State v. Andrew J. Matasek

2014 WI 27

SUPREME COURT OF WISCONSIN
CASE NO.: 2012AP1582-CR
COMPLETE TITLE: State of Wisconsin,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
Andrew J. Matasek,
Defendant-Appellant-Petitioner.

REVIEW OF A DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS
348 Wis. 2d 243, 831 N.W.2d 450
(Ct. App. 2013 – Published)
PDC No: 2013 WI App 63

OPINION FILED: May 23, 2014
SUBMITTED ON BRIEFS:
ORAL ARGUMENT: February 20, 2014

SOURCE OF APPEAL:
COURT: Circuit
COUNTY: Ozaukee
JUDGE: Thomas R. Wolfgram

JUSTICES:
CONCURRED:
DISSENTED:
NOT PARTICIPATING:

ATTORNEYS:

For the defendant-appellant-petitioner, there were briefs
by Jeffrey J. Guerard and Ahmad & Guerard, LLP, Milwaukee, and
oral argument by Jeffrey J. Guerard.

For the plaintiff-respondent, the cause was argued by
Christine Remington, assistant attorney general, with whom on
the brief was J.B. Van Hollen, attorney general.
An amicus curiae brief was filed by Kaitlin A. Lamb and
Colleen D. Ball, assistant state public defenders, and Kelli S.
Thompson, state public defender, on behalf of the Wisconsin
State Public Defender. There was oral argument by Kaitlin A.
Lamb.

2
2014 WI 27
NOTICE
This opinion is subject to further
editing and modification. The final
version will appear in the bound
volume of the official reports.
No. 2012AP1582-CR
(L.C. No. 2011CF57)

STATE OF WISCONSIN : IN SUPREME COURT

State of Wisconsin,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.
FILED
MAY 23, 2014
Andrew J. Matasek,
Diane M. Fremgen
Clerk of Supreme Court
Defendant-Appellant-Petitioner.

REVIEW of a decision of the Court of Appeals. Affirmed.

¶1 SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON, C.J. This is a review of a
published decision of the court of appeals affirming a judgment

of the circuit court for Ozaukee County, Thomas R. Wolfgram,

Judge.1 The defendant, Andrew J. Matasek, pled no contest to the

manufacture or delivery of THC (tetrahydrocannabinols), contrary

to Wis. Stat. §§ 961.41(h)2, 939.50(3)(h), 939.05 (2011-12).2

1
State v. Matasek, 2013 WI App 63, 348 Wis. 2d 243, 831
N.W.2d 450.
2
All subsequent references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to
the 2011-12 version unless otherwise indicated.
No. 2012AP1582-CR

¶2 The conviction is not at issue. Only expunction of

the record pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 973.015 is at issue.

Wisconsin Stat. § 973.015 grants circuit courts discretion to

order a record expunged.

¶3 The instant case requires this court to determine when

a circuit court is to exercise its discretion to expunge a

record. The circuit court and the court of appeals held that

the circuit court's decision whether to expunge an offender's

record must be made at the time of sentencing. In other words,

the circuit court may order expunction or may deny expunction,

but the circuit court must do so at the sentencing proceeding.

¶4 The defendant challenges the circuit court's

conclusion that the statute requires a circuit court to make its

expunction decision at the sentencing proceeding.

¶5 The defendant argues that the statute allows a circuit

court to delay the expunction decision until the offender's

successful completion of the sentence.3

3
The non-party (amicus) brief of the Office of the
Wisconsin State Public Defender advises the court that circuit
courts across the state interpret Wis. Stat. § 973.015, the
expunction statute, differently, some viewing the statute as
allowing a circuit court to determine whether to expunge a
record at the offender's successful completion of the sentence.
The brief directs us to State v. Littlejohn, Case No. 2013CM1116
(Milwaukee Cty. Cir. Ct., May 24, 2013); State v. Brenzier, Case
No. 2012CF0225 (Eau Claire Cty. Cir. Ct., Jan. 31, 2013); State
v. Hyde, Case No. 2012CF0127 (Adams Cty. Cir. Ct., Feb. 11,
2013); State v. Griffith, Case No. 2013CM0082 (Calumet Cty. Cir.
Ct., May 20, 2013); State v. Kenevan, Case No. 2013CF0024 (Dodge
Cty. Cir. Ct., Mar. 25, 2013); and State v. Jones, Case. No.
2013CM0180 (Waukesha Cty. Cir. Ct., Jun. 27, 2013).

2
No. 2012AP1582-CR

¶6 We disagree with the defendant and agree with the

circuit court and the court of appeals. We interpret the phrase

"at the time of sentencing" in Wis. Stat. § 973.015 to mean that

if a circuit court is going to exercise its discretion to

expunge a record, the discretion must be exercised at the time

of the sentencing proceeding. Accordingly, we affirm the

decision of the court of appeals.4

The non-party brief argues that affirming the decision of
the court of appeals and eliminating the circuit court's option
to expunge after the successful completion of the sentence
changes the ground rules after the fact. These offenders
entered pleas and entered into plea agreements believing that
the circuit court may validly defer the final call on expunction
until a future date. The non-party brief contends that
affirming the court of appeals will provoke more litigation and
undermine the credibility of the justice system. According to
the State, the circuit court's workload will not be expanded by
our affirming the decision of the court of appeals. The State
argues that an offender has the right after this decision to
challenge his sentence, including the circuit court's expunction
decision.

The question of the effect of a circuit court's having
incorrectly deferred the discretionary expunction decision is
not before us in the present case and we do not address it.
4
The non-party (amicus) brief of the Office of the
Wisconsin State Public Defender suggests that the circuit court
can move the time of an expunction decision even without
statutory authorization as an exercise of its inherent
authority. Non-Party Brief of Wis. St. Public Defender at 4-5.
The parties do not address, and we do not address, whether a
circuit court has inherent power to order expunction of a record
when the circuit court cannot expunge the record under Wis.
Stat. § 973.015.

3
No. 2012AP1582-CR

¶7 The facts are undisputed for purposes of this review.

At the time of the commission of the offense, the defendant was

under 25 years of age; the defendant pled no contest and was

found guilty; and the maximum sentence for the offense for which

he was found guilty has a maximum period of imprisonment of six

years or less. The defendant thus fulfilled the initial

requirements for expunction.5

¶8 After announcing that it would place the defendant on

probation with one year of confinement as a condition of

probation, the circuit court addressed the defense counsel's

request that the circuit court withhold its decision on

expunction until the defendant successfully completed his

sentence. The circuit court acknowledged that making an

expunction decision later might be better procedure on policy

grounds, but decided that the expunction statute clearly

In June 2009, the State Bar submitted Rule Petition 09-07
to modify Chapter 72 of the Wisconsin Supreme Court Rules to
authorize expunction under certain circumstances. The court
referred the subject of expunction to the Legislative Committee
of the Wisconsin Judicial Conference for possible legislative
action.

Moreover, we do not address the issues addressed in State
v. Hemp, 2014 WI App 34, 353 Wis. 2d 146, 844 N.W.2d 421, namely
the obligation of the offender to petition the circuit court for
expunction after successful completion of the sentence or the
considerations a circuit court may weigh to grant or deny an
offender's petition for expunction after the offender's
successful completion of the sentence.
5
See Wis. Stat. § 973.015(1)(a).

4
No. 2012AP1582-CR

restricted the circuit court to make its expunction decision at

the sentencing proceeding.

¶9 The following exchange between the circuit court and

the defense counsel ensued:

THE COURT: . . . . [Defense counsel], I wish they'd
write [the expunction] statute differently, because I
think it might be appropriate for someone to be able
to come back to the court that sentenced them four, or
five, or six, seven years and say, here, see what
happened to me. I'm a good person. This was just an
anomaly. But that's not the way the statute's
written. I wish it was. And I've talked to . . . our
representative to provide for something like that. Or
even later in the term of probation or the confinement
period. But that isn't the way the statute's written.
Okay?

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Well, your Honor, I have had
courts ——

THE COURT: I know you have.

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: —— interpret it that way.

THE COURT: Everyone has had it. But until someone
tells me I can do it differently I have to interpret
the statute by what it says. What it says is the
court shall at the time of sentencing determine
eligibility. And that's the way I read it.

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: But I think eligibility, your
Honor, is different than necessarily ordering it at
the end of a probationary period.

THE COURT: But I'm not sentencing him at the end of a
probationary period unless it's revoked. You know,
why don't you appeal me, because I wish they'd change
the statute or determine that I'm wrong. I can't read
it any other way than the way —— than what the words
mean, okay?

Because the penalty structure, the expungement statute
applies. Could he benefit, absolutely. Any

5
No. 2012AP1582-CR

individual who is this age could benefit from a
disposition which keeps it off his record.

The next part is would society be harmed. Yeah, they
would in my opinion. Because it would, in society's
eyes, in this defendant's eyes, it would unduly
depreciate the seriousness of what he's done. It
wouldn't reflect delivering two pounds of marijuana.
It would send a contrary message to this defendant.
It would send a contrary message to society. And it
would fail to put them on notice of what he's done
here. So I can't make that finding.

Now, appeal me. Okay? Because if I'm wrong on that
statute I think it's —— I'd love to be able to come
back at the end of three, or four, or five years, or
whatever it might be, and evaluate the person based on
what I see then. But the way I read the statute I
have to evaluate him based on what he —— where he is
right now. And that's my evaluation as of today's
date. . . . .

. . . .

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: If I'm clear on what you're
saying, your Honor, is you would consider leaving the
expungement issue open for a number of years. You
simply don't believe that the statute allows you to do
that?

THE COURT: I agree. That's what I said.

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay.

THE COURT: I would say I'd defer that determination
of whether it's appropriate or not to the end of the
probation. But I don't think I can do that the way
the statute's written.
II

¶10 The question posed is one of statutory interpretation.

Statutory interpretation is ordinarily a question of law that

6
No. 2012AP1582-CR

this court determines independently but benefiting from the

analysis of the circuit court and court of appeals.6

¶11 The court has developed various tools of statutory

interpretation that we shall use in the instant case.

¶12 We interpret a statute by looking at the text of the

statute.7 The statutory language is examined within the context

in which it is used.8 Words are ordinarily interpreted according

to their common and approved usage; technical words and phrases

and others that have a particular meaning in the law are

ordinarily interpreted according to their technical meaning.9

Statutes are interpreted to give effect to each word and to

avoid surplusage.10 The definition of a word or phrase can vary

6
DOR v. River City Refuse Removal, Inc., 2007 WI 27, ¶26,
299 Wis. 2d 561, 729 N.W.2d 396.
7
Klemm v. Am. Transmission Co., LLC, 2011 WI 37, ¶18, 333
Wis. 2d 580, 798 N.W.2d 223.
8
Alberte v. Anew Health Care Servs., Inc., 2000 WI 7, ¶10,
232 Wis. 2d 587, 605 N.W.2d 515 ("While it is true that
statutory interpretation begins with the language of the
statute, it is also well established that courts must not look
at a single, isolated sentence or portion of a sentence, but at
the role of the relevant language in the entire statute.");
Seider v. O'Connell, 2000 WI 76, ¶43, 236 Wis. 2d 211, 612
N.W.2d 659 (contextual approach is not new); Klemm, 333 Wis. 2d
580, ¶18 ("The statutory language is examined within the context
in which it is used.").
9
Klemm, 333 Wis. 2d 580, ¶18; see also Wis. Stat. § 990.01.
10
See, e.g., Klemm, 333 Wis. 2d 580, ¶18; Pawlowski v. Am.
Family Mut. Ins. Co., 2009 WI 105, ¶22, n.14, 322 Wis. 2d 21,
777 N.W.2d 67 (citing Donaldson v. State, 93 Wis. 2d 306, 315,
286 N.W.2d 817 (1980))

7
No. 2012AP1582-CR

in different statutes or under different circumstances.11 When a

word is used multiple times in the same enactment, we attribute

the same meaning to the word each time.12

¶13 Statutes are interpreted in view of the purpose of the

statute.13 Moreover, words are given meaning to avoid absurd,

unreasonable, or implausible results and results that are

clearly at odds with the legislature's purpose.14
11
Wisconsin's Envtl. Decade, Inc. v. DNR, 85 Wis. 2d 518,
528, 271 N.W.2d 69, 73-74 (1978) ("The ultimate scope of a term
capable of a broad or narrow meaning in the abstract must be
determined by its context in a particular instance. The same
word may receive a different construction in different
statutes."); State v. Mentzel, 218 Wis. 2d 734, 740, 581
N.W.2d 581 (Ct. App. 1998) (the meaning of a word depends on the
particular statute involved and the setting to which the statute
applies).
12
DaimlerChrysler v. LIRC, 2007 WI 15, ¶29, 299 Wis. 2d 1,
727 N.W.2d 311 (opinion clarified on denial of reconsideration,
2007 WI 40, 300 Wis. 2d 133, 729 N.W.2d 212).
13
State v. Hanson, 2012 WI 4, ¶17, 338 Wis. 2d 243, 808
N.W.2d 390 ("'Context and [statutory] purpose are important in
discerning the plain meaning of a statute.' . . . We favor an
interpretation that fulfills the statute's purpose.") (quoted
source & citations omitted); Klemm, 333 Wis. 2d 580, ¶18 ("An
interpretation that fulfills the purpose of the statute is
favored over one that undermines the purpose."); Lagerstrom v.
Myrtle Werth Hosp.-Mayo Health System, 2005 WI 124, ¶51, 285
Wis. 2d 1, 700 N.W.2d 201 (examining "legislative goals" to
interpret a statute); Alberte, 232 Wis. 2d 587, ¶10 (courts need
not adopt a literal or usual meaning of a word when acceptance
of that meaning would thwart the obvious purpose of the
statute); United Wis. Ins. Co. v. LIRC, 229 Wis. 2d 416, 425-26,
600 N.W.2d 186 (Ct. App. 1999) ("Fundamental to an analysis of
any statutory interpretation is the ascertainment and
advancement of the legislative purpose.").
14
Alberte, 232 Wis. 2d 587, ¶10; Seider, 236 Wis. 2d 211,
¶32; Teschendorf v. State Farm Ins. Cos., 2006 WI 89, ¶¶15, 18,
32, 293 Wis. 2d 123, 717 N.W.2d 258.

8
No. 2012AP1582-CR

III

¶14 We turn to the text of the statute. The expunction

statute, Wis. Stat. § 973.015(1)(a), provides that when the

offender is under the age of 25 at the commission of the offense

and has been found guilty of violation of a law for which the

maximum period of imprisonment is six years or less, a circuit

court may order at the time of sentencing the expunction of a

record upon the offender's successful completion of the

sentence.

¶15 Section § 973.015(1)(a) reads in relevant part as

follows:

[W]hen a person is under the age of 25 at the time of
the commission of an offense for which the person has
been found guilty in a court for violation of a law
for which the maximum period of imprisonment is 6
years or less, the court may order at the time of
sentencing that the record be expunged upon successful
completion of the sentence if the court determines the
person will benefit and society will not be harmed by
this disposition . . . (emphasis added).
Section 973.015(2) reads in relevant part:

A person has successfully completed the sentence if
the person has not been convicted of a subsequent
offense and, if on probation, the probation has not
been revoked and the probationer has satisfied the
conditions of probation (emphasis added).
¶16 First, the defendant argues that the discretion

granted to the circuit court about whether to expunge a record

extends to when the circuit court may expunge a record. The

defendant reasons that because the circuit court "may order at

the time of sentencing that the record be expunged," it may also
order the record expunged at some other time.

9
No. 2012AP1582-CR

¶17 The defendant's interpretation in effect reads the

statutory phrase "at the time of sentencing" out of the statute,

thus rendering the phrase surplusage. Such an interpretation

does not comport with our approach to statutory interpretation.

¶18 We read statutes to avoid surplusage. We are to

assume that the legislature used all the words in a statute for

a reason. "[E]very word appearing in a statute should

contribute to the construction of the statute . . . ."15

¶19 If we were to hold that the legislature intended that

the circuit court's discretion whether to order expunction

extends to when to order expunction, then the circuit court

would have discretion to grant expunction at any time, rendering

the phrase "at the time of sentencing" meaningless.

¶20 Alternatively, if the legislature intended the circuit

court to order expunction at the time of successful completion

of the sentence, it could have added those words to the statute.

"We should not read into the statute language that the

legislature did not put in."16
¶21 Furthermore, when we compare the expunction provisions

of Wis. Stat. § 973.015 with the statute governing expunction of

juvenile records, § 938.355(4m), we see that when the

legislature wanted to accomplish the result the defendant seeks

in the present case, the legislature used different language.

15
Johnson v. State, 76 Wis. 2d 672, 676, 251 N.W.2d 834,
836 (1977).
16
Brauneis v. LIRC, 2000 WI 69, ¶27, 236 Wis. 2d 27, 612
N.W.2d 635.

10
No. 2012AP1582-CR

¶22 With regard to expunction of juvenile records, the

circuit court is not limited to expunging a juvenile's record at

the time of sentencing. Rather, a juvenile offender may

petition the circuit court for expunction after the offender

turns 17, and "the court may expunge the record if the court

determines that the juvenile has satisfactorily complied with

the conditions of his or her dispositional order and that the

juvenile will benefit from, and society will not be harmed by,

the expungement." Wis. Stat. § 938.355(4m).

¶23 For these reasons, we are not persuaded by the

defendant's first justification of his interpretation.

¶24 Second, the defendant argues that he was never given a

sentence, and that consequently he was never subject to

"sentencing" under Wis. Stat. § 973.015(1)(a). According to the

defendant, he was placed on probation and sentence was withheld;

thus, the words "at the time of sentencing" do not apply to his

case. The defendant argues that because he has never been

subject to "sentencing," the circuit court still has discretion
to expunge his record.

¶25 In making the distinction between probation and

sentencing, the defendant relies on statutes and our prior case

law.

¶26 The defendant correctly points to statutes that

distinguish the phrase "a sentence" from a disposition "placing

a person on probation."

¶27 Wisconsin Stat. §§ 973.043 and 973.045 are just two
examples of statutes that specifically refer to a sentence and
11
No. 2012AP1582-CR

probation as two distinctly different dispositions for a

criminal defendant. Wisconsin Stat. § 973.043(1) states: "If a

court imposes a sentence or places a person on probation for a

crime under ch. 943 that was . . . " (emphasis added).

Wisconsin Stat. § 973.045(1) similarly states: "If a court

imposes a sentence or places a person on probation, the court

shall impose a crime victim and witness assistance

surcharge. . . ." (emphasis added).

¶28 The defendant contends that if the legislature

intended probation to be a sentence, it would not have used the

words "or probation" after the word "sentence."

¶29 The defendant cites case law, including State v. Horn,

226 Wis. 2d 637, 647, 594 N.W.2d 772 (1999), in which the court

distinguished a sentence and probation. In Horn, the court

stated that "probation itself is not generally a sentence" and

that "probation is an alternative to sentencing."17 But the Horn

court also recognized that probation is "closely related to

sentencing as a possible criminal disposition"18 and that
"whether a sentence is imposed and stayed, or withheld, the

circuit court fully exercises its constitutional function to

impose a criminal disposition."19

¶30 The Horn case is instructive, as the defendant

contends, about sentencing and probation, but we draw a

17
Horn, 226 Wis. 2d at 647.
18
Id.
19
Id. at 649.

12
No. 2012AP1582-CR

different lesson from the case law than the defendant does.

Rather, the case and the cases on which Horn relies teach that

in some statutes and under some circumstances probation is not

considered a sentence; in other statutes and under other

circumstances probation is a sentence.

¶31 The case law teaches that the words "sentence" and

"sentencing" need not have the same meaning in every statute or

under every circumstance. "If anything is clear, it is that the

word 'sentence' is not [clear]; the word is colored by the light

with which it is viewed."20

¶32 Furthermore, if we adopt the defendant's

interpretation that the disposition of probation is not a

"sentence," the expunction statute need not be interpreted as

the defendant suggests. Instead, the statute could be

interpreted to mean that because a probationer is never

sentenced, the probationer can never receive expunction. This

would be an absurd result.

¶33 The lesson learned from statutes and cases is that
sometimes probation is distinct from a "sentence," and other

times the words "sentence" and "sentencing" include probation.

¶34 That the legislature intended "at the time of

sentencing" in the expunction statute to include the disposition

of probation becomes evident on reading subsection (2) of Wis.

20
State v. Swiams, 2004 WI App 217, ¶16, 277 Wis. 2d 400,
690 N.W.2d 452 (listing different ways in which courts and
statutes use the word "sentence" to refer to different
dispositions).

13
No. 2012AP1582-CR

Stat. § 973.015 defining the phrase "successful completion of

the sentence," a phrase used in § 973.015(1) to describe a

prerequisite to expunction. Wisconsin Stat. § 973.015(2)

provides in relevant part as follows:

A person has successfully completed the sentence if
the person has not been convicted of a subsequent
offense and, if on probation, the probation has not
been revoked and the probationer has satisfied the
conditions of probation.
¶35 Clearly, the expunction statute envisions probation as
included within the word "sentence" when the statute defines

"successful completion of sentence" as including probation not

having been revoked and the conditions of probation having been

satisfied.

¶36 It would be absurd to view the words "at the time of

sentencing" used in Wis. Stat. § 973.015(1) of the expunction

statute to exclude probation in light of the definition of

"successful completion of sentence" in subsection (2) as

including successful completion of probation. We generally hold

that when the legislature uses the same word multiple times in a

statute the word has the same meaning each time.21 Thus

§ 973.015 itself views probation as a sentence.

¶37 Similarly, the statute governing probation, Wis. Stat.

§ 973.09, treats probation as a sentence. It refers repeatedly

to the court ordering probation as "the sentencing court." See

21
DaimlerChrysler v. LIRC, 2007 WI 15, ¶29, 299 Wis. 2d 1,
24, 727 N.W.2d 311 (opinion clarified on denial of
reconsideration, 2007 WI 40, 300 Wis. 2d 133, 729 N.W.2d 212).

14
No. 2012AP1582-CR

Wis. Stat. §§ 973.09(3)(b), (bm), (d). The probation statute is

part of chapter 973 of the statutes, which is entitled

"Sentencing."22

¶38 The phrase "at sentencing" has been used in case law

to describe the proceeding that determines an offender's

disposition even when that disposition is probation.23 Indeed,

the Judicial Benchbook places probation in the chapter "Options

for Sentencing."24

¶39 For these reasons, we are unpersuaded by the

defendant's argument that "sentencing" for the purposes of Wis.

Stat. § 973.015 does not include probation.

22
Although the title of a statute is not part of the law,
Wis. Stat. § 990.001(6), it may help in resolving statutory
interpretation questions. Wis. Valley Imp. Co. v. Public Serv.
Comm'n, 9 Wis. 2d 606, 618, 101 N.W.2d 798 (1960).
23
See State v. Martel, 2003 WI 70, ¶6, 262 Wis. 2d 483, 664
N.W.2d 69 ("At sentencing, . . . [t]he circuit court withheld
sentence and placed Martel on probation for 36 months . . . .");
State v. Williams, 2002 WI 1, ¶26, 249 Wis. 2d 492, 637
N.W.2d 733 (holding that prosecutor's remarks "at sentencing"
undermined plea agreement of probation); State v. Fernandez,
2009 WI 29, ¶¶8, 22 n.20, 51, 316 Wis. 2d 598, 764 N.W.2d 509
(interpreting Wis. Stat. § 973.20(13)(a), which lists factors
for the circuit court to consider in awarding restitution
damages, regarding circuit court findings "at sentencing," in a
case involving a defendant ordered on probation); State v.
Booth, 142 Wis. 2d 232, 418 N.W.2d 20 (1987) (holding that
withholding of sentence and imposition of probation are
functionally equivalent to sentencing for determining
appropriateness of plea withdrawal).
24
Wisconsin Judicial Benchbook at CR 38-7 to 38-14 (4th ed.
2013). The Judicial Benchbook notes that it should not be cited
as legal authority.

15
No. 2012AP1582-CR

¶40 Third, the defendant argues that public policy

supports his interpretation and that his interpretation comports

with the purpose of the statute.

¶41 We agree with the defendant, as did the circuit court,

that there are policy reasons for permitting the circuit court

to decide on expunction after the offender completes his or her

sentence rather than at the time of sentencing. The circuit

court will probably be better positioned to weigh the benefit to

the offender and the harm to society after (rather than before)

the offender has successfully completed the sentence.

¶42 Yet requiring the expunction decision to be made at

the time of sentencing is not contrary to the purpose of the

statute and does not produce an unreasonable or absurd result.

The legislative purpose of Wis. Stat. § 973.015 is "to provide a

break to young offenders who demonstrate the ability to comply

with the law" and to "provide[] a means by which trial courts

may, in appropriate cases, shield youthful offenders from some

of the harsh consequences of criminal convictions."25
¶43 This legislative purpose can be met by requiring the

expunction decision to be made at the time of sentencing. By

deciding expunction at the time of sentencing, a circuit court

creates a meaningful incentive for the offender to avoid

reoffending. If the legislature allows the circuit court to

take the defendant's proffered "wait-and-see" approach,

25
State v. Leitner, 2002 WI 77, ¶38, 253 Wis. 2d 449, 646
N.W.2d 341 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

16
No. 2012AP1582-CR

offenders will be uncertain whether the circuit court will

expunge the record and this uncertainty might provide a weaker

incentive to an offender to complete his or her sentence

successfully.

¶44 In sum, a reasonable reading of the text of the

expunction statute in view of the purpose of the statute is that

the legislature included the words "at the time of sentencing"

to limit the point in time at which the circuit court is to make

a decision about expunction, and that the phrase "at the time of

sentencing" means at the proceeding at which the circuit court

announces the sanction.

¶45 Like the circuit court and the court of appeals, we

are convinced that the statutory language restricts the time at

which the circuit court may order expunction. We interpret the

phrase "at the time of sentencing" in Wis. Stat. § 973.015 to

mean that if a circuit court is going to exercise its discretion

to expunge a record, the discretion must be exercised at the

sentencing proceeding.
¶46 Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the court of

appeals. This interpretation conforms with the text, context,

and legislative purpose of the expunction statute.

¶47 By the Court.——The decision of the court of appeals is

affirmed.

17
No. 2012AP1582-CR