[Cite as State v. Dixon, 2020-Ohio-2741.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO :
:
Plaintiff-Appellee : Appellate Case No. 28507
:
v. : Trial Court Case No. 2005-CR-4213/4
:
WILLIAM DIXON : (Criminal Appeal from
: Common Pleas Court)
Defendant-Appellant :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on the 1st day of May, 2020.
...........
MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by SARAH E. HUTNIK, Atty. Reg. No. 0095900, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division,
Montgomery County Courts Building, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45422
Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
WILLIAM DIXON, Inmate No. 529-169, Toledo Correctional Institution, P.O. Box 80033,
Toledo, Ohio 43608
Defendant-Appellant, Pro Se
.............
TUCKER, P.J.
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{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, William Dixon, filed a petition for postconviction relief
on July 29, 2019, which the trial court denied in an order entered on August 14, 2019. In
this appeal, Dixon argues that the trial court misconstrued his petition and erred by
denying it pursuant to the doctrine of res judicata. Although the trial court arguably did
misconstrue the basis of the petition, we hold nevertheless that the court did not err by
denying it. The court’s order of August 14, 2019, is therefore affirmed.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} In June 2005, Shoshana Harbor resided on Lynnaway Drive in Dayton with
her husband and one of her three sons. On the afternoon of June 24, 2005, Harbor
heard her doorbell ring, and upon opening the door, she encountered a woman later
identified as Devon Schultz. Schultz asked to use a telephone, claiming that her car had
run out of fuel. Harbor assented to Schultz’s request, and after closing the door, she
walked into her kitchen to retrieve her telephone. When Harbor returned, she found
Schultz inside the house.
{¶ 3} Despite her surprise, Harbor handed the telephone to Schultz, who then drew
a gun and pointed it at Harbor’s head. Harbor unsuccessfully attempted to take the gun
from Schultz, and Schultz shot Harbor in her left leg and chest. Even though she had
been wounded, Harbor was able to push Schultz out of the house through the front door,
at which point Schultz fled.
{¶ 4} Harbor followed Schultz outside, shouting for help, and encountered two men
there, who were later identified as Dixon and Peter Roach. She asked Dixon and Roach
to pursue Schultz, and seemingly in response to her request, the two men ran off in the
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direction that Schultz had taken. Dixon, Roach and Schultz, however, had planned to
rob Harbor with the assistance of a fourth person, Angela Walton; using her own vehicle,
Walton served as the group’s getaway driver.
{¶ 5} Harbor’s son and several of her neighbors witnessed various parts of the
incident, and the first police officers to respond to the scene captured video of Walton’s
vehicle with their cruiser’s camera system. Dixon, Schultz and Walton fled to Arkansas,
though Schultz and Walton later travelled to Maryland, where they were arrested in
October 2005. Shortly afterward, Roach was arrested in Springfield, Ohio, and Dixon
was subsequently arrested in Arkansas in March 2006.
{¶ 6} Dixon, Roach, Schultz and Walton were charged with complicity in the
commission of aggravated robbery, complicity in the commission of aggravated burglary,
and complicity in the commission of felonious assault. A firearm specification was
attached to each of the charges. Roach, Schultz and Walton pleaded guilty to the
charges against them, but Dixon chose to take his case to trial.
{¶ 7} Beginning on August 8, 2006, the case was tried to a jury. Among other
things, the evidence presented at trial indicated that Dixon had planned the robbery;
purchased the clothing worn by Schultz; provided Schultz with the gun she used;
purchased ammunition for the gun; and prepared a map of the area surrounding Harbor’s
residence. The trial concluded on August 9, 2006, and on August 11, 2006, the jury
returned verdicts of guilty on all charges.
{¶ 8} At sentencing on September 1, 2006, the trial court sentenced Dixon to serve
terms in prison of 10 years on the charge of complicity to commit aggravated robbery, 10
years on the charge of complicity to commit aggravated burglary, eight years on the
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charge of complicity to commit felonious assault, and three years for each of the firearm
specifications. The court ordered that the terms of 10 years be served concurrently;
merged the firearm specifications into a single, three-year specification; and ordered that
the eight-year term for complicity to commit felonious assault and the three-year term for
the merged firearm specifications be served consecutively. Thus, the aggregate
sentence was 21 years.
{¶ 9} Dixon brought a direct appeal from his convictions, which we affirmed in our
opinion of February 22, 2008. State v. Dixon, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21823, 2008-
Ohio-755, ¶ 1-5 and 53. During the pendency of that appeal, Dixon petitioned the trial
court for postconviction relief, and the trial court denied the petition in a decision entered
on July 27, 2009. Dixon appealed the decision, which we affirmed in our opinion of June
11, 2010. State v. Dixon, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23592, 2010-Ohio-2635, ¶ 7 and 28.
Between June 2010 and May 2018, four more appeals followed, as well as several more
petitions for postconviction relief.1 See State v. Dixon, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27991,
2019-Ohio-230, ¶ 5-12.
{¶ 10} On July 29, 2019, Dixon filed another petition for postconviction relief, and
the trial court denied the petition in its order of August 14, 2019. Representing himself,
Dixon timely filed a notice of appeal to this court on August 27, 2019, after which he and
the State were granted several extensions of time to submit their respective briefs. With
briefing now complete, we may consider Dixon’s arguments.
II. Analysis
1Dixon filed more than four notices of appeal between June 2010 and May 2018, but
many of these were dismissed.
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{¶ 11} Dixon has not complied with App.R. 16(A). He filed a document entitled
“Motion to File Brief” on September 13, 2019, and he thereafter filed a document entitled
“Motion for Leave: [sic] to Amend Brief” on October 25, 2019. By order of November 26,
2019, we accepted these documents together as Dixon’s brief. 2 Neither document
presents any assignments of error, but Dixon’s arguments converge on a single
contention, which is that the trial court erred by denying his petition for postconviction
relief. We take that contention, then, to be Dixon’s assignment of error.
{¶ 12} In his petition, according to the trial court, “Dixon argue[d] that his sentence
was void” as the result of the court’s “fail[ure] to merge allied offenses” and the court’s
improper “impos[ition] [of] consecutive [prison] [term]s.” Order Denying Petition for
Postconviction Relief 1, Aug. 14, 2019. Because the court had previously considered
and rejected the same arguments, it held that the petition was “barred by [the doctrine of]
res judicata.” Id.
{¶ 13} In the conclusion to the petition, Dixon maintained that “[i]t’s clear that the
court must [void] [brackets sic] the sentence, correct it, [punctuation sic] to less[e]r
offense, [and] re-sentence him under proper [statute]s—which should then invoke [a]llied
offense [sic].” Defendant’s Petition for Postconviction Relief 2, July 29, 2019. The trial
court, understandably, seems to have interpreted the petition in light of Dixon’s reference
to the merger of allied offenses, but Dixon also emphasized his belief in his “actual
innocence.” Id. at 1-2. On that point, Dixon argued he was improperly convicted
because the robbery did not succeed, meaning in his view that he should have been
2The State filed its brief on February 12, 2020, and Dixon filed a brief in reply on February
26, 2020.
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convicted of complicity in the commission of attempted aggravated robbery, rather than
complicity in the commission of aggravated robbery; he argued that he was improperly
convicted on the merged firearm specifications because he personally did not threaten
Harbor with a firearm. See id. at 1-2. He did not address his convictions for complicity
in the commission of aggravated burglary and complicity in the commission of felonious
assault.
{¶ 14} Here, in the first of the two documents we accepted as Dixon’s brief, and in
his reply to the State’s response, Dixon argues that his petition “ha[d] nothing to do with
[a failure to merge] allied offense[s],” but was instead predicated on a claim of actual
innocence, which he insists is “exempt from [application of the doctrine of] (res judicata).”
(Emphasis and parentheses sic.) See Appellant’s Brief, Part One 1, Sept. 13, 2019; see
also Appellant’s Reply Brief 1, Feb. 26, 2020. In the second of the two documents we
accepted as his brief, Dixon argues that because “the trial court sentenced [him] to crimes
that never happen[ed] and failed to follow directives of crimes that did [happen],” the court
lost its “subject matter jurisdiction” over his case. See Appellant’s Brief, Part Two 1, Oct.
25, 2019. He offers no discussion of his convictions for complicity in the commission of
aggravated burglary and complicity in the commission of felonious assault.
{¶ 15} Essentially, Dixon argues that he has been improperly convicted, and
wrongfully imprisoned, because the incident at Shoshana Harbor’s house in June 2005
“was a failed robbery” during which he himself did not brandish or use a firearm. See
Appellant’s Brief, Part Two 2. That is, Dixon claims he is actually innocent because “the
[e]lements of [a]ggravated [r]obbery never took place, [a]nd the (3yr) [sic] [g]un spec. [sic]
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never took place.” 3 Appellant’s Brief, Part One 4; Appellant’s Brief, Part Two 3-5;
Appellant’s Reply 3-5 and 7-8.
{¶ 16} Dixon fundamentally misapprehends the provisions of R.C. 2923.03(F) and
2911.01(A)(1). Under the former statute, a person who “is guilty of complicity” in the
commission of an offense “shall be prosecuted and punished as if he were a principal
offender.” (Emphasis added.) Consequently, regardless of the fact that “Dixon never
personally [b]randished a [g]un” in Harbor’s presence, given that “Schultz alone [entered
Harbor’s] house,” Dixon was properly convicted of a three-year firearm specification under
R.C. 2941.145. Appellant’s Brief, Part One 3. Similarly, regardless of the fact that
Dixon and his associates did not actually succeed in their attempt to commit a theft
offense, he was properly convicted of complicity in the commission of aggravated robbery.
Pursuant to R.C. 2911.01(A)(1), a person is guilty of aggravated robbery if he has “a
deadly weapon on or about [his] person or under [his] control” and either “display[s] the
weapon, brandish[es] it, indicate[s] that [he] possesses it, or use[s] it” while “attempting
or committing a theft offense,” or while “fleeing immediately after the attempt or offense.”
(Emphasis added.)
{¶ 17} Concomitantly, Dixon’s argument regarding res judicata lacks merit.
According to “the doctrine of res judicata, a valid final judgment on the merits bars all
3 Although Dixon offers no analysis specifically directed to his convictions for complicity
in the commission of aggravated burglary and complicity in the commission of felonious
assault, he would presumably argue that he should not have been convicted of complicity
in the commission of aggravated burglary because he personally did not enter Harbor’s
house, and that he should not have been convicted of complicity in the commission of
felonious assault because he personally did not cause or attempt to cause physical harm
to Harbor. See R.C. 2911.11(A) and 2903.11(A).
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subsequent actions based on any claim arising out of the transaction or occurrence that
was the subject matter of the previous action.” State v. Collins, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
25612, 2013-Ohio-3645, ¶ 9, citing Grava v. Parkman Twp., 73 Ohio St.3d 379, 653
N.E.2d 226 (1995). The doctrine “applies to any issue that was raised or could have
been raised in a criminal defendant’s [direct] appeal from his conviction or any other final
appealable order,” including claims that were raised or could have been raised in a
defendant’s first petition for postconviction relief. Id. at ¶ 14, citing State v. Perry, 10
Ohio St.2d 175, 226 N.E.2d 104 (1967); State v. McCain, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27195,
2017-Ohio-7518, ¶ 35.
{¶ 18} Dixon contends that his petition of July 29, 2019, was exempt from
application of the doctrine because the trial court “illegally sentence[d] [him] [for] a crime
[sic] that never took place,” making “the entire indictment” and his corresponding
sentences “void.” See Appellant’s Brief, Part Two 4. As we have indicated, however,
Dixon’s convictions were not improper, meaning that his sentences are not void, and
“[a]lthough the doctrine of res judicata does not preclude review of a void sentence, [the
doctrine] still applies to other aspects of the merits of a conviction, including the
determination of guilt and the lawful elements of the ensuing sentence[s].” State v.
Fischer, 128 Ohio St.3d 92, 2010-Ohio-6238, 942 N.E.2d 332, ¶ 1. Regardless of
whether the trial court accurately characterized the basis of Dixon’s petition, the issues
he raised were subject to the doctrine of res judicata because he had already raised them,
or could have raised them, in his six previous appeals or in his several previous petitions
for postconviction relief, and no exception to the doctrine applies in this instance. Dixon’s
assignment of error is overruled.
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III. Conclusion
{¶ 19} The trial court arguably misconstrued the arguments offered by Dixon in the
petition for postconviction relief he filed on July 29, 2019, but the court nevertheless did
not err by dismissing the petition pursuant to the doctrine of res judicata. Therefore, the
trial court’s order of August 14, 2019, is affirmed.
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DONOVAN, J. and WELBAUM, J., concur.
Copies sent to:
Mathias H. Heck, Jr.
Sarah E. Hutnik
William Dixon
Hon. Steven K. Dankof
State v. Dixon
Combined Opinion