This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A15-0238
State of Minnesota,
Respondent,
vs.
Christopher Alan Young,
Appellant.
Filed November 16, 2015
Affirmed
Chutich, Judge
Ramsey County District Court
File No. 62-CR-13-4001
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Thomas R. Ragatz, Assistant County Attorney,
St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Julie Loftus Nelson, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Chutich, Presiding Judge; Ross, Judge; and
Larkin, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
CHUTICH, Judge
Appellant Christopher Alan Young challenges the district court’s decision to
revoke the stay of execution on his 156-month sentence. Because the district court
properly found that Young violated the terms of his stay of execution, we affirm.
FACTS
This case arose from allegations that Young sexually penetrated his younger sister
beginning when she was seven years old and continuing until she was approximately ten
years old. Young was approximately twelve years old when he began abusing his sister.
When the state charged Young, he was nineteen years old.
Young admitted to the allegations and pleaded guilty to first-degree criminal
sexual conduct on June 6, 2013. See Minn. Stat. § 609.342, subd. 1(g) (2014). The
district court sentenced him to 156 months, stayed for 20 years, subject to certain
probationary conditions. See id., subd. 3 (2014) (permitting the court to stay execution of
the sentence if it finds (1) “a stay is in the best interest of the complainant or the family
unit” and (2) “a professional assessment indicates that the offender has been accepted by
and can respond to a treatment program”).
The conditions of probation required Young to register as a predatory offender,
provide a DNA sample, have no contact with the victim, and complete sex-offender
treatment. The district court additionally ordered Young to serve 365 days in local
confinement. See id., subd. 3 (b)(1) (requiring a term of local confinement as a condition
of probation).
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On December 6, 2013, Young’s probation officer filed a probation violation
report, alleging that Young had been terminated from transitional housing for seven
major rule violations. His probation officer recommended vacating Young’s stay of
execution and executing his 156-month sentence.
Because the sentencing court had not enumerated completion of transitional
housing as a condition of probation, the district court determined that Young had not
violated probation. Instead, the district court modified the terms of his probation to
include an additional 365 days in local confinement and completion of transitional
housing upon his release.
Young’s probation officer filed a second probation violation report on August 27,
2014, alleging three violations. The report claimed that Project Pathfinder had
discharged Young from sex-offender treatment, he had absconded from his transitional
housing, and his whereabouts were unknown. Young’s probation officer again
recommended vacating his stay of execution.
At the ensuing probation-violation hearing, Young waived the right to a contested
hearing and admitted to the three violations. The parties continued disposition of the
violation to explore alternatives to revoking Young’s probation.
When the parties returned for disposition of the probation violation, the district
court revoked Young’s probation. In addition to the original violations, it acknowledged
supplemental allegations that Young had three pending misdemeanor offenses from
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September 5, 2014, and that Young had unsupervised contact with a minor. The district
court concluded:
I accepted your admissions. I find that without legal excuse
or justification you violated conditions of the stay. I find that
the violations, even if they weren’t intentional, were not
excusable. The need for confinement outweighs policies
favoring probation because confinement is necessary to
protect the public from further criminal activity. It’s also
because you need correctional treatment which can most
effectively be provided while you’re in custody. You have
been unable to follow through with treatment outside of
custody. Finally, the court’s consideration is that it would
unduly depreciate the seriousness of the violations if
probation were not revoked.
The district court executed Young’s 156-month sentence, subject to a 10-year
conditional release period. Young now appeals the revocation of his stay of execution.
DECISION
Young contends that the district court abused its discretion by revoking his stay of
execution because its findings about his violations were merely conclusory and did not
fulfill the second and third Austin factors. See State v. Austin, 295 N.W.2d 246, 250
(Minn. 1980) (adopting a three-step analysis for future guidance to the district courts in
revoking probation). We disagree.
The “purpose of probation is rehabilitation and revocation should be used only as
a last resort when treatment has failed.” Id. The district court has broad discretion to
determine if sufficient evidence supports a probation revocation, and this court will only
reverse when a clear abuse of discretion occurs. Id. at 249–50.
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When an offender whose sentence was initially stayed violates any of the
conditions of probation, the district court may continue the existing stay of execution or
execute the offender’s sentence. Minn. R. Crim. P. 27.04, subd. 3(2)(b). In State v.
Austin, the Minnesota Supreme Court established a three-step analysis that district courts
must follow before revoking an offender’s probation. 295 N.W.2d at 250. Under Austin,
district courts must (1) specify the probation conditions the offender violated, (2) find the
violation was either intentional or inexcusable, and (3) find that the need for confinement
outweighs the policies favoring continued probation. Id. In creating a record of the three
Austin findings, “courts must seek to convey their substantive reasons for revocation and
the evidence relied upon.” State v. Modtland, 695 N.W.2d 602, 608 (Minn. 2005).
Young concedes that his admissions to the probation violations fulfill the first
Austin factor, but he challenges the district court’s findings on the second and third
Austin factors.
Austin Factor 2
Young contests the district court’s finding that his violations were inexcusable,
asserting that the district court did not question him about the violations and that no
documents were submitted showing why Project Pathfinder discharged him. Young
argues that, by making its findings without this information, the district court reacted
reflexively to his probation violation, contrary to Austin’s mandate. See Austin, 295
N.W.2d at 251 (stating that a district court’s decision to revoke cannot be “a reflexive
reaction to an accumulation of technical violations but requires a showing that the
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offender’s behavior demonstrates that he or she cannot be counted on to avoid antisocial
activity”) (quotation omitted). This contention lacks merit.
A review of the probation violation hearing transcript supports the district court’s
finding that Young’s violations were inexcusable. Advocating continued probation,
Young’s attorney conceded that Young had exhausted three previous chances to avoid a
lengthy prison sentence. Young’s attorney agreed that Young abandoned his transitional
housing placement “without justification or excuse.” He also stated that when Young
learned that the court would issue a warrant for his arrest because of his discharge from
Project Pathfinder, Young “by his own admission, just took off.” Young’s attorney
characterized the violations as “just kind of immature, dumb things.”
Young’s probation officer added that Young had received “numerous
opportunities” and that Young was well aware of the potential consequences for failure to
cooperate with probation. He told the court that Young was “not listening to probation,”
“not listening to treatment,” and “failed to even seem like he tried.”
Finally, in the statement that Young prepared for the hearing, he told the court he
was scared after being discharged from sex-offender treatment. Fearing reincarceration,
he panicked and ran, despite knowing that he was required to maintain contact with his
probation officer.
After hearing this testimony, the district court agreed that Young had squandered
opportunities to cooperate with probation and to complete appropriate programming.
Addressing Young, the district court observed “somehow, obstacles arise that prevent
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you from following through” and “you keep having these lapses which I don’t think any
of us can explain.”
Given these statements from Young’s attorney, Young’s probation officer, Young,
and the district court, the district court’s findings on the second Austin factor are not
reflexive. The probation violation hearing transcript contains ample support for its
conclusion that Young’s violations were inexcusable.
Austin Factor 3
Under the third Austin factor a district court may not revoke probation unless it
also finds at least one of the following: (1) confining the offender is necessary to protect
the public against further criminal acts, (2) the correctional treatment that the offender
requires can be most effectively provided in confinement, or (3) the seriousness of the
violation would be unduly depreciated if probation were not revoked. Id.
The district court has broad discretion to determine whether sufficient evidence
exists to support revocation. Id. at 249–50. It must only find one of the subfactors to
support its finding that the need for confinement outweighs policies favoring continued
probation. Modtland, 695 N.W.2d at 607. Here, the district court found all three.
Young argues that the district court erred by finding that the need for his
confinement outweighed policies favoring continued probation. He contends that the
district court ignored that he was genuinely committed to changing his behavior and that
it ignored the alternatives to revocation. Young also asserts that the district court relied
on improper findings—a mischaracterization of his “history of violations,” an
underdeveloped record of why Project Pathfinder discharged him, and an overstatement
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of his lapse in communication with the probation officer—and impermissible, unreported
probation violations to reach its conclusion. These contentions are not persuasive.
The district court considered Young’s testimony regarding his commitment to
change but nonetheless found that all three subfactors existed. Sufficient evidence in the
record supports this finding. The district court found that an untreated sex offender
presents a danger to the community. It noted that, despite initiating treatment over two
years before the violation report, Young repeatedly failed to complete outpatient sex-
offender treatment.
Young’s assertion that the district court ignored alternatives to revocation
misrepresents the availability of any such alternatives. When the parties returned for
disposition of the violation, Young’s attorney presented only a verbal commitment from
Project Pathfinder that it would consider readmitting Young, which Project Pathfinder
would not put in writing. At the time of the second hearing, the parties had not
established, much less agreed on, viable alternatives.
In sum, excluding the unreported probation violations, sufficient evidence
established three clear violations: Young failed to complete sex-offender treatment, he
failed to complete transitional housing, and he failed to keep probation informed of his
residence. Because the district court made the required Austin findings, and the record
supports each of these findings, it properly revoked Young’s stay of execution.
Affirmed.
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State of Minnesota v. Christopher Alan Young
Combined Opinion