ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Terry A. White Jeffrey A. Modisett
Barbara Coyle Williams Attorney General of Indiana
Evansville, Indiana
Randi E. Froug
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
SUPREME COURT OF INDIANA
RYAN MICHAEL SPECHT, )
)
Appellant (Defendant Below), )
)
v. ) Cause No. 82S00-9810-CR-612
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee (Plaintiff Below). )
APPEAL FROM THE VANDERBURGH CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable Carl A. Heldt, Judge
Cause No. 82C01-9803-CF-254
August 17, 2000
SHEPARD, Chief Justice.
Since adopting the Indiana Rules of Evidence six years ago, we have
not considered whether a witness may be impeached with evidence of a guilty
plea to a crime for which judgment has not yet been rendered. We conclude
that the answer is still yes.
The MotoMart Robbery
We described the events precipitating this case in an opinion issued
earlier this year involving a confederate of Ryan Michael Specht.
On the night of March 10, 1998, Erick Schmitt and two friends,
Ryan Specht and Michelle Evans, held up the MotoMart, a gas
station/convenience store located in western Vanderburgh County.
Schmitt and Specht performed the robbery while Evans waited outside.
Both armed, the two men ran inside the gas station, with Schmitt
in the lead. Upon entering, they discovered two people in the store, .
. . Charlie Simpson, the store clerk, and Brett Tracy, a customer.
Schmitt fatally shot Simpson three times in the head and then shot
Tracy once in the face. The two then quickly emptied the cash
registers and fled the scene.
Tipped off by an informant, the police arrested Specht the
following day; he confessed his part in the robbery and implicated
Schmitt and Evans as accomplices. The police then moved to arrest
Schmitt; they read him his Miranda rights, handcuffed him, and placed
him in the back of a police vehicle. While Schmitt initially denied
any involvement in the murder, upon seeing Specht in the backseat of a
different police vehicle, he admitted participating.
Schmitt v. State, 730 N.E.2d 147 (Ind. 2000). A jury found Schmitt guilty
of murder, attempted murder, and robbery, and we affirmed his convictions.
In the present case, we turn to appellant Ryan Michael Specht’s
contentions of error aimed at his convictions for felony murder, robbery,
and attempted murder.
I. Impeachment without Conviction
Specht claims that the trial court erred by permitting the State to
impeach him on the basis of a prior guilty plea that had not been reduced
to a conviction. Before the events that led to this case, the State
charged Specht with confinement, and he pled guilty. The trial court
accepted the plea and, pursuant to the State’s recommendation, agreed to
withhold judgment until January 5, 1999, and ordered Specht placed on
probation. If Specht completed the terms of his probation, the court
declared, it would enter judgment on the plea as a class A misdemeanor; if
he did not, the court would enter judgment as a class D felony.
The court had not yet entered judgment when the present case commenced
on August 3, 1998. At trial, the court denied Specht’s motion in limine to
prohibit evidence of the plea, and overruled Specht’s objection to the
State’s use of the plea to impeach him.
Indiana Rule of Evidence 609(a) provides that proof that a witness has
been convicted of a crime may be admitted for the purpose of attacking that
witness’s credibility if the crime involves dishonesty or if it is a crime
catalogued in 609(a)(1). The list in Rule 609(a)(1) includes the crime to
which Specht had pled guilty, confinement.
The issue, then, is whether a guilty plea not yet reduced to judgment
constituted a conviction for impeachment purposes. Prior to the adoption
of the Indiana Rules of Evidence, we held that it did, stating, “when there
has been a plea of guilty it is a conviction of crime and the presumption
of innocence no longer follows the defendant. . . . The fact that final
judgment was not rendered does not alter the fact that he stands convicted
of the crime to which he has entered a plea.” McDaniel v. State, 268 Ind.
380, 383, 375 N.E.2d 228, 230 (1978) (citing State v. Redman, 183 Ind. 332,
109 N.E. 184 (1915)).
While the Rules of Evidence generally superceded previously existing
common law, Rule 609(a) preserved, rather than replaced, our caselaw
regarding impeachment. In proposing that this Court adopt Rule 609(a), our
committee said, “Rejecting both the [Federal Rules of Evidence] and the
[Uniform Rules of Evidence], this section preserves prior Indiana Law.”
Indiana Supreme Court Committee on the Adoption of the Indiana Rules of
Evidence, Proposed Indiana Rules of Evidence [and Commentary] 40 (May 4,
1993).
Mr. Specht’s lawyers have suggested that our 1978 opinion in McDaniel
deployed older caselaw, developed for another purpose, to decide the
question at issue. Nevertheless, decide it we did, and we retained
existing Indiana law in adopting the Rules of Evidence.
McDaniel is still good law. Specht’s motion in limine and subsequent
objection to the State’s impeachment on this basis were properly denied and
overruled.
II. Change of Venue
Specht also claims that the trial court erred by denying his motion
for change of venue. A trial court’s denial of such a motion will be
reversed only for an abuse of discretion. Elsten v. State, 698 N.E.2d 292
(Ind. 1998). To prevail on such a claim, a defendant must show “(1)
prejudicial pretrial publicity; and (2) the inability of the jurors to
render an impartial verdict.” Eads v. State, 677 N.E.2d 524, 525 (Ind.
1997).
That potential jurors were exposed to press coverage does not satisfy
this test. Elsten, 698 N.E.2d at 294; see also Ind. Code Ann. § 35-37-1-
5(b) (West 1998). Instead, a defendant must prove that the jurors were
unable to disregard preconceived notions of guilt and render a verdict
based on the evidence. Elsten, 698 N.E.2d at 294.
Judge Heldt questioned each juror extensively and permitted only those
who said they could disregard pretrial publicity to remain in the
venire.[1] He excused jurors who were unsure about their impartiality.[2]
Finally, once the jurors were selected, the judge again asked them whether
they had “read anything about th[e] case in the newspaper, see[n] anything
on television, seen publicity at all . . . about th[e] case,” to which they
all answered no. (R. at 821.)
Specht “has not directed our attention to any evidence in the record
showing that jurors were unable to be impartial due to the pretrial media
coverage. As we have held in many prior decisions, this . . . is fatal to
his claim.” Barnes v. State, 693 N.E.2d 520, 525 (Ind. 1998). The trial
court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Specht’s motion for
change of venue.[3]
Conclusion
For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Dickson, Sullivan, Boehm, and Rucker, JJ., concur.
-----------------------
[1] BY THE COURT: Have you heard about this case, or read about it?
BY MR. WHITAKER: Through newspaper and television.
BY THE COURT: And as a result of what you saw, did you form, or express
any opinion about the guilt or innocence of this particular
defendant?
BY MR. WHITAKER: I would say I didn’t have any opinion.
BY THE COURT: No opinion?
BY MR. WHITAKER: Yeah.
BY THE COURT: So, you believe that you could judge this case, if you’re
selected, fairly and impartially, and based solely upon
what you hear in the courtroom?
BY MR. WHITAKER: Probably.
BY THE COURT: Okay. Is there some reason why you think that you
couldn’t?
BY MR. WHITAKER: Well, to be honest with you, I . . . I’ve forgot most of
what I’ve heard and read.
(R. at 509-10.) The other selected jurors answered these questions in much
the same way. (R. at 514-15, 516, 580, 633-34, 640-41, 666-67, 669-70,
670, 730, 765-66, 785-86, 807-08.)
[2] See, e.g., R. at 508-09, 575 (juror couldn’t “guarantee impartiality”
and was therefore excused); R. at 513-14, 575 (juror couldn’t set aside
preconceived notions and was therefore excused); R. at 517, 575 (juror said
his opinion about Specht’s guilt or innocence would “remain with” him
during trial, and was therefore excused).
[3] Specht further contends that the trial court “must have abused [its]
discretion” when it denied his motion for change of venue, because a Vigo
County jury acquitted Schmitt, Specht’s cohort, of murder, while a
Vanderburgh County jury convicted Specht on the same charge. (Appellant’s
Br. at 11.) We decline to attach this much significance to Schmitt’s
acquittal. The Vigo County jury did convict Schmitt of reckless homicide,
felony murder, robbery, and attempted murder, and the trial court sentenced
him to 75 years, 15 more than Specht received. Schmitt, 730 N.E.2d at 147
(Ind. 2000); R. at 4-5 (Specht sentenced to a total executed sentence of 60
years).