COURT OF APPALS D.^
2013 HARM AH 9= 58
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 67678-4-1
Respondent, DIVISION ONE
v.
PAUL G.JONES, UNPUBLISHED
Appellant. FILED: March 11. 2013
COX, J. — In order to satisfy the Fourth Amendment, a search warrant
must describe with particularity "the person or things to be seized." The warrant
authorizing the search of Paul Jones's motor home directed the executing
officers to search for broad, generic categories of items, but provided no
meaningful standards for assessing which items were subject to seizure. We
conclude that the warrant therefore failed to satisfy the particularity requirement
of the Fourth Amendment and that the evidence seized pursuant to the warrant
must be suppressed. We reverse Jones's convictions for first degree child
molestation and remand for further proceedings.
In 2010, the parents of ten-year-old D.R.P. contacted the Skagit County
Sheriff's Office to report D.R.P.'s allegations of sexual abuse involving Paul
Jones. From about 2006 to 2009, D.R.P.'s family lived in a trailer park in Sedro-
Woolley. Jones lived in a motor home in the same trailer park.
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D.R.P. told officers that he spent the night in Jones's motor home on
several occasions. Jones would make D.R.P. sleep naked in a bed that had
"itchy" blankets. Jones showed D.R.P. a sign on the shower door with a naked
father, mother, and children and explained that it meant no clothes were allowed
in bed.
During a game called "face painting," Jones used a paint brush to paint
D.R.P.'s penis and had D.R.P. paint Jones's penis. Jones would then shower
with D.R.P. and wash D.R.P.'s penis. Jones told D.R.P. that he played the face
painting game with other boys as well.
Jones showed D.R.P. movies of males having sex and would make D.R.P.
"jerk" while watching. Jones also used his computer camera to record D.R.P.
lying on his bed "jerking" and using a vibrator. D.R.P. said that Jones had many
pictures and videos of D.R.P. and Jones masturbating one another and many
pictures of D.R.P. with no clothes on. D.R.P. described the icons on Jones's
computer files where the pictures were stored.
D.R.P. described one incident in which another unknown boy from the
trailer park was present when Jones demonstrated a penis pump. Jones had
D.R.P. use a mint-flavored yellow mouth wash during the visits.
Jones allowed D.R.P. to play games on his computer and watch cartoons
during the visits. Jones also gave D.R.P. bigger toys than he gave to the other
kids in the trailer park and gave D.R.P. candy in the mornings before school.
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Based on the investigation, a Skagit County Sheriff's Office detective
prepared an affidavit and obtained a search warrant for Jones's motor home.
The warrant identified the suspected crimes as child molestation in the first
degree and sexual exploitation of a minor. During execution of the warrant,
officers seized various items related to the crime, including nude photographs
and sexually explicit videos of D.R.P. and other children.
The State charged Jones with five counts of child molestation in the first
degree and two counts of sexual exploitation of a minor. Jones moved to
suppress the evidence seized pursuant to the warrant, arguing, among other
things, that the search warrant failed to establish probable cause to search
Jones's motor home and that the warrant failed to satisfy the particularity
requirement of the Fourth Amendment. The trial court denied the motion.
Following a bench trial based on stipulated evidence, the court found
Jones guilty of three counts of child molestation in the first degree and imposed a
standard-range sentence of concurrent 130-month terms.
DECISION
Jones contends that the search warrant supporting the search and seizure
of evidence in his motor home was unconstitutionally overbroad. We agree that
the warrant failed to satisfy the Fourth Amendment particularity requirement and
that the invalid portions of the warrant cannot reasonably be severed.
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The Fourth Amendment mandates that search warrants describe with
particularity the things to be seized.1 The particularity requirement serves not
only to prevent general searches, but also to eliminate the "danger of unlimited
discretion in the executing officer's determination of what to seize"2 and to inform
the person subject to the search what items may be seized.3
The degree of specificity required necessarily varies "according to the
circumstances and the type of items involved."4 We review de novo whether a
search warrant contains a sufficiently particularized description to satisfy the
Fourth Amendment, but construe the language "in a commonsense, practical
manner, rather than in a hypertechnical sense."5 A warrant that fails to satisfy
the Fourth Amendment particularity requirement is unconstitutional.6
The search warrant here recited that there was probable cause to believe
that Jones had committed the crimes of child molestation in the first degree and
sexual exploitation of a minor, identified the relevant address, described Jones's
motor home, and directed the executing officers to seize the following items:
Bedding, to include blankets
Guns of any make or model
Signs or images
Photographs
Computer
1 State v. Perrone, 119 Wn.2d 538, 545, 834P.2d611 (1992).
2 Id at 546.
3 State v. Rilev. 121 Wn.2d 22, 29, 846 P.2d 1365 (1993).
4 State v. Stenson, 132 Wn.2d 668, 692, 940 P.2d 1239(1997).
5 Perrone, 119 Wn.2d at 549.
6 Groh v. Ramirez, 540 U.S. 551, 557, 124 S. Ct. 1284, 157 L Ed. 2d 1068 (2004).
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Camera
Sex related material to include
Books, literature, object, toys, pumps and vibrators
Documents of Domain and control
Registrations
Video and media storage devices
Paints and paint brushes
Mouth wash
VHS/DVDS/CD and movies
Any and all evidence of this crime.
The warrant did not identify any of the facts of the alleged crimes.
On appeal, as he did in the trial court, Jones contends that the warrant
provision permitting the search for "Any and all evidence of this crime" effectively
authorized an unconstitutional general search. The State claims, and the trial
court agreed, that the challenged provision did not invalidate the warrant
because the alleged crimes and the preceding list of specific items adequately
limited the discretion of the searching officers who executed the warrant.
The general authorization in the warrant to search for "any and all
evidence of this crime" is reasonably construed as referring to evidence of the
crimes of first degree child molestation and sexual exploitation of a minor. But
the State fails to demonstrate how the mere identification of the alleged crimes
provided any meaningful guidance for the officers executing the warrant under
the facts of this case.
"The Fourth Amendment by its terms requires particularity in the warrant,
not in the supporting documents."7 The particularity requirement may be satisfied
7 Ramirez, 540 U.S. at 557.
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if "the affidavit and the search warrant are physically attached, and the warrant
expressly refers to the affidavit and incorporates it with 'suitable words of
reference'."8
Here, the affidavit supporting the search warrant set forth in explicit detail
the nature of the alleged criminal activity identified numerous specific items
associated with the criminal activity, and otherwise provided extensive contextual
information. But the warrant itself did not recite any of the circumstances
underlying the suspected crime. The warrant does not incorporate the affidavit
and nothing in the record indicates that the affidavit was attached to the warrant.
"Neither the officer's personal knowledge of the crime nor a proper execution of
the search may cure an overbroad warrant."9 Without some information
illuminating the circumstances of the crime, the discretion of the officers to
search for "any and all evidence" of the crimes was limited only by their
imagination.
Nor are we persuaded by the trial court's conclusion that the preceding list
of items in the warrant effectively limited the broad discretion to search. The
warrant identified several specific items, such as bedding, guns, computer,
camera, paints and paint brushes, vibrators, pumps, and mouthwash. But most
of these items are not inherently associated with the suspected crimes. Without
8 Riley, 121 Wn.2d at 29 (citation omitted).
9 State v. Hiqqins. 136 Wn. App. 87, 91, 147 P.3d 649 (2006); Riley. 121 Wn.2d at
29.
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No. 67678-4-1/7
some contextual information about the crime, these relatively innocuous and
unrelated items did not serve to focus or otherwise circumscribe the broad
discretion to search for evidence of the crime.10
The warrant further specified broad, generic categories of items, including
"signs or images," photographs, "VHS/DVDs/CD and movies," and "sex related
materials," including books, literature, and "object[s]." Such undifferentiated
categories provided no meaningful guidelines to officers searching for "any and
all evidence." Moreover, some of these items were presumptively protected by
the First Amendment, triggering enhanced scrutiny of the particularity
requirement.11
A description in a search warrant is generally valid "if it is as specific as
the circumstances and the nature of the activity under investigation permit."12
The use of a generic term or general description is not a per se violation of the
particularity requirement.13 But "courts have reasoned that the use of a generic
term or general description is constitutionally acceptable only when a more
10 See State v. Chambers, 88 Wn. App. 640, 644, 945 P.2d 1172 (1997) (items that
are innocuous and not inherently illegal may require greater degree of particularity to
satisfy Fourth Amendment).
11 Perrone, 119 Wn.2d at 546-48 (applying higher standard of "scrupulous
exactitude" to warrant authorizing seizure of photographs, movies, slides, video tapes,
magazines or drawings of children or adults engaged in sexual activities or suggestive
poses).
12 id at 547.
13 Id.
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particular description of the items to be seized is not available at the time the
warrant issues."14
Here, the detailed allegations in the affidavit clearly establish that the
warrant could easily have incorporated specific descriptions and examples of the
photographs, signs, images, movies, and "sex related" books and literature that
were subject to seizure in connection with the suspected crimes. We conclude
that the absence of any information in the warrant about the nature of the alleged
criminal activity, coupled with instructions to search for both seemingly unrelated
specific items and broad, generic categories, imposed no practical limit on the
officers' discretion to search for "any and all evidence" of the suspect crimes.
Under the circumstances, the warrant failed to satisfy the Fourth Amendment
particularity requirement.15
The State's reliance on State v. Reid16 and State v. Lingo17 is misplaced.
In Reid, the warrant authorized a search of a murder suspect's house for:
a shotgun, ammunition for the shotgun, a dark leather or vinyl
jacket, a pillowcase or other bedlinen with a pattern of daisies,
leaves, and strawberries on it, nitrates, and any other evidence of
the homicide [18]
In Lingo, the court upheld a warrant seeking:
14 |d
15 See Higgins, 136 Wn. App. at 94 (warrant authorizing search for "certain
evidence" of "Assault 2nd DV RCW 9A.36.021" was unconstitutionally overbroad).
16 38 Wn. App. 203, 687 P.2d 861 (1984).
17 32 Wn. App. 638, 649 P.2d 130 (1982).
18 38 Wn. App. at 211 (emphasis added).
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any and all evidence of assault and rape including but not limited to
bedding, clothing, female clothing, blood stains, semen stains, and
residue or other residue of sexual activity; human hair and any and
all weapons that may have been used in the commission of said
crimes/191
Both Reid and Lingo are distinguishable, however, because they involved a
relatively narrow list of specific list of items that were pertinent to the charged
offense. In each case, those specific items provided meaningful examples for
the officers conducting the search. Moreover, neither warrant included the
broad, generic categories of photographs, books, movies, videos, signs, and
images included here.
Given the broad scope of the authorization to search for generic
categories of items, the remaining portions of the warrant are relatively
insignificant. We therefore reject the State's suggestion that the invalid portions
can be severed from the remainder of the warrant.20 We will not apply the
severability doctrine "where to do so would render meaningless the standards of
particularity which ensure the avoidance of general searches and the controlled
exercise of discretion by the executing officer."21 All items seized pursuant to the
warrant must be suppressed.
19 32 Wn. App. at 640 (emphasis added).
20 See State v. Maddox, 116 Wn. App. 796, 805, 67 P.3d 1135 (2003) (severance
doctrine does not apply unless the particularly described items supported by probable
cause are significant when compared to the warrant as a whole).
21 Perrone, 119 Wn.2d at 558.
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The State's contention that any error was harmless is not persuasive. The
trial court relied heavily on the explicit videos depicting Jones and D.R.P. that
were seized during the search of Jones's motor home. On the record before us,
the State cannot satisfy its burden of demonstrating that the result would have
been the same without the improperly seized evidence.22
In his written suppression motion, defense counsel expressly argued that
the generic categories set forth in the warrant were constitutionally overbroad.
Those arguments were sufficient to preserve Jones's challenge on appeal. The
State asserts that Jones abandoned these arguments when defense counsel
failed to request a specific ruling during oral argument on the motion to suppress.
Because the State has failed to cite any authority to support this claim, we
decline to consider it.
Because we have reversed Jones's judgment and sentence and
remanded for further proceedings, his challenges to various conditions of
sentence may arise again. Accordingly, we note that the State has conceded
that the trial court erred in imposing conditions (2) (payment of the costs of crime-
related counseling and medical treatment); (6 - first sentence) (prohibiting
possession of pornographic materials); (7) (prohibiting possession of sexual
stimulus material for a specific deviancy); and (13) (prohibiting any access of the
22 See State v. Gulov, 104 Wn.2d 412, 425, 705 P.2d 1182 (1985).
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No. 67678-4-1/11
internet without approval). We accept the State's concession that the court erred
in imposing these conditions.
Jones also challenges condition 8, which prohibited possession or control
of "any item designated or used to entertain, attract or lure children." This court
recently held that this sentencing condition was unconstitutionally vague.23
We also agree with Jones that condition 15, which required
plethysmograph testing, is valid only if it is imposed "incident to crime-related
treatment by a qualified provider.24
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.
(jc7X,X
WE CONCUR:
23 State v. Land, No. 67262-2-I, slip op. at 10 (Wash. Ct. App. January 7, 2013).
24 Id slip op. at 12.
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