 LE2d 651) (1977), the Supreme Court held that the collateral order doctrine authorized the pretrial appeal of an order denying a motion to dismiss an indictment on double jeopardy grounds. Less than a year later, in United States v. MacDonald, 435 U. S. 850 (98 SC 1547, 56 LE2d 18) (1978), the Supreme Court, in what it called a “straightforward” application of the collateral order doctrine, unanimously rejected the contention that a defendant is entitled to a pretrial appeal of an order denying a motion to dismiss an indictment based on the alleged violation of his constitutional right to a speedy trial. Id. at 856.
The Court first recognized that, “[i]n sharp distinction to a denial of a motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds, a denial of a motion to dismiss on speedy trial grounds does not represent ‘a complete, formal and, in the trial court, a final rejection’ of the defendant’s claim.” Id. at 858 (quoting Abney, 431 U. S. at 659). Looking to the factors that courts must weigh in deciding a speedy
Before trial, of course, an estimate of the degree to which delay has impaired an adequate defense tends to be speculative. The denial of a pretrial motion to dismiss an indictment on speedy trial grounds does not indicate that a like motion made after trial — when prejudice can be better gauged — would also be denied. Hence, pretrial denial of a speedy trial claim can never be considered a complete, formal, and final rejection by the trial court of the defendant’s contention; rather, the question at stake in the motion to dismiss necessarily “remains open, unfinished [and] inconclusive” until the trial court has pronounced judgment.
MacDonald, 435 U. S. at 858-859 (citation omitted).
With respect to “the requirement that the order sought to be appealed be ‘collateral to, and separable from, the principal issue at the accused’s impending criminal trial, i.e., whether or not the accused is guilty of the offense charged,’ ” MacDonald, 435 U. S. at 859 (quoting Abney, 431 U. S. at 659), the Court noted that, in contrast to a double jeopardy claim, “there exists no such divorce between the question of prejudice to the conduct of the defense (which so often is central to an assessment of a speedy trial claim) and the events at trial. Quite the contrary, in the usual case, they are intertwined,” id. The Court added:
Even if the degree of prejudice could be accurately measured before trial, a speedy trial claim nonetheless would not be sufficiently independent of the outcome of the trial to warrant pretrial appellate review. The claim would be largely satisfied by an acquittal resulting from the prosecution’s failure to carry its burden of proof.
Id. Unlike a double jeopardy violation, the harm of which is not eliminated by the defendant’s acquittal after being twice put in jeopardy, “[t]he essence” of a speedy trial claim “in the usual case is that the passage of time has frustrated his ability to establish his innocence of the crime charged. Normally, it is only after trial that that claim may fairly be assessed.” Id. at 860.
Most importantly, the Supreme Court flatly rejected the argument that the right to a speedy trial is, like the right against double jeopardy or to reduced bail before trial, the sort of right “the legal and
There perhaps is some superficial attraction in the argument that the right to a speedy trial ■ — • by analogy to these other rights — must be vindicated before trial in order to insure that no nonspeedy trial is ever held. Both doctrinally and pragmatically, however, this argument fails. Unlike the protection afforded by the Double Jeopardy Clause, the Speedy Trial Clause does not, either on its face or according to the decisions of this Court, encompass a “right not to be tried” which must be upheld prior to trial if it is to be enjoyed at all. It is the delay before trial, not the trial itself, that offends against the constitutional guarantee of a speedy trial. If the factors outlined in Barker v. Wingo, supra, combine to deprive an accused of his right to a speedy trial, that loss, by definition, occurs before trial. Proceeding with the trial does not cause or compound the deprivation already suffered.
MacDonald, 435 U. S. at 860-861. See also id. at 860, n. 7 (“Certainly, the fact that this Court has held dismissal of the indictment to be the proper remedy when the Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial has been violated does not mean that a defendant enjoys a ‘right not to be tried’ which must be safeguarded by interlocutory appellate review.” (citation omitted)).
Finally, the Court concluded that allowing direct appeals from pretrial denials of speedy trial motions would actually undermine the values reflected in the Speedy Trial Clause. “Many defendants, of course, would be willing to tolerate the delay in a trial that is attendant upon a pretrial appeal in the hope of winning that appeal.” MacDonald, 435 U. S. at 862. However, unlike the other rights the Constitution guarantees to the accused, “ ‘there is a societal interest in providing a speedy trial which exists separate from, and at times in opposition to, the interests of the accused.’ ” Id. (citation omitted).
Among other things, delay may prejudice the prosecution’s ability to prove its case, increase the cost to society of maintaining those defendants subject to pretrial detention, and prolong the period during which defendants released on bail may commit other crimes.
Id. Thus, “[allowing an exception to the rule against pretrial appeals in criminal cases for speedy trial claims would threaten precisely the
Therefore, persuasive precedent from the United States Supreme Court clearly indicates that rulings denying a pre-trial motion for speedy trial should be subject to interlocutory appeals procedures rather than being directly appealable.
Nonetheless, this Court strayed from this precedent, and, in Callaway and Boseman, we extended the collateral order doctrine as developed in Abney, and applied to statutory speedy trial claims in Hubbard v. State, 254 Ga. 694 (333 SE2d 827) (1985), to constitutional speedy trial claims in Callaway and Boseman. We did this and continued to do so in spite of several opinions from our Court of Appeals which pointed out the error of this extension of the law in light of the Supreme Court’s ruling in MacDonald. See Callaway v. State, 251 Ga. App. 11 (553 SE2d 314) (2001); Callaway v. State, 258 Ga. App. 118,121 (572 SE2d 751) (2002); Smith v. State, 260 Ga. App. 403 (579 SE2d 829) (2003) (physical precedent only); Lamar v. State, 262 Ga. App. 735 (586 SE2d 416) (2003).
Today, in line with the United States Supreme Court precedent in MacDonald and our Court of Appeals’ admonitions, we hereby overrule our decisions in Callaway and in Boseman. Both cases wrongly determined that a defendant has the right to bring a direct appeal from a denial of a pre-trial motion for a constitutional speedy trial. Defendants must follow the interlocutory appeal procedures of OCGA § 5-6-34 (b) when pursuing appellate review in these cases.
3. We recognize that, given the clear, though incorrect, mandate of our overruled case law, Sosniak may be caught somewhat by surprise with this opinion. To ameliorate this surprise, we note that, under our prior precedent, Sosniak’s speedy trial claim was properly denied by the trial court in any event.
Alleged violations of the constitutional right to a speedy trial must be analyzed under the aegis of Barker v. Wingo, supra. “First, the court must determine whether the interval from the accused’s
Length of the delay. Because there has not been a trial, the length of the delay must be calculated from the date of arrest or formal accusation to the date on which the motion to dismiss on speedy trial grounds was decided. State v. Porter, 288 Ga. 524, 526 (2) (b) (705 SE2d 636) (2011). The delay of more than five years in this case is presumptively prejudicial, and, as the trial court found, and the State does not dispute, the length of the delay should be weighed against the State. Id. at 527 (2) (c) (1).
Reasons for the delay. Whether the defendant or the State bears the primary responsibility for delay in reaching trial is “pivotal in evaluating the strength of a constitutional speedy trial claim, as it can color the consideration of all other factors.” Ruffin, supra, 284 Ga. at 59 (2) (b) (ii). Deliberate delay is weighed heavily against the State. Delay resulting from “neutral” causes, such as negligence, has lighter weight. Vermont v. Brillon, 556 U. S. 81, 90 (II) (129 SC 1283, 173 LE2d 231) (2009). Of course, delay caused by the defense weighs against the defendant. Id. at 90-91 (II).
The trial court’s order shows that it carefully considered the reasons for the delay, dividing the time between indictment and trial into a number of distinct periods. The trial court first found that the pre-indictment delay of eighteen months was caused by the State, was not purposeful delay, and would not weigh heavily against the State. The trial court next considered the period of time from Sos-niak’s arraignment in January through December of 2008, and weighed the time slightly against Sosniak, based on certain continuances he requested. The trial court weighed the time the case was under appellate review as neutral. The remittitur from the interim review was returned on June 24,2010, and the following day, the trial court scheduled trial for January 10, 2011. On December 10, 2010, Sosniak’s counsel requested a two-year continuance, contending that
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in any of these findings, and Sosniak’s contentions that the delay should not be held against him because he lacked appropriate funding does not alter this result. The record supports the trial court’s finding that Sosniak’s counsel did not properly pursue funding for their client. Testimony clearly showed that, other than one invoice from February 2009 for an expert witness, Sosniak made no requests for payment for legal fees or otherwise.
Defendant’s assertion of the right. “The relevant question for purposes of the third [speedy trial] factor is whether the accused has asserted the right to a speedy trial ‘in due course.’ ” (Punctuation and footnote omitted.) Ruffin, supra, 284 Ga. at 63 (2) (b) (iii). This factor “requires a close examination of the procedural history of the case with particular attention to the timing, form, and vigor of the accused’s demands to be tried immediately.” (Footnote omitted.) Id. Because delay often works to the defendant’s advantage, see Vermont v. Britton, supra, 556 U. S. at 90 (II), this factor is afforded “ ‘strong evidentiary weight.’ ” (Punctuation omitted.) Marshall v. State, 286 Ga. 446, 447 (1) (c) (689 SE2d 283) (2010) (quoting Barker v. Wingo, supra, 407 U. S. at 531). In this case, Sosniak waited over five years until the trial court would no longer grant his requests for a continuance to assert his right to a speedy trial. The trial court did not err in finding this eve-of-trial request untimely, and it properly weighed this factor against Sosniak.
Prejudice. To determine whether the defendant has been prejudiced by the delay, one must consider whether there has been
Appeal dismissed.
1.
Sosniak has remained incarcerated since his arrest.
2.
OCGA § 5-6-34 (a) provides in full:
Appeals may be taken to the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals from the following judgments and rulings of the superior courts, the constitutional city courts, and such other courts or tribunals from which appeals are authorized by the Constitution and laws of this state:
(1) All final judgments, that is to say, where the case is no longer pending in the court below, except as provided in Code Section 5-6-35 [requiring an application to appeal certain types of issues and cases];
(2) All judgments involving applications for discharge in bail trover and contempt cases;
(3) All judgments or orders directing that an accounting be had;
(4) All judgments or orders granting or refusing applications for receivers or for interlocutory or final injunctions;
(5) All judgments or orders granting or refusing applications for attachment against fraudulent debtors;
(6) Any ruling on a motion which would be dispositive if granted with respect to a defense that the action is barred by Code Section 16-11-173;
(7) All judgments or orders granting or refusing to grant mandamus or any other extraordinary remedy, except with respect to temporary restraining orders;
(8) All judgments or orders refusing applications for dissolution of corporations created by the superior courts;
(9) All judgments or orders sustaining motions to dismiss a caveat to the probate of a will;
(10) All judgments or orders entered pursuant to subsection (c) of Code Section 17-10-6.2;
(11) All judgments or orders in child custody cases including, but not limited to, awarding or refusing to change child custody or holding or declining to hold persons in contempt of such child custody judgment or orders; and
(12) All judgments or orders entered pursuant to Code Section 35-3-37.
3.
On August 26,2010, by administrative order, the trial court had transferred $50,000 from a trust account established for co-defendant Ortegon with money received from Georgia Public Defender Standards Council to an account for Sosniak.