STATE OF MISSOURI, Plaintiff-Respondent v. SCOTT S. HALFORD

STATE OF MISSOURI, )
)
Plaintiff-Respondent, )
)
vs. ) No. SD32726
)
SCOTT S. HALFORD, ) Filed: June 10, 2014
)
Defendant-Appellant. )

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF WRIGHT COUNTY

Honorable John B. Jacobs, Associate Circuit Judge

REVERSED AND REMANDED

Scott S. Halford ("Defendant") was convicted of second-degree domestic

assault. Defendant appeals, claiming the trial court erred in failing to submit a

lesser-included offense instruction for third-degree domestic assault. We agree

and reverse the trial court's judgment.

Standard of Review

"The giving or failure to give an instruction or verdict form in violation of

this Rule 28.02 or any applicable Notes On Use shall constitute error, the error's

prejudicial effect to be judicially determined, provided that objection has been
timely made pursuant to Rule 28.03."1 Rule 28.02(f).2 Thus, "[a] 'trial court errs

if it does not instruct the jury in compliance with MAI-CR instructions and

applicable notes."' State v. Davenport, 174 S.W.3d 666, 668 (Mo. App. S.D.

2005) (quoting State v. Mee, 643 S.W.2d 601, 604 (Mo. App. E.D. 1982)).

Additionally, "[i]n reviewing whether a trial court erred in failing to instruct the

jury on a lesser-included offense, we review the evidence in a light most favorable

to the defendant." State v. Knight, 355 S.W.3d 556, 558 (Mo. App. S.D. 2011).

Factual and Procedural Background

Viewed in the light most favorable to Defendant, the following evidence

was adduced at trial.

Andrea Rath ("Victim") was romantically involved with Defendant and

lived with him at the time of the events giving rise to this case. On July 11, 2012,

1
The State argues Defendant's claim was not preserved for appellate review because the
instruction Defendant proffered at trial "did not correctly state the second element of the
offense[.]" We disagree.
Defendant's proffered instruction posited Defendant and Victim "were adults who resided
together[.]" Under the statute in force at the time of this offense, a conviction for third-degree
domestic assault required among other things that the victim be "a family or household member
or an adult who is or has been in a continuing social relationship of a romantic or intimate nature
with the actor, as defined in section 455.010[.]" § 565.074.1, RSMo Cum. Supp. (2012). Included
in the section 455.010 definition of household member are "persons who are presently residing
together[.]" § 455.010(7). Additionally, with respect to this element, the pattern instruction lists
several options:
(1) "were related by blood or marriage,"
(2) "(resided together) (and) (had resided together in the past),"
(3) "(were) (and) (had been) in a continuing social relationship of a romantic
or intimate nature)," and
(4) "(have a child in common)."
The pattern instruction further instructs the practitioner to "[i]nsert one or more of the
following." MAI-CR 3d 319.76 (2013) (emphasis added). Thus, the statute merely required a
finding that Defendant and Victim resided together, and the pattern instruction only required the
use of one of the four options. For those reasons, the instruction did not need to posit both that
Defendant and Victim resided together and had been in a continuing social relationship of a
romantic or intimate nature. The State cites no authority supporting the idea that the proffered
instruction was required to list more than one of the options as the State's instruction did.
Defendant's proffered instruction complied with the applicable pattern instruction, so the claim is
preserved for appellate review.
2 All rule references are to Missouri Court Rules (2013).

2
Victim and Defendant were waiting in a Mountain Grove, Missouri, park to have

visitation with Victim's children supervised by Victim's caseworker, Tonya Stout

("Stout").

Victim and Defendant had been arguing all day. When Stout arrived at the

park, Victim and Defendant were sitting across from each other at a picnic table

still arguing. In response to one of Victim's remarks, Defendant cussed at Victim.

Victim "stood up from the picnic table, ready to fight." She was "in his face" and

being physically aggressive. Then Defendant grabbed Victim's throat and

continued to grip her by the throat and she was red in the face. Victim described

the act as "[a] stop kind of thing." Defendant did not apply pressure, and Victim

could still breathe and scream. She continued to go toward Defendant. Victim

stopped struggling when she heard Stout calling the police and Defendant

released his hold on Victim. The grabbing of the throat lasted under ten minutes.

Officer Matthew Thompson ("Officer Thompson") of the Mountain Grove

Police Department was dispatched to the scene. He spoke with Stout, Victim, and

Defendant. Stout seemed very frightened. Officer Thompson testified Victim had

a redness around her neck, but she told Officer Thompson she did not want to

press charges. Officer Thompson did not suggest Victim seek medical attention

and stated Victim appeared to be "more mad than scared." Defendant was in an

agitated state and appeared to be intoxicated.

Defendant was charged with second-degree domestic assault based on the

allegation that Defendant "attempted to cause and/or, knowingly caused physical

3
injury to [Victim] by choking her[.]" See § 565.073.3 During the instruction

conference at trial, Defendant offered an instruction regarding the lesser-

included offense of third-degree domestic assault which would have allowed the

jury to consider whether Defendant merely intended to cause physical contact

which he knew Victim would find offensive. See § 565.074. The trial judge

refused to give the instruction because he did not believe there was evidence from

which the jury could find Victim thought the contact was offensive. The jury

subsequently found Defendant guilty of second-degree domestic assault.

Defendant included a claim regarding the refused instruction in his motion for

new trial which was overruled. Defendant appeals.

Discussion

In his sole point on appeal, Defendant argues the trial court erred in

refusing his proffered instruction regarding the lesser-included offense of third-

degree domestic assault. We agree.

Section 556.046 discusses when an offense is a lesser included offense of a

charged offense and when a trial court is obligated to instruct the jury regarding a

lesser included offense. Under that statute, "[t]he court shall be obligated to

instruct the jury with respect to a particular included offense only if there is a

basis in the evidence for acquitting the defendant of the immediately higher

included offense and there is a basis in the evidence for convicting the defendant

of that particular included offense." § 556.046.3, RSMo Cum. Supp. (2014). "In

order for there to be a basis for an acquittal of the greater offense, there must be

some evidence that an essential element of the greater offense is lacking and the

3 Unless otherwise indicated, all statutory references are to RSMo Cum. Supp. (2012).

4
element that is lacking must be the basis for acquittal of the greater offense and

the conviction of the lesser." Knight, 355 S.W.3d at 558. "If the evidence

supports differing conclusions, the judge must instruct on each." State v.

Williams, 313 S.W.3d 656, 660 (Mo. banc 2010) (quoting State v. Pond, 131

S.W.3d 792, 794 (Mo. banc 2004)). In this type of analysis, it is the jury's role to

determine the credibility of witnesses and to resolve conflicts in the testimony.

Id. "The jury is permitted to draw such reasonable inferences from the evidence

as the evidence will permit and may believe or disbelieve all, part, or none of the

testimony of any witness." Id. (quoting State v. Hineman, 14 S.W.3d 924, 927

(Mo. banc 1999)). "Doubts concerning whether to instruct on a lesser included

offense should be resolved in favor of including the instruction, leaving it to the

jury to decide." Id. (quoting State v. Derenzy, 89 S.W.3d 472, 474-75 (Mo.

banc 2002)).

Third-degree domestic assault is a lesser included offense of second-

degree domestic assault. See State v. Hibler, 5 S.W.3d 147, 151 (Mo. banc

1999) (holding third-degree assault is a lesser-included offense of second-degree

assault). Furthermore, the State concedes there is evidence from which the jury

could have acquitted Defendant of second-degree assault. Thus, the only issue

remaining is whether there was evidence from which the jury could have found

Defendant guilty of third-degree domestic assault.

Defendant's proposed instruction would have allowed the jury to find

Defendant guilty of third-degree domestic assault under Section 565.073 which

provides in pertinent part that "[a] person commits the crime of domestic assault

in the third degree if the act involves a family or household member or an adult

5
who is or has been in a continuing social relationship of a romantic or intimate

nature with the actor . . . and . . . [t]he person knowingly causes physical contact

with such family or household member knowing the other person will regard the

contact as offensive[.]" § 565.074.1(5).

In the present case, Victim's testimony and Officer Thompson's testimony

supported an inference that Defendant did not attempt to cause physical injury

but merely knowingly caused physical contact which he knew Victim would

regard as offensive. Victim described an ongoing verbal confrontation between

herself and Defendant. Victim explained that when Defendant put his hand on

her throat Defendant was not trying to hurt her physically so much as

emotionally. Officer Thompson described Victim's demeanor after the event by

stating Victim "was mad[.]" Emotional pain and anger are feelings associated

with being offended. Thus, the testimony of Victim and Officer Thompson, if

believed, could support a finding that Defendant caused offensive physical

contact. The trial court should have submitted an instruction regarding third-

degree domestic assault.

When the trial court fails to submit an instruction that is supported by the

evidence, reversal is required. McNeal v. State, 412 S.W.3d 886, 894 (Mo.

banc 2013) ("Because prejudice is presumed on direct appeal, a new trial is

required if the trial court refuses the defendant's properly requested lesser-

included offense instruction."). Defendant's sole point is granted.

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Decision

The trial court's judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded for a new

trial.

MARY W. SHEFFIELD, J. - OPINION AUTHOR

GARY W. LYNCH, J. - CONCURS

DON E. BURRELL, J. - CONCURS