delivered the opinion of the court.
Relator instituted mandamus proceedings against H. L. Hart, state treasurer, to enforce payment of a warrant issued to relator as and for salary as a member of the house of representatives of the fifteenth session.
On or about February 7, 1917, Jerry J. Flannigan, a [1] member of the house, elected from Silver Bow county, died, and thereupon the governor issued to relator a commission to fill the Vacancy caused by the death of Flannigan, no election having been had to fill the vacancy, and on such date relator was seated as a member of such house and continued as a member thereof. At the close of the session there was issued to him a warrant in payment of his per diem and mileage, pursuant to a resolution of the house, payment of which was refused by the state treasurer, defendant herein. The facts are uncontroverted by the defendant. Judgment was granted in favor of relator in the district court.
Section 9, Article Y, of our Constitution, provides: “ * # # Each house * * * shall judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its members.”
“See. 45. . When vacancies occur in either house, the governor or the person exercising the functions of the governor shall issue writs of election to fill the same.”
Section 420 of the Revised Codes provides: “An office becomes vacant '* * * on the death of the incumbent.”
“Sec. 422. WTienever a vacancy * * * occurs in either house of the legislative assembly, the governor must at once issue a writ of election to fill, such vacancy.
“Sec. 423. When any office becomes vacant, and no mode is provided by law for filling such vacancy, the governor must fill such vacancy by granting a commission to expire at the end of the next legislative assembly or at the next election by the people.”
It is contended by respondent that Flannigan having died during a session of the legislature and there being no mode provided by the Code for filling the vacancy during the time
Section 29, Article III, of the Constitution provides: “The provisions of this Constitution are mandatory and prohibitory, ..unless by express words they are declared to be otherwise.” In our view, the Constitution (Art. Y, sec. 45, supra), provides the only means for filling' a vacancy occurring by death or resignation of a member. The Constitution being mandatory as to the subjects on which it speaks (see. 29, supra), and having provided that when vacancies occur in either house, the governor shall issue writs of election to fill the same, the people retained in themselves, and in themselves alone, the power to fill vacancies in the legislative bodies. There being, by the [2] terms of the constitutional provision above referred to, a “mode provided by law for filling such vacancy,” the provisions of the statute (sec. 423) do not apply here; and relator’s appointment having been made contrary to the provisions of the Constitution, he was at most a de facto officer.
The right of a public officer to compensation for the [3] performance of duties imposed upon him by law does not rest upon contract, but is incidental to the right to hold office. (McGillic v. Corby, 37 Mont. 249, 17 L. R. A. (n. s.) 1263, 95 Pac. 1063; 22 R. C. L., p. 525 et seq.)
An officer de facto has been said to" be one in possession of [4] an office and discharging its functions under color of authority or of title derived from irregular, informal or defective appointment or election. (22 R. C. L., p. 523, and cases cited.) [5] It is a generally recognized rule that a de facto officer cannot recover the compensation annexed to the office, and that, while the acts of such officer are valid so far as they concern the public or the rights of third persons, when he sues in his own right to recover fees or salary due him by virtue of the office, he must show that he is an officer de jure. (People v. Hopson, 1 Denio (N. Y.), 574; People v. Howe, 177 N. Y. 499, 66 L. R. A. 664, 69 N. E. 1114; People v. Potter, 63 Cal. 127;
In State ex rel. Boulware v. Porter, 55 Mont. 471, 178 Pac. 832, this court said: “It is nevertheless the contention that when he [a public officer] comes into court to enforce the payment of compensation on account of his services, he must assume the burden of showing that he is in right as well as in fact a member of the house. We agree with this contention, for it is the general rule that the emoluments follow the legal title to the office.”
While there are exceptions to these rules, this case is not within any of them. On the general subject of actions brought by a de facto officer to recover the salary annexed to the office, see Constantineau on the “De Facto Doctrine,” sections 236 and 237, and cases cited. (Throop on Public Officers, sec. 510; Mechem on Public Officers and Offices, see. 331; 22 R. C. L., p. 321 et seq.)
As indicating some of the points directly passed upon in the cited eases, the following brief references are given:
One who has occupied an office to which he is ineligible is not [6] entitled to maintain an action for the salary thereof. (Vicksburg v. Groome (Miss.), 24 South. 306.)
When a statute provides that an officer shall be appointed in [7] a certain way, if he be appointed in a manner different from that provided by statute, held, he cannot recover as a de facto officer. (Phelon v. Grenville, 140 Mass. 386, 5 N. E. 269.)
In Sheridan v. St. Louis, 183 Mo. 25, 2 Ann. Cas. 480, 81 S. W. 1082, the facts were very similar to those here involved. One Yogel was elected as a member of the house of delegates of the city of St. Louis, defeating Sheridan, the plaintiff above
Suppose that one, not an American citizen and who has not even declared his intention to become one, should be a successful candidate at the polls for a seat in the legislative assembly and seated despite his noneitizenship; whát right could be shown in his favor, should he bring mandamus to recover his salary if his petition disclosed on its face that he was not a citizen ? Or suppose that upon the candidacy of such person, proceedings should be brought to prevent his name being placed upon the election ballots; can it be doubted that the court could restrain the placing of the same thereon, when his ineligibility was made to appear, even though, if elected, the legislature might possibly seat him as a member?
People ex rel. Sherwood v. State Board of Canvassers, 129 N. Y. 360, 14 L. R. A. 646, 29 N. E. 345, involved the question whether one who was ineligible under the Constitution of New York to a seat in the legislative assembly, and who had received a majority or plurality in his candidacy for election to the assembly, could compel the state board of canvassers by mandamus to issue to him a certificate of election. The court said:
There can, of course, be no question that under the [8] Constitution, plenary power is lodged in each house to judge of the qualifications, elections and returns of its membership; nevertheless, when it appears that such body has proceeded in an unconstitutional manner, the courts are not permitted to lend their assistance in aid of one who sues for his emoluments, basing his rights upon such action.
We are not concerned here with the right of a de facto officer to sue upon quantum meruit for the value of services rendered. [9] In this proceeding, relator desires the court by mandamus to compel the state treasurer to pay him the compensation which
Relator having acquired his membership in the house of [10] representatives in a manner not provided for by the Constitution, and his petition disclosing this fact on its face, he does not bring himself within any rule entitling him to the aid of a' writ of mandamus.
The judgment appealed from is reversed, with directions to the district court to dismiss the proceeding.
Reversed-.