Starks v. Comer

SOMERVILLE, J.

The question of primary importance in this case is whether or not the communication made to1 the public by the defendant Starks, and others confederated with him, through the medium of the two Birmingham daily papers, was, though false, a privileged communication, if made with a bona fide belief in its verity, without actual' malice to the plaintiff, and only for the purpose of informing the voters of the state as to his character and fitness for the office of president of the Alabama Railroad Commission; the plaintiff being then a candidate for the party nomination for that office in the forthcoming democratic primaries.

In other branches of this case heretofore appealed to this court (Comer v. Age-Herald Pub. Co., 151 Ala. 613, 44 South. 673, 13 L. R. A. [N. S.] 525; Comer v. L. & N. R. R. Co., 151 Ala. 622, 44 South. 676; Comer v. Advertiser Co. et al., 172 Ala. 613, 55 South. 195), this question does not seem to have been presented; nor does it appear that the general question involved has ever been a subject of decision or discussion by this court.

As shown by the briefs of counsel, the decisions in other jurisdictions are numerous, and diverge in two main conflicting lines, with some intermediate shadings of opinion.

We have examined these decisions, and have considered the question, with much care and with a due solicitude for the adoption by this , court of the rule which most nearly reflects the spirit of reason, justice, and sound policy; and we conclude that the libelous publication here shown was not one of qualified privilege, and that liability for actual damage by reason of its falsity cannot be defeated by such a plea.

Some of the leading authorities which support this view, with a citation and discussion of the other cases, are the following: Com. v. Clap, 4 Mass. 163, 3 Am. Dec. 212; Burt v. Newspaper Co., 154 Mass. 238, 28 N. E. 1, 13 L. R. A. 97; Banner Pub. Co. v. State, 16 Lea (Tenn.) 176, 57 Am. Rep. 216; McAllister v. Detroit Free Press Co., 76 Mich. 338, 43 N. W. 431, 15 Am. St. Rep. 318, and note, 353-357; Smith v. Burrus, 106 Mo. 94, 16 S. W. 881, 13 L. R. A. 59, 27 Am. St. Rep. 329; Upton v. Hume, 24 Or. 431, 33 Pac. 810, 21 L. R. A. 493, 41 Am. St. Rep. 863; Jones v. Townsend, 21 Fla. 431, 58 Am. Rep. 676; Hamilton v. Eno, 81 N. Y. 116; Star Pub. Co. v. Donahoe, (Del.) 58 Atl. 513, 65 L. R. A. 980; Coffin v. Brown, 94 Md. 190, 50 Atl. 567, 55 L. R. A. 732, 89 Am. St. Rep. 422; Dauphiny v. Buhne, 153 Cal. 757, 96 Pac. 880, 126 Am. St. Rep. 136, citing Jarman v. Rea, 137 Cal. 339, 70 Pac. 216; Post Pub. Co. v. Hallam, 59 Fed. 530, 8 C. C. A. 201 (opinion by Judge Taft). In line, also, may be noted the leading English case of Davis v. Shepstone, 55 L. T. Rep. (N. S.) 1, 11 App. Cas. 187, 190.

Judge Freeman, after a very full consideration of the conflicting authorities, reached the conclusion that: “The better opinion, and the one sustained by the preponderance of the authorities, both English and American, is that false or defamatory publications concerning the acts or character of a candidate are not privileged, and are actionable.” Note, 15 Am. St. Rep. 355.

In his article on Libel and Slander in 25 Cyc. 404, Prof. Kinkead summarizes the law as follows: “When a man becomes a candidate for office, his character for honesty and integrity and his qualifications and fitness for the position are put before the public and are thereby made proper subjects for comment. But as a general rule false allegations of fact charging criminal or disgraceful conduct, or otherwise aspersive of character, are not privilege.”

To the same effect is the text of 18 A. & E. Ency. Law, 1042.

It is, of course, to be conceded that the decisions on the other side are respectable both as to their number and authority. Perhaps the leading ones are Briggs v. Garrett, 111 Pa. 404, 2 Atl. 513, 56 Am. Rep. 274; Morse v. Times Co., 124 Iowa, 707, 100 N. W. 867; Coleman v. MacLennan, 78 Kan. 711 98 Pac. 281, 20 L. R. A. (N. S.) 361, 130 Am. St. Rep. 390; Express Print-Co. v. Copeland, 64 Tex. 354. And alone among commentators, Judge Cooley seems to favor the minority view. — Cooley on Const. Lim. (7th Ed.) 644. See, also, 22 Harvard Law Rev. 446.

The authorities above cited have presented the reasons leading to their conclusions so fully that nothing of value can now be added. We venture the suggestion, however, that the public interest and welfare, upon a consideration of which alone the minority view seems to be grounded, are quite as likely to be injured and defeated by the public calumniation of worthy candidates for public office — usually impossible of seasonable refutation other than by mere denial, and often not even by that — as they are likely to be conserved by the public exposure of the unfitness of those who are unworthy. Indeed, it may perhaps be asserted, as a matter of common experience, that the great majority of the detractory charges which are made or published against candidates during political campaigns are without substantial foundation in fact; and, also; that they are made for personal or partisan purposes, rather than for the enlightenment of the electorate and the purification of their verdict at the polls.

(1) Hence, not only as a matter of private justice, but on considerations of sound public policy as well, the disseminators of such calumnies ought not- to- be immune against civil responsibility merely because they believe them to be true, and themselves use them in good faith for the edification of the public. It is, of course, not to be understood that this view in any way denies the privilege of fair criticism of and comment upon the character, conduct, or fitness of candidates for public office. But such criticism and comment must be founded on facts, and not on falsehoods, and must be legitimate and reasonable, as pointed out in the case of Parsons v. Age-Herald Co., 181 Ala. 439, 61 South. 345, 350.

(2) It results from the principles above approved that the defendant’s special pleas of qualified privilege were subject to the demurrers assigned, and the demurrers were properly sustained.

(3) Under the plea of the general issue, our statute allows the defendant to give in evidence the truth of the words spoken or written, or the circumstances under which they were spoken or written only “in mitigation of damages,” and not in bar of the action. — Code, .§ 3746; Ferdon v. Dickens, 161 Ala. 181, 49 South. 888. But, in such case, a requested charge, which submits to the jury the question of truth or falsity, ought also to limit that issue to the mitigation of damages, since otherwise it might very well mislead the jury as to the effect of their finding. Under such a plea, the defendant in this case introduced evidence tending to prove the truth of the alleged libel. At plaintiff’s request, the trial judge instructed the jury that: They could “consider the question of the truth of the publication only as bearing upon the question of punitive damages, and in that aspect of the case the burden of proof to show the truth of the charge would rest upon the defendants and not upon the plaintiff.”

It is insisted for the defendant that the truth of the charge has a logical bearing upon the amount of the actual damage, in that, the mental suffering arising from the publication of a charge which is true in fact may not be so great as it would be if the charge were false in fact. Logically, and in spite of the popular adage, “It’s the truth that hurts,” appellant’s proposition is sound enough. Yet, under the peculiar rules which govern the pleading and proof in actions for defamation, w'e can find no warrant for the consideration of the truth of the publication for the purpose claimed. In the absence of a plea of justification, it is, by the express limitation of the enabling statute, to be considered only in mitigation of damages, and hence it cannot become a factor in the ascertainment of actual damage. This is to say in effect, as affirmed by plaintiff’s eleventh given charge, that, so far as actual damages are concerned, the falsity of the publication is in this case, under the pleadings, to be conclusively presumed.

( 4, 5) A legal presumption which establishes an element of a plaintiff’s case, or of a defendant’s defense, In his respective favor, in effect imposes upon the other party the burden of proof with respect thereto. This is especially true where a legal presumption supports an allegation of pleading. In the present case the law presumes that the publication was false, and that presumption continues until it is overcome by evidence showing its truth. Hence the charge to the jury that the burden of proof was upon the defendant to show the truth of the publication in mitigation of damages was practically correct, if not scientifically accurate. In Hereford v. Combs, 126 Ala. 369, 378, 28 South. 585, it is said that: “Notwithstanding the truth of the words spoken may be given in evidence under the general issue by the defendant, the burden of proof is upon him to reasonably satisfy the jury of their truth.”

This may be but a dictum, since in that case there was a plea of justification. But the plea of the general issue in fact denies the falsity of the publication as fully as does a special plea of justification,' although its effect is limited, and there can be no logical reason for a different rule as to the burden of proof under the two pleas in this respect.

(6) We are not inadvertent to the distinction noted by law writers and judges between the burden of proof, which, strictly speaking, never shifts from the affirmative to the negative, and the “duty of going forward with the evidence,” which frequently shifts as a result of prima facie proof or legal presumptions. — 5 A. & E. Ency. Law, 40. We only mean to say, in this behalf, that the failure of the trial court to observe this nice distinction in phraseology in dealing with this subject was at least not reversible error. An explanatory, charge should have been requested by the defendant if he apprehended a prejudicial misunderstanding of this charge by the jury.

(7) Several charges were requested by' the defendant upon the predicate of a finding by the jury that the publication was true. The undisputed evidence is that is was untrue in at least three material particulars, viz.: (1) That the affiant Dickert asserted as a fact that he was a cousin of the plaintiff, B. B. Comer; (2) that Comer invited Dickert into Comer’s private office; and (3) that Dickert swore to the truth of the alleged affidavit. The charges referred to were therefore abstract in so far as they were predicated upon the truth of the charge as a whole, and their refusal in the form requested cannot be held erroneous. The predicate should have been the truth of any material part or parts of the publication.

(8) The communication being libelous per se (Comer v. L. & N. R. R. Co., 151 Ala. 622, 44 South. 676), the law presumes such general damage to the plaintiff as mental suffering and injury to his reputation, and it necessarily follows that these elements of damage need not be allleged in the complaint not'supported by proof. Garrison v. Sun, etc., Ass’n, Ann. Cas. 1914C, 291, 295, note; Chesley v. Thompson, 137 Mass. 136. A different rule has been adopted in this state in actions in Code form for assault and battery (S. S. S. & I. v. Dickinson, 167 Ala. 211, 52 South. 594); but we cannot extend that rule to actions for libel or slander, although there was formerly some dissension of opinion on the subject, as shown by the opinions filed in Advertiser Co. v. Jones, 169 Ala. 211, 670, 53 South. 759.

(9) The award of damages in this behalf is for actual damage, and not for punishment merely. — Comer v. Advertiser Co., 172 Ala. 613, 623, 55 South. 195. And while ,the jury might in their discretion limit the amount of their award, even down -to nominal damages (Advertiser Co. v. Jones, 169 Ala. 196, 53 South. 759), they cannot be instructed to do so.

(10) Conceding that the evidence in this case shows without dispute that the plaintiff has suffered no' pecuniary loss, and no injury to his reputation, there is nothing to show that the publication did not wound his sensibilities and inflict upon him substantial mental suffering. The matter of substantial compensatory damages therefore remained a question for-the jury.

(11) Defendant’s refused charge 29 is substantially covered by his given charge 11, except that 29 includes, among the facts to be considered in awarding punitive damages, if any should be given, the hypothesized fact that defendant used reasonable diligence to ascertain the truth or falsity of the publication. We discover nothing in the evidence that in any way suggests that the defendant Starks exercised any diligence or did anything at all looking to such an ascertainment, and hence the charge must be pronounced abstract in that respect — for which reason it was properly refused.

(12) Defendant’s refused charge 41 is faulty in form, as applied to the evidence, in that it practically leaves to the jury the interpretation of the complaint with respect to the scope of the word “published” as used therein. Defendant’s given charge 10 stated clearly and fairly that defendant was not liable at all unless he published, or aided or abetted in the publication of, the article complained of, and covered in proper form the matter relied upon for an acquittance in the refused charge.

(13) The amended second count of the complaint charges defendant’s publication of the libel in the Birmingham Ledger, “a newspaper not being then published by defendants or any of them, but by the Ledger Publishing Company.” It is urged that, in view of this averment and the failure of any support for it in the evidence, the defendant was entitled to an affirmative instruction in- his favor on this count.

We do not regard the averment as being in any way material to the plaintiff’s case. However, the proof does show that the Ledger was published by the Ledger Publishing Company, of which J. J. Smith was president; that defendant and his alleged confederates were officials engaged in the employment of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company; and that they arranged by contract and for a pecuniary consideration for the publication of the article in the paper. We think that upon these facts it was at least open to the jury to infer that the defendants were not separately or severally the publishers of the Birmingham Ledger. This charge was therefore properly refused.

We find no reversible error with respect to any charges refused to the defendant, and the oral charge of the court and the charges given for the plaintiff are in harmony with the principles state'd herein.

It remains only to consider the action of the trial court in refusing to allow the defendant to introduce evidence to show that Dickert’s general character and reputation, and also his reputation for truth and honesty, was good before and at the time he signed the affidavit.

The character- and standing of ‘one’s informant is always relevant to the inquiry whether or not the information received from him was credible, and whether or not it was in fact accepted in good faith as being true. And this is equally true whether the recipient personally knows his informer’s character, or whether he knows it only by its reputation in the community.

(14) It is contended by the plaintiff that evidence of Dickert’s good character or reputation was not competent in this connection until it was‘first assailed by the plaintiff; and reference is made, by way of analogy, to the familiar rule that the general character of a witness cannot be thus supported until assailed by the opposite party. We think, however, that in a case like this, where the direct issue itself is the credibility of the informer and the recipient’s bona fide acceptance of the information as true, the defendant ought to be allowed to take the initiative and prove the issue by showing the character or reputation of his informer. Certainly such evidence is relevant, and is not forbidden by considerations either of policy or convenience. We find only one case in which the question has been treated, and there it was held, not only that the defendant in libel may, but also that he must, show the source of his information, and that his informant was “possessed of such character and standing as would command a belief in the truth of his utterances.” — Edwards v. San Jose Society, 99 Cal. 431, 439,34 Pac. 128, 130 (37 Am. St. Rep. 70, 76).

Without going so far as the California court, we hold that such evidence is competent and admissible.

It is obvious, however, that its value as indicative of the belief of the defendant depends absolutely upon his contemporaneous knowledge of his informant’s good character or reputation; and unless such knowledge is made to appear, in connection with the offer of such evidence, the evidence is prima facie irrelevant and cannot be received. The evidence in this case offers no hint that the defendant knew of. or relied upon the character or reputation of Dickert when he made publication of Dickert’s alleged affidavit, and, for this reason, we think there was no error in its rejection.

It is. suggested by the defendant that, independently of this ground of admissibility, this character evideuce was admissible in corroboration of Dickert’s testimony because he had been impeached by evidence of contradictory statements made on other occasions out of court.

(15) It is true that such corroboration is authorized whenever, upon proper predicate laid, by calling the witness’ attention thereto, other witnesses have testified to particular statements as having been made by the witness, and which are presently denied or not admitted by him. But the record in this case does not ■show such an impeachment, but only a contradiction of Dickert’s testimony by other witnesses. This does not authorize the introduction of evidence of his good ■ character.- — Baucum v. George, 65 Ala. 259.

Finding' no reversible error in the record, the judgment will be affirmed.

Affirmed.

Anderson, C. J., and de Graffenried and Gardner, JJ., concur.