[Cite as State v. Pickens, 2018-Ohio-4994.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-170204
TRIAL NO. B-0905088
Respondent-Appellee, :
vs. : O P I N I O N.
MARK PICKENS, :
Petitioner-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: December 14, 2018
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Philip R. Cummings,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Respondent-Appellee,
Kendra Roberts, Assistant State Public Defender, for Petitioner-Appellant.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Per Curiam.
{¶1} Petitioner-appellant Mark Pickens appeals the Hamilton County Common
Pleas Court’s judgment dismissing his petition under R.C. 2953.21 for postconviction
relief. We affirm the court’s judgment.
{¶2} In 2010, Pickens was convicted of rape, having weapons while under a
disability, and three counts of aggravated murder. For each murder, he was sentenced to
death. The Ohio Supreme Court affirmed his convictions in 2014. State v. Pickens, 141
Ohio St.3d 462, 2014-Ohio-5445, 25 N.E.3d 1023.
{¶3} Pickens also sought relief from his convictions in the 2011 postconviction
petition from which this appeal derives. In 2012, the common pleas court entered
judgment dismissing the petition. On appeal, we reversed that judgment and remanded
the case, upon our determination that Pickens had been denied due process when the
common pleas court dismissed the petition upon findings of fact and conclusions of law
that had been submitted ex parte by the state, without affording Pickens notice of that
submission or an opportunity to respond. State v. Pickens, 2016-Ohio-5257, 60 N.E.3d
20 (1st Dist.).
{¶4} On remand, the state filed proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law
and notified Pickens of that filing, and Pickens filed his own proposed findings of fact and
conclusions of law. In 2017, the common pleas court again entered findings of fact and
conclusions of law and dismissed the petition. In this appeal from that judgment, Pickens
advances four assignments of error.
The Evidence
{¶5} Pickens was convicted of rape and aggravated murder upon evidence that
on June 2, 2009, two days after Noelle Washington had reported to police that Pickens
had raped her, he entered Washington’s apartment and fatally shot her, her nine-month-
old son, and her friend’s three-year-old daughter.
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{¶6} Washington, having dated Pickens for several months, had recently
decided to end the relationship and move to another state. At his invitation, she visited his
apartment on the morning of May 31. Surveillance video of the hallway outside Pickens’s
apartment showed Washington, 90 minutes later, as she emerged from Pickens’s
apartment with disheveled hair and clothing, pounded on a neighbor’s door, returned to
his apartment, struggled with him in the hallway, and returned to the neighbor’s
apartment. The video then showed Pickens leaving the scene, and the police arriving.
{¶7} Washington told the neighbor and the police at the scene and during a
recorded interview that when she had refused Pickens’s demand for sex, he displayed a
handgun, restrained her, removed her clothes, forcibly raped her, and gun in hand,
threatened to kill her and himself, and that when she had told him that she was calling the
police, he pummeled her, took her cell phone, shoved her out of his apartment, and fled
the apartment building. Washington also told the police that Pickens had subsequently
texted her to ask her if she was “going to try to set him up,” and that Pickens’s mother had
called to tell her that Pickens knew that Washington had spoken with the police. The
police then recorded a phone call between Washington and Pickens, during which Pickens
denied having sex with or hitting Washington and chastised her for talking to the police
and “[telling] them everything.”
{¶8} Washington’s rape exam revealed fresh bite marks and lacerations
consistent with recent, nonconsensual sex. And she repeated her rape and assault
allegations against Pickens in phone conversations with her mother, her sister, her
stepbrother, and her friend, Crystal Lewis, the mother of Pickens’s three-year-old victim,
Sha’railyn Wright.
{¶9} Washington also expressed to Lewis her concern that, in addition to her
cell phone, Pickens had her house keys. And Washington’s mother received a text
message from Washington’s phone, stating, “This MARK I DO NOT WANNA BE WIT YO
DAUGHTER.” Washington’s sister followed up with two phone calls and a text to
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Washington’s phone number, prompting responses that included the threat, “[I]f I go to
jail, then I am going to fuck her up.”
{¶10} That evening, Pickens went to the home of another girlfriend, told her that
he was angry because he had been accused of rape, and unsuccessfully solicited her
participation in beating up his accuser. When Pickens and the woman parted, she
observed a gun in the waistband of his pants and later received a text message from him,
stating, “I feel like killing someone.”
{¶11} The next morning, June 1, two police detectives went to Pickens’s
apartment to question him about Washington’s allegations. When no one answered the
door, one detective wrote, “Please call me,” on the back of a business card and left the card
in the door.
{¶12} That evening, Washington was home with her nine-month-old son,
Anthony, and three-year-old Sha’railyn Wright. Earlier in the evening, Washington’s
cousin stopped by, and Washington repeated her rape allegation and again expressed her
fear of Pickens and her concern that he had her house keys.
{¶13} Beginning at 11:12 p.m., Washington and Sha’railyn’s mother, Crystal
Lewis, exchanged text messages, beginning with Washington’s message, “I jus woke up
mark was comin thru the kitchen,” continuing with Lewis’s expressions of concern that
Pickens could return, and ending with Washington’s final message at 11:49 p.m.,
acknowledging Lewis’s message that she was on her way to pick up Sha’railyn.
{¶14} Two witnesses testified that they had seen Washington outside her
apartment building at approximately 11:40 p.m., in the midst of an animated conversation
with a man subsequently identified by those witnesses as Pickens. One witness continued
to observe the pair as they entered the apartment building. The witness then heard loud
music and “two pops; boom, boom,” then “another pop, pop,” and still “another pop, pop,”
and the music stopped. A short time later, Lewis arrived at Washington’s apartment and
found the apartment door open and Washington and the two children dead.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶15} The crime-scene investigation revealed no signs of forced entry or a
struggle, no firearm in or around the apartment, and no house keys. When the police
learned that Washington had filed rape charges against Pickens on May 31, he was
identified as a suspect in the murders and arrested.
{¶16} Autopsies of the victims showed that Washington had died from a single
gunshot wound to the back of the head, her son had died from a close range gunshot
wound to the forehead, and Sha’railyn Wright had sustained close-range gunshot wounds
to two fingers on her left hand and a fatal wound behind her left ear. Three .45-caliber
shell casings and a projectile were recovered from Washington’s apartment. In a search of
Pickens’s apartment, a box containing 43 rounds of .45-caliber ammunition was recovered
from his closet. The casings recovered from the crime scene, along with the three .45-
caliber-automatic hollow-point bullets recovered both from the scene and during the
victims’ autopsies, were determined to have been fired from the same .45-caliber
handgun. And the ammunition found in Pickens’s closet was deemed compatible with the
weapon that had fired the bullets recovered in the autopsies.
{¶17} The police recovered from Pickens’s apartment Washington’s son’s social
security card, debit and public-assistance cards in Washington’s name, a bicycle, and a
jacket. The cuffs and sleeves of the jacket, which had been wet when the jacket was seized,
tested positive for the presence of gunshot residue. Tests of lifts taken from the bicycle
frame, seat, handlebars, and handles revealed the presence of primer residue consistent
with contact with primer residue on another item.
{¶18} The police also reviewed surveillance video showing the hallway outside
Pickens’s apartment on May 31 and his arrivals and departures from his apartment on
June 1 and 2. The May 31 video substantiated Washington’s statement to the police
concerning the events in that hallway and showed that, when the officers had knocked on
Pickens’s door, he had been present, but did not respond. The June 1 hallway video
showed Pickens leaving his apartment at 7:33 a.m., the detective leaving his card in the
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
door of the apartment at 10:44 a.m., and Pickens returning to his apartment at 10:32 p.m.,
taking the card from the door, and five minutes later, leaving his apartment with his
bicycle, wearing the jacket that later tested positive for gunshot residue. The June 2
outside video showed Pickens returning on his bicycle to his apartment building at 12:04
a.m., while the June 1 hallway video showed him returning with his bicycle to his
apartment at 11:58 p.m. That discrepancy was found to be attributable to the timer on the
outside video being five minutes fast and the hallway video being two minutes slow. The
police subsequently clocked the trip by bicycle between Pickens’s and Washington’s
buildings at less than four minutes.
{¶19} In his June 2 statement to police, Pickens denied raping Washington on
May 31 or killing her on June 1. DNA testing had identified Pickens as the source of semen
on a vaginal swab collected from Washington. Nevertheless, Pickens asserted that they
had not had sex since earlier that week, and that they had done nothing more than “play[]
rough” on May 31. Washington, he insisted, had left his apartment with his phone and
then texted him that she had called the police because he had taken her phone and had
“pulled her hair and stuff.” He stated that he had spent June 1 at his mother’s house until
8:00 or 9:00 p.m., when he returned to his apartment and remained there until retiring
around midnight. He denied going to Washington’s apartment on June 1, and he
declared, variously, that he had not been there for either a month or nine months. He
dismissed the possibility that others had seen him at Washington’s apartment building or
that surveillance video showed him leaving his apartment and later returning. He denied
owning a firearm or ammunition and dismissed the possibility that the police had found
ammunition in his closet. He insisted that he had not known that the police wanted to talk
to him until he found the detective’s card in his door the previous night. And he denied
knowing what they wanted to discuss.
{¶20} The state also presented at trial testimony by a jail inmate who had been
housed with Pickens in the same cell block. The jailhouse informant testified that Pickens
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
had told him, “I killed that bitch and the babies” because “the girl kept calling the police
on him,” that he killed Sha’railyn because she knew him and could identify him, and that
he shot Washington’s son “[b]ecause the baby was just there, like he got a rush out of it.”
The informant also testified to Pickens’s statement that the .45-caliber-automatic hollow-
tip bullets that he had used to shoot Washington and the children were not the same kind
of ammunition that was found at his apartment. The defense sought to impeach the
jailhouse informant with evidence that the informant had written to Pickens offering to
not testify in exchange for $300, and that the informant had received consideration for his
testimony against Pickens in the form of a plea agreement allowing him to plead guilty to a
single count of voluntary manslaughter with a 13-year agreed sentence in exchange for the
dismissal of aggravated-murder, murder, aggravated-robbery, robbery and weapons
charges.
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law
{¶21} In his first assignment of error, Pickens asserts that the common pleas
court “failed[ed] to author” the findings of fact and conclusions of law filed on remand and
thus “once again delegated its judicial function” under R.C. 2953.21(C) and denied him the
protections of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution. This argument mistakes the import of our 2016 decision.
{¶22} In that decision, we noted that R.C. 2953.21 (C) required the common pleas
court, in making findings of fact and conclusions of law, to engage in a deliberative process
that entailed consideration of the petition, supporting affidavits, and documentary
evidence, along with the files and records of the proceedings leading to the petitioner’s
conviction, to determine whether “there are substantive ground for relief.” Pickens, 2016-
Ohio-5257, 60 N.E.3d 20, at ¶ 19. That deliberative process, we determined, could not be
delegated. Id. And Pickens was denied due process, when the court’s ex parte
communication with the state in making its 2012 findings of fact and conclusions of law
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
undermined any confidence that the court had engaged in that deliberative process. Id.
at ¶ 25, following State v. Roberts, 110 Ohio St.3d 71, 2006-Ohio-3665, 850 N.E.2d 1168.
{¶23} The common pleas court’s 2017 entry on remand, like its 2012 entry, was
captioned “Proposed Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Entry Dismissing Petition
to Vacate.” And the court again adopted verbatim the proposed findings of fact and
conclusions of law submitted by the state. But in Pickens’s initial appeal, we presumed
that the court’s 2012 entry had been based upon consideration of, because the entry
followed the submission of, arguments presented at a hearing on the petition and the
motions, along with the pleadings, motions, and responses. See Pickens, 2016-Ohio-5257,
60 N.E.3d 20, at ¶ 8-9. Similarly, we here presume that the court’s 2017 entry, which
followed the filing of proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law by both the state and
Pickens, was additionally based upon those submissions. Consequently, the findings of
fact and conclusions of law contained in the 2017 entry were not demonstrably the
product of the common pleas court’s failure to engage in the deliberative process
mandated by R.C. 2953.21(C). Therefore, Pickens was not denied due process.
{¶24} Additionally, while the deliberative process mandated by R.C. 2953.21(C)
may not be delegated, the drafting responsibility may. Thus, a court’s verbatim adoption
of a party’s proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law will not, alone, provide a
ground for reversal if those findings of fact and conclusions of law adequately advance
their purposes, that is, if they cover and pertain to the material and determinative issues
presented in the petition and adequately apprise the petitioner and the reviewing court of
the legal and evidentiary bases for the decision denying the petition. State v. Calhoun, 86
Ohio St.3d 279, 291-292, 714 N.E.2d 905 (1999), citing State ex rel. Carrion v. Harris, 40
Ohio St.3d 19, 530 N.E.2d 1330 (1988), and State v. Clemmons, 58 Ohio App.3d 45, 46,
568 N.E.2d 705 (2d Dist.1989); State v. Powell, 90 Ohio App.3d 260, 263, 629 N.E.2d 13
(1st Dist.1993); State v. Sowell, 73 Ohio App.3d 672, 676, 598 N.E.2d 136 (1st Dist.1991).
See Pickens, 2016-Ohio-5257, 60 N.E. 3d 20, at ¶ 18. The findings of fact and conclusions
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
of law contained in the 2017 entry dismissing Pickens’s postconviction petition were
adequate to those tasks. Accordingly, we overrule the first assignment of error.
The Postconviction Claims
{¶25} In his second assignment of error, Pickens challenges the common pleas
court’s dismissal of his postconviction petition without an evidentiary hearing. We find no
merit to any aspect of his challenge.
{¶26} In his postconviction petition, Pickens sought relief from his conviction on
eleven grounds. To prevail on a postconviction claim, the petitioner must demonstrate a
denial or infringement of his rights in the proceedings resulting in his conviction that
rendered the conviction void or voidable under the Ohio or United States Constitution.
R.C. 2953.21(A)(1). The petitioner bears the initial burden of demonstrating “substantive
grounds for relief” through the petition, with its supporting affidavits and other
documentary evidence, and the trial record. R.C. 2953.21(C). A postconviction claim is
subject to dismissal without a hearing if the petitioner has failed to support the claim with
evidentiary material setting forth sufficient operative facts to demonstrate substantive
grounds for relief. Id.; State v. Pankey, 68 Ohio St.2d 58, 59, 428 N.E.2d 413 (1981); State
v. Jackson, 64 Ohio St.2d 107, 413 N.E.2d 819 (1980), syllabus. Conversely, “the court
must proceed to a prompt hearing on the issues” if “the petition and the files and records
of the case show the petitioner is * * * entitled to relief.” R.C. 2953.21(E).
{¶27} The common pleas court applied the doctrine of res judicata to bar some of
Pickens’s postconviction claims. Under the doctrine of res judicata, a judgment of
conviction bars a defendant from raising in any proceeding, other than a direct appeal
from that judgment, any claim “that was raised or could have been raised” in the direct
appeal. State v. Perry, 10 Ohio St.2d 175, 226 N.E.2d 104 (1967), paragraph nine of the
syllabus. Thus, res judicata bars a postconviction claim that could fairly have been
determined in the direct appeal, based upon the trial record and without resort to evidence
outside the record. Id.; State v Cole, 2 Ohio St.3d 112, 114, 443 N.E.2d 169 (1982).
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶28} A postconviction petitioner may resist the application of res judicata to bar
his postconviction claim by supporting the claim with outside evidence. But merely
submitting outside evidence will not preclude the common pleas court from applying res
judicata to bar a claim. The claim must depend on the outside evidence for its resolution.
Id. And the outside evidence must be “competent, relevant and material” to the claim, it
must “meet some threshold standard of cogency” by being more than “marginally
significant,” and must “advance the * * * claim beyond mere hypothesis and a desire for
further discovery.” State v. Coleman, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-900811, 1998 WL 74756
(Mar. 17, 1993).
{¶29} When a postconviction claim depends for its resolution upon outside
evidence, a common pleas court may not apply res judicata to dismiss the claim. Perry at
paragraph nine of the syllabus; Cole at 114. But a reviewing court may sustain the
dismissal of the claim on other grounds. State v. Peagler, 76 Ohio St.3d 496, 668 N.E.2d
4897 (1996), paragraph one of the syllabus; State v. Blankenship, 38 Ohio St.3d 116, 119,
526 N.E.2d 816 (1988). Accord State v. Gipson, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-960867 and C-
960881, 1997 WL 598397 (Sept. 26, 1997).
{¶30} Nine of Pickens’s postconviction claims sought relief on the grounds that
his trial counsel had been constitutionally ineffective in investigating, preparing, and
presenting his case. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a
postconviction petitioner must demonstrate (1) that counsel’s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) that counsel’s deficient performance
prejudiced him. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d
674 (1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 13 (1989). To establish
prejudice, the petitioner must demonstrate that counsel’s deficient performance “so
undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial could not have
reliably produced a just result.” State v. Powell, 90 Ohio App.3d 260, 266, 629 N.E.2d 13
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
(1st Dist.1993), citing Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 113 S.Ct. 838, 112 L.Ed.2d 180
(1993), and Strickland.
{¶31} Ineffective counsel—voir dire. Pickens contended in his first
ground for relief that his trial counsel had been ineffective during voir dire in failing to
question juror Carroll concerning views expressed in his juror questionnaire favoring the
death penalty and in failing to exercise an unused peremptory challenge to exclude that
juror because of those views and his racially biased statements. The Ohio Supreme Court
rejected this challenge on direct appeal. Pickens, 141 Ohio St.3d 462, 2014-Ohio-5445, 25
N.E.3d 1023, at ¶ 204-214. And Pickens’s postconviction challenge to his trial counsel’s
effectiveness in that regard was subject to dismissal under the doctrine of res judicata,
because he had been represented by new counsel in his direct appeal, and the issue could
fairly have been determined without evidence outside the trial record. See Cole, 2 Ohio
St.3d at ¶ 114 and syllabus, 443 N.E.2d 169.
{¶32} Disproportionate imposition of death penalty. In his second
ground for relief, Pickens contended that he had been denied rights secured by the Fifth,
Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, because in
the state of Ohio and in Hamilton County, the death penalty is imposed disproportionately
upon racial minorities. He supported this claim with statistical data comparing the racial
make-up of the population of Ohio and Hamilton County with the racial make-up of the
death-row population of the state and the county.
{¶33} Statistical evidence alone will not establish the discriminatory imposition
of the death penalty. McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279, 313, 107 S.Ct.1756, 95 L.Ed.2d
262 (1987). Rather, the defendant must demonstrate that “the decisionmakers in his case
acted with discriminatory purpose,” and that such actions had a discriminatory effect on
the proceeding. (Emphasis in original.) State v. Dickerson, 45 Ohio St.3d 206, 216, 543
N.E.2d 1250 (1989), quoting McCleskey at 292; see State v. Zuern, 32 Ohio St.3d 56, 64-
66, 512 N.E.2d 585 (1987), syllabus (holding that “[t]here can be no finding that the death
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
penalty is imposed in a discriminatory fashion absent a demonstration of specific
discriminatory intent”); State v. Jones, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-990813, 2000 WL
1886307 (Dec. 29, 2000) (holding that “[s]tatistics indicative of a disparate impact alone
are insufficient to establish a claim of discriminatory enforcement of the death penalty”).
{¶34} Pickens offered nothing in support of his second ground for relief that
might be said to show that the decisionmakers imposing the death penalty on him had
acted with a discriminatory purpose. Therefore, the common pleas court properly denied
relief on that ground
{¶35} Ineffective counsel—residual doubt. Pickens asserted in his
seventh ground for relief that his trial counsel had been ineffective in failing to present
evidence documenting his “future plans,” to counter the state’s theory of the case, that
Pickens had killed Washington out of anger over her rape allegation, and to support the
defense theory during the guilt phase of the trial that he had not committed either crime
and during the penalty phase of the trial that there remained residual doubt concerning
his guilt.
{¶36} In his direct appeal, Pickens challenged his trial counsel’s effectiveness in
presenting his residual-doubt claim. In addressing this challenge, the Supreme Court
noted that residual doubt has long been held to not be a mitigating factor under R.C.
2929.04(B). Pickens, 141 Ohio St.3d 462, 2014-Ohio-5445, 25 N.E.3d 1023, at ¶ 226,
citing State v. McGuire, 80 Ohio St.3d 390, 686 N.E.2d 1112 (1997), syllabus.
Nevertheless, Pickens’s counsel moved before trial for permission to argue and present
evidence on residual doubt as a mitigating factor and for a residual-doubt instruction.
Even after that motion had been denied, counsel argued residual doubt during the penalty
phase of the trial. And the trial court, in weighing the mitigating factors, “considered,” yet
“[gave] no weight” to residual doubt as a mitigating factor, because the evidence left “no
doubt whatsoever that [Pickens had] committed the [] offenses.” Pickens at ¶ 227.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Uncertain of what more trial counsel could have done in presenting the issue of residual
doubt, the Supreme Court concluded that counsel had not been ineffective in that regard.
{¶37} The evidence offered in support of Pickens’s postconviction challenge does
not alter that assessment. Pickens supported his seventh ground for relief with evidence
in the form of April 2009 Department of Youth Services records documenting his future
plans to seek employment and attain his General Equivalency Degree, a May 2009
certificate of his completion of a home health-aid/nursing-assistant program, and
documents and affidavits offered to show that on June 1, 2009, he had, “without any issue
and without appearing upset,” met with his probation officer after pleading guilty to and
receiving a suspended sentence for unauthorized use of property.
{¶38} But the trial court, in weighing the mitigating factors, had before it
Pickens’s unsworn statement, during which he had spoken of his employment history, of
“going to school to be a nursing assistant,” and of receiving his GED from Cincinnati State
University. Id. at ¶ 224 and 246-247. And the Supreme Court, in conducting its
independent sentence evaluation, must be said to have considered, but rejected residual
doubt as a mitigating factor, when the court concluded that the evidence adduced at trial
proved “beyond even a residual doubt” that Pickens had murdered Washington and the
children. Id. at ¶ 254.
{¶39} The evidence offered in support of Pickens’s seventh ground for relief
cannot be said to demonstrate an outcome-determinative deficiency in his trial counsel’s
presentation of his residual-doubt claim. Therefore, the common pleas court properly
denied relief on that ground.
{¶40} Ineffective counsel—guilt-phase evidence. In his eighth and
ninth grounds for relief, Pickens contended that his trial counsel had been ineffective in
investigating and presenting his case during the guilt phase of his trial, when counsel
failed to discover and present evidence countering the state’s evidence that Pickens had
had the opportunity to kill Washington and the children and that he had killed
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Washington to escape prosecution for raping her. The common pleas court properly
denied relief on those grounds without a hearing.
{¶41} Pickens asserted in his eighth ground for relief that counsel should have
discovered and presented at trial evidence showing that the brakes on his bicycle had been
inoperable. That evidence, he argued, would have discredited the state’s timeline for the
murders, which required riding the bicycle from the crime scene to his apartment building
at 19 m.p.h. In support, Pickens offered the affidavit of an investigator with the Ohio
Public Defender’s office, who had examined the bicycle and discovered its deficiency in
2011.
{¶42} But Pickens did not provide any evidence that might be said to show the
effect of inoperable bicycle brakes on his ability to cover the distance between the crime
scene and his apartment within the time established by the state’s evidence. Thus, with
his eighth ground for relief, Pickens failed to demonstrate an outcome-determinative
deficiency in trial counsel’s failure to discover or present that evidence at trial.
{¶43} In his ninth ground for relief, Pickens asserted that counsel should have
objected to the admission of the May 31 surveillance video showing Washington emerging
from Pickens’s apartment into the hallway, screaming and pounding on the neighbor’s
door, and then struggling with Pickens. He argued that the video, which provided no
audio, had been misleading and prejudicial, because without the sound, the jury had been
unaware that Washington’s conduct in the hallway had been accompanied not by
expressions of fear or anger at being raped, but by angry accusations concerning other
women. Pickens supported the ground with his own affidavit offering his version of
Washington’s statements in the hallway.
{¶44} In the direct appeal, the Supreme Court rejected Pickens’s challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence to establish his guilt of the R.C. 2929.04(A)(3) specification
accompanying the count of the indictment charging him with the aggravated murder of
Washington, which charged that he had killed her to escape detection, apprehension, trial,
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
or punishment for rape. The court found the evidence of his guilt of the R.C.
2929.04(A)(3) specification “overwhelming,” based on its review of the evidence, both
with and without those statements of Washington that were not admissible under the
Evid.R. 804(B)(6) unavailable-declarant exception to the hearsay rule. See Pickens, 141
Ohio St.3d 462, 2014-Ohio-5445, 25 N.E.3d 1023, at ¶ 180-191.
{¶45} The Supreme Court also rejected on appeal Pickens’s challenges to the
sufficiency of the evidence to support his rape and aggravated-murder convictions. The
court acknowledged “inconsistencies” and “discrepancies” in Washington’s statements,
but found that her statements and the testimony of the state’s witnesses to those
statements were “neither inherently unreliable nor unbelievable.” And the court
concluded that the evidence supporting Pickens’s aggravated-murder and rape
convictions was “overwhelming.” See id. at ¶ 193-197.
{¶46} The May 31 hallway video is not inconsistent with Pickens’s neighbor’s
testimony that Washington had told her that Pickens had raped her and that she was
afraid of him. The averments of Pickens’s affidavit to the contrary would have been
admissible to impeach the neighbor’s testimony, but would not have required
exclusion of the video under Evid.R. 403(A) on the ground that it did not fairly and
accurately depict Washington’s conduct in the hallway that day. See Pickens at ¶ 153
(holding that Pickens’s objections concerning the timing system or other quality
problems with the state’s exhibit consisting of spliced-together surveillance video
went to the weight of that evidence, not its admissibility). Moreover, even without the
May 31 hallway video, the evidence supporting Pickens’s convictions for the rape and
aggravated murder of Washington is substantial. Thus, with his ninth ground for relief,
Pickens failed to demonstrate an outcome-determinative deficiency in trial counsel’s
performance in failing to object to the admission of the May 31 hallway video.
{¶47} Ineffective counsel—mitigation evidence. Pickens directed
grounds for relief three through six and ground for relief ten against the adequacy
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
and effectiveness of his trial counsel’s investigation of, preparation for, and
presentation of his case in mitigation. Relief on those grounds was properly denied
without an evidentiary hearing.
{¶48} During the penalty phase of Pickens’s trial, his mother testified to her own
childhood of abuse and experience with the foster-care system, and she asked the jury to
spare her son’s life. Pickens, in his unsworn statement and statement in allocution,
expressed sorrow for the deaths of the victims and for his mother’s pain, but maintained
his innocence. In response to the trial court’s questions, he affirmed that he had been 19
years old at the time of the offenses, and he spoke of his work history and getting his GED.
{¶49} In the course of its independent evaluation of Pickens’s death
sentences, the Supreme Court considered the nature and circumstances of his
offenses and his history, character, and background, along with the R.C.
2929.04(B)(4), (5), and (7) mitigating factors: his youth at the time of his offenses;
his lack of a significant criminal or juvenile delinquency history; and “other factors *
* * relevant to the issue of whether [he] should be sentenced to death.” Pickens, 141
Ohio St.3d 462, 2014-Ohio-5445, 25 N.E.3d 1023, at ¶ 248-257. The court deemed
inapplicable the R.C. 2929.04(B)(1), (2), (3), and (6) mitigating factors: the victim
induced the offense; the offender was not the principal offender; the offender committed
the offense under duress, coercion, or strong provocation; or “the offender, because of a
mental disease or defect, lacked substantial capacity to appreciate the criminality of [his]
conduct or to conform [his] conduct to the requirements of the law.” Id. at ¶ 250.
{¶50} The court noted that during the penalty phase of Pickens’s trial, his
counsel had neither argued nor presented evidence to demonstrate the (B)(5)
mitigating factor, lack of significant history of prior criminal convictions and
delinquency adjudications. But counsel and the state had, prior to trial, stipulated to
the two juvenile adjudications for drug possession underlying Pickens’s weapons
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
charge and to his misdemeanor conviction for unauthorized use of property. This
factor was thus accorded “some weight” in mitigation. Id. at ¶ 251.
{¶51} The court gave “significant weight” to Pickens’s youth. While finding
“little mitigating value” in his personal history and background, the court also gave
“weight” under R.C. 2929.04(B)(7) to his mother’s love and support, his employment
history, and the fact that he had earned his GED. But the court found that his
protestations of innocence “negated the mitigating weight that [the court] might otherwise
give to his expressions of sorrow” for the deaths of Washington and the children. And the
court found nothing mitigating in the nature and circumstances of Pickens’s offenses and
rejected as a mitigating circumstance residual doubt concerning his guilt of the offenses.
Id. at ¶ 248, 252-255.
{¶52} The court concluded that the aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating
factors beyond a reasonable doubt. Specifically, the court held that the course-of-
conduct and escaping-detection specifications accompanying the aggravated-murder
charge involving Washington “strongly outweigh[ed]” the mitigating factors, that the
child-murder specification accompanying the aggravated-murder charges involving
the two children was entitled to “great weight,” and that both the course-of-conduct
and child-murder specifications charged with regard to the children “overwhelm the
mitigating factors.” Id. at ¶ 256.
{¶53} In the third ground for relief advanced in his postconviction petition,
Pickens argued that his trial counsel had been ineffective in presenting evidence
concerning his family history, background, and character. He asserted that counsel
had presented in mitigation an “incomplete social history,” when they failed to elicit
from his mother “more comprehensive testimony” concerning her mental-health
issues. He supported the ground with evidence in the form of family photos; an
affidavit provided by his mother, attesting to her alienation from her family, health
problems, and physical abuse by the men in her life; and affidavits provided by his
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
relatives and former boxing coaches, attesting to his father’s absence from his life,
his mother’s poor parenting skills and suspected mental-health issues, and the
neglect and physical and emotional abuse he suffered at the hands of his mother.
{¶54} In his sixth ground, Pickens argued that his trial counsel had been
ineffective in presenting evidence demonstrating his “adaptability to the institutional
setting.” He supported that ground with outside evidence in the form of comments
compiled in reports pertaining to his confinement in the Department of Youth Services
for his juvenile drug offenses.
{¶55} In grounds four, five, and ten, Pickens asserted that he suffered from a
learning disability and neuropsychological impairment as a consequence of blows to
the head, and that his trial counsel had been ineffective in failing to reasonably
investigate and present in mitigation testimony by a psychologist and a
neuropsychologist to establish that fact or to request neurological testing to
corroborate that testimony. He supported those grounds with affidavits by his
boxing coaches, who attested to the physical punishment he endured as a boxer and
during fights at school. He also offered the affidavits of a psychologist and clinical
neuropsychologist. Psychologist Bob Stinson concluded that an expert should have
been employed to assess Pickens and present in mitigation testimony about
neurological or neuropsychological impairment, and that expert psychological
testimony relevant to Pickens’s history, character, and background should have been
presented about the effects on his development and behavior as a consequence of his
mother’s youth when she gave birth, her inadequate parenting, his father’s absence,
the lack of structure and consistency in his life, and his family’s mental-illness,
domestic-violence, and abuse issues. Clinical neuropsychologist Barry S. Layton’s
examination of Pickens “permit[ted] a reasonable conclusion” that “prior and
contemporaneously to [his] crimes,” he had operated under the “effects of organic
neurological dysfunction” as a consequence of “traumatic brain injury,” causing
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
“neuropsychiatric decompensation * * * particularly under stress,” and thus making
him “prone to act[ing] impulsively in a manner to protect his ego or his physical
integrity.” Dr. Layton stated that expert opinion testimony concerning Pickens’s
neurological dysfunction could and should have been corroborated with
neuroradiological testing and presented during the penalty phase of his trial.
{¶56} In his direct appeal, Pickens contended that his trial counsel had been
ineffective in failing to request a neuropsychological examination or to present
psychological evidence during the penalty phase of his trial. The Supreme Court
noted that Pickens’s counsel had had a duty to reasonably investigate his
“background, education, employment record, mental and emotional stability, and
family relationships.” Pickens, 141 Ohio St.3d 462, 2014-Ohio-5445, 25 N.E.3d 1023, at
¶ 219, quoting Goodwin v. Johnson, 632 F.3d 301, 318 (6th Cir.2011). But the court
further noted that counsel had had no duty to present every potential mitigation
theory and, on that basis, rejected Pickens’s assertion that counsel had been “duty-
bound” to present psychological testimony in mitigation. Id. at ¶ 225.
{¶57} Moreover, the record on appeal did not demonstrate that counsel’s
investigation had been inadequate. Counsel hired two psychologists and a
psychiatrist to evaluate Pickens. Billing records reflect multiple encounters with
Pickens and his counsel. But the record on appeal did not reflect their conclusions.
And the postconviction conclusions of Dr. Stinson and Dr. Layton, which Pickens
had appended to his appellate brief, were not properly a part of the record. The court
found that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the record allowed for the
possibility that the defense’s experts had concluded that a neurological evaluation
was unnecessary, and that those experts had provided counsel with sufficient
information about Pickens’s psychological background to permit counsel to make an
informed decision to present no psychological evidence in mitigation. Counsel’s
decision to present no psychological evidence was, in the court’s assessment, a
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
strategic one. And because neither the failure to request a neuropsychological
evaluation nor the decision to present no psychological evidence was demonstrably
the result of counsel’s violation of their duty to reasonably investigate Pickens’s
background, the court held that counsel had not been ineffective in either regard.
{¶58} That conclusion is not altered by the outside evidence offered by
Pickens in support of his postconviction challenges to counsel’s effectiveness during
the penalty phase of his trial. To the contrary, Dr. Stinson provided in his affidavit
what the record on appeal had not: insight into counsel’s decision to present no
psychological evidence in mitigation. Dr. Stinson averred that his review of the
mitigation evidence had included an interview with the defense’s “mitigation
psychologist,” and that she told him that she had “not identif[ied] any mitigating
factors in [the] case.” The evaluations conducted by Dr. Stinson and Dr. Layton led
them to conclude otherwise. But in the absence of some suggestion at the time that
the extensive evaluations conducted by the defense’s experts had been in some way
deficient, counsel had no duty to seek additional evaluations. Thus, the decision to
present no psychological evidence could not be said to have been a product of
counsel’s violation of the duty to conduct a reasonable investigation, when that
decision was made in consultation with three psychological experts whose
evaluations of Pickens had led them to conclude that there was no mitigating
psychological evidence to be presented.
{¶59} Nor could Pickens be said to have been prejudiced by counsel’s failure
to present in mitigation the outside evidence offered in support of grounds three
through six and ground ten. The comments contained in the Department of Youth
Services records that were offered to show Pickens’s adaptability to an institutional setting
were offset by contrary comments in those records and by an uncle’s statement in his
affidavit that Pickens “went downhill” following his confinement there.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶60} The Supreme Court gave “weight” under R.C. 2929.04(B)(7) to Pickens’s
mother’s love and support. The affidavits of estranged family members and former
coaches offered concerning his mother’s life and parenting skills conflicted with the
defense’s portrayal of her as a loving and supportive parent. And those affidavits
provided nothing more than speculation about her alleged mental-health issues.
{¶61} The psychological and neuropsychological evidence, offered to show that
Pickens suffered from “organic neurological dysfunction” and that the stress of
Washington’s rape accusations might have caused him to “act impulsively,” could not
plausibly have been offered to demonstrate the R.C. 2929.04(B)(3) or (7) mitigating
factors. Throughout the guilt and penalty phases of his trial, Pickens maintained his
innocence of the murders. And the evidence adduced at trial proved beyond a
reasonable doubt that Pickens had killed Washington and the children purposefully
and deliberately, not impulsively or as a consequence of a mental disease or defect
that prevented him from appreciating the criminality of his conduct or conforming his
conduct to the law.
{¶62} The Ohio Supreme Court has long held, and recently reaffirmed, that
the decision to present or not present mitigating evidence is a matter of trial strategy,
and that “[s]trategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts
relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable.” State v. Cepec, 149 Ohio
St.3d 438, 2016-Ohio-8076, 75 N.E.3d 1185, ¶ 123, citing State v. Hand, 107 Ohio
St.3d 378, 2006-Ohio-18, 840 N.E.2d 151, ¶ 225, and quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at
690-691, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674. Pickens failed to support grounds three
through six and ground ten with outside evidence demonstrating that his counsel’s
performance in preparing for and presenting the case in mitigation fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness or was so deficient that the penalty phase of his trial could not
have reliably produced a just result. See Powell, 90 Ohio App.3d at 266, 629 N.E.2d 13.
Therefore, the common pleas court properly denied relief on those grounds.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶63} Cumulative error. In his eleventh ground for relief, Pickens contended
that the cumulative effect of the constitutional deprivations alleged in his petition’s other
claims was to deny him a fair trial. A judgment of conviction may be reversed if the
cumulative effect of errors deemed separately harmless is to deny the defendant a fair
trial. State v. DeMarco, 31 Ohio St.3d 191, 509 NE.2d 1256 (1987), paragraph two of the
syllabus. The doctrine of “cumulative error” will not provide a basis for reversal in the
absence of multiple errors. State v. Madrigal, 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 398, 721 N.E.2d 52
(2000). Because Pickens failed to support his postconviction petition with evidence
demonstrating multiple constitutional deprivations, the common pleas court properly
denied the cumulative-error challenge advanced in his eleventh claim. See State v. Van
Hook, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-910505, 1992 WL 308350 (Oct. 21, 1992).
{¶64} We, therefore, conclude that the common pleas court properly denied
Pickens relief from his convictions on the grounds presented in his postconviction
petition. Accordingly, we overrule his second assignment of error.
Discovery
{¶65} In his third and fourth assignments of error, Pickens challenges the
overruling of his motions for discovery and for the funds for neurological testing to aid
him in that discovery. This challenge is untenable.
{¶66} R.C. 2953.21(A)(1)(d) now confers upon a common pleas court the
discretion to permit certain kinds of discovery by a capital petitioner “for good cause
shown.” But in 2011, when Pickens filed his postconviction petition, the postconviction
statutes did not contemplate discovery in the initial stages of a postconviction proceeding.
State ex rel. Love v. Cuyahoga Cty. Prosecutor’s Office, 87 Ohio St.3d 158, 159, 718 N.E.2d
426 (1999); State v. Zuern, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-900481 and C-910229, 1991 WL
256497 (Dec. 21, 1991).
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶67} Pickens was not entitled to discovery or the funding for experts to aid in
discovery, because his postconviction claims were subject to dismissal without an
evidentiary hearing. Therefore, we overrule the third and fourth assignments of error.
We Affirm
{¶68} Finding no merit to any aspect of the challenges advanced in this appeal,
we affirm the common pleas court’s judgment dismissing Pickens’s postconviction
petition.
Judgment affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, P.J., ZAYAS and MILLER, JJ.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.
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State v. Pickens
Combined Opinion