Superior Beverage Co. v. Commissioner

Superior Beverage Company of Marysville, Inc., et. al., ¹ Petitioners v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent

Superior Beverage Co. v. Commissioner

Docket Nos. 6725-70, 6726-70, 6727-70

United States Tax Court

58 T.C. 918; 1972 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 68;

August 28, 1972, Filed

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Decisions will be entered under Rule 50.

Held: Stock owned by the minority shareholder-employees of three corporations constituted "excluded stock" under sec. 1563(c)(2)(B)(ii), I.R.C. 1954, because identical provisions contained in the bylaws of each corporation which, in substance, prohibited the sale of any outstanding stock without first offering it to the company and thereafter to the other shareholders in the event that the company did not exercise its option to purchase (1) substantially restricted or limited the rights of the minority shareholder-employees to dispose of their stock ( Barton Naphtha Co., 56 T.C. 107">56 T.C. 107); and (2) did not constitute "bona fide reciprocal stock purchase [arrangements]" which restricted the rights of disposition of H, the majority shareholder-employee who had the power under California law to eliminate the restrictions from the bylaws at will. Consequently, H owned, directly or constructively, more than 80 percent of of each company's outstanding stock. The corporations therefore constituted a "brother-sister controlled group of corporations" under sec. 1563(a) (2), and each was entitled under sec. 1561(a) to only one-third of a full $ 25,000 surtax exemption.

Bayley Kohlmeier, for the petitioners.

Lawrence G. Becker, for the respondent.

Raum, Judge.

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RAUM

The Commissioner determined deficiencies in income tax as follows:

		Deficiency
Petitioner	Docket No.
		1966	1967	1968
Superior Beverage Co. of
Marysville, Inc	6725-70	$ 4,333.33	$ 4,333.33	$ 4,766.67
Superior Beverage Co. of
Redding and Red Bluff,
Inc	6726-70	4,333.34	4,333.34	4,766.66
Superior Beverage Co. of
Chico, Inc	6727-70	4,333.33	4,333.33	4,766.67

The only issue for decision is whether the three petitioners were component members of a brother-sister controlled group of corporations within the meaning of section 1563(a)(2), I.R.C. 1954, and therefore each entitled under section 1561(a) to only one-third of a full $ 25,000 surtax exemption for each of the years 1966, 1967, and 1968.

FINDINGS OF FACT

The parties have filed a stipulation of facts which, together with accompanying exhibits, is incorporated herein by this reference.

Petitioners Superior Beverage Co. of Redding and Red Bluff, Inc. (the "Redding Co." or "Redding"), Superior Beverage Co. of Chico, Inc. (the "Chico Co." or "Chico"), and Superior Beverage Co. of Marysville, Inc. (the "Marysville Co." or "Marysville"), are Californiacorporations principally engaged in the business of distributing alcoholic beverages. Each petitioner filed a Federal corporate income tax return for each of the calendar years 1966, 1967, and 1968 with the district director of internal revenue at San Francisco, Calif. At the time their petitions herein were filed, the corporations' principal places of business were at Redding, Chico, and Marysville, Calif., respectively.

Prior to their respective dates of incorporation, the petitioners' businesses had been operated by the Lakeside Distributing Co., a partnership in which one A. E. Huckins held an 80-percent interest, Wallace W. Campbell held a 10-percent interest, and J. Harley Allbritton held a 10-percent interest. The Lakeside partnership had distributed alcoholic beverages in three areas of California: Redding and Red Bluff; Chico and Willows; and Marysville-Yuba City. The Redding Co. was organized on March 2, 1956, after the partners, none of whom lived in the Redding and Red Bluff area, decided that it would be necessary to have local management there. The remaining portion of the partnership's business was incorporated on March 4, 1957, under the name of Superior Beverage Co. of Chico, Inc., at the insistence of the manufacturer of the principal beer the partnership was then distributing. The Marysville Co. was separately organized on March 29, 1957, in order to capitalize on a new business opportunity which had presented itself in the Marysville-Yuba City region and in the hope of reversing a loss situation which had previously been experienced in that area.

At all relevant times petitioners were controlled by a group of persons consisting of A. E. Huckins and the following members of his family: His wife, Alice B. Huckins; his children, D. Pete Huckins and Diann Huckins Allen; his sister, Lucille Huckins; his brother, Donald E. Huckins; and Donald's children, Donna Rose, Lisa Ann, and Jeffrey A. Huckins. A. E. Huckins' children were both more than 21 years old on January 1, 1966. A. E. Huckins was an employee of all three petitioners during the years at issue, but his children, nieces and nephew, who held stock in Redding and Chico during such years, were not then employed by any of the companies. Alice B. Huckins has never participated in the management or operations of the petitioners.

On December 31 of 1966, 1967, and 1968, the outstanding stock of Redding and Chico was owned as follows:

	Number of shares
	Redding		Chico
Members of the Huckins family:
2 A. E. or Alice Huckins	2,070		2,750
Donna Rose Huckins	110		33
Lisa Ann Huckins	110		33
Jeffrey A. Huckins	110		34
Diann Huckins Allen	150		200
D. Pete Huckins	150	2,700	200	3,250
Employees of the Redding Co.:
Duane Tatro	150
Ray Bratton	35
Kenneth Rock	35	220
Employees of the Chico Co.:
J. Harley Allbritton			400
Wallace W. Campbell			200
Merle G. Landrus			150	750
Employees of the Marysville Co.:
Harold Cummings	40
Ansel Miller	40	80
Total shares outstanding (all common stock)		3,000		4,000

The following schedule shows transactions in the Redding Co. stock prior to December 31, 1966:

Transactions in Redding Co. Stock
Stockholder	1 5/4/56	2 2/19/57	3 7/11/57	4 4/13/61	5 3/28/62
A. E. or
Alice Huckins	2,400			(300)
Donald Huckins	300	(150)	(150)
Duane Tatro	150
Mignon Fuller	150
Terry Cummings		150
Lucille Huckins			150		(150)
Donna Rose Huckins					50
Lisa Ann Huckins					50
Jeffrey A. Huckins					50
Diann Huckins Allen				150
D. Pete Huckins				150
Ray Bratton
Kenneth S. Rock
Harold Cummings
Ansel Miller
Total	3,000

Transactions in Redding Co. Stock
					12/31/66,
Stockholder	6 12/31/64	7 3/3/65	8 9/18/65	9 12/30/66	12/31/67,
					10 12/31/68
A. E. or
Alice Huckins	(30)				2,070
Donald Huckins
Duane Tatro					150
Mignon Fuller			(150)
Terry Cummings		(150)
Lucille Huckins
Donna Rose Huckins	10	50			110
Lisa Ann Huckins	10	50			110
Jeffrey A. Huckins	10	50			110
Diann Huckins Allen					150
D. Pete Huckins					150
Ray Bratton			15	20	35
Kenneth S. Rock			15	20	35
Harold Cummings			15	25	40
Ansel Miller			105	(65)	40
Total					3,000

The following schedule shows transactions in the Chico Co. stock prior to December 31, 1966:

Transactions in Chico Co. Stock
					12/31/66,
Stockholder	1 5/23/57	2 6/12/59	n312/27/60	n43/29/62	12/31/67,
					n512/31/68
A. E. or
Alice Huckins	2,750				2,750
J. Harley
Allbritton	400				400
Wallace W.
Campbell	400	(200)			200
Merle G. Landrus	50		100		150
Diann Huckins
Allen	200				200
D. Pete Huckins	200				200
Mrs. Wallace
W. Campbell		200	(200)
Lucille Huckins			100	(100)
Donna Rose
Huckins				33	33
Lisa Ann Huckins				33	33
Jeffrey A.
Huckins				34	34
Total	4,000				4,000

³ Sale of Mrs. Campbell's entire shareholdings in the company.

⁴ Sale of shares by Lucille Huckins to each of the children of Donald Huckins.

⁵ Shareholdings on Dec. 31 of each of the years at issue.

The Marysville Co., upon its incorporation, issued a total of 1,000 shares of its common stock, 500 shares to the Chico Co. and 500 shares to Bowman Beverages Co. The Bowman Beverages Co. sold its 500 shares of common to the Redding Co. on January 20, 1958. Thereafter there were no further transfers of the Marysville Co.'s stock at least through the year 1968. At all relevant times each petitioner has had only one class of stock.

Each outstanding share of stock of the respective companies was entitled to one vote upon each matter submitted to a stockholders' vote, but none of the bylaws specified a number or percentage of votes required to pass a resolution. In regard to the election of directors, petitioners' respective bylaws gave shareholders the standard cumulative-voting options, in conformity with section 2235 of the California Corporations Code. At least one meeting of the shareholders of each petitioner was to be held every year, and the bylaws of each company required its president to call a special shareholders meeting "for any purpose or purposes" upon the request of the holders of not less than one-tenth of all the outstanding shares of the corporation entitled to vote.

The following persons were petitioners' directors and officers during 1966, 1967, and 1968:

Office	Redding Co.	Chico Co.	Marysville Co.
Director and
president	Duane Tatro	Wallace W. Campbell	Ansel Miller.
Director and
vice president	Ray Bratton	Merle G. Landrus	Harold Cummings.
Director and secretary	Kenneth Rock	J. H. Allbritton	n3A. E. Huckins.
Director and treasurer	A. E. Huckins	A. E. Huckins	A. E. Huckins.
Director	D. Pete Huckins		J. H. Allbritton.
Director			Donald Huckins.

Only four directors of the Chico Co. were elected for the years 1966, 1967, and 1968, although the articles of incorporation and bylaws of each of the petitioners provided that there should be five directors. Paragraph Sixth of petitioners' respective articles of incorporation granted authority to the holders of the voting stock of each corporation to change the authorized number of directors by a duly adopted amendment to the corporation's bylaws. Apart from the provisions of the bylaws pertaining to the voting of shares which are stated above, nothing in the articles or bylaws of the corporations indicated the number of assenting votes required to adopt such an amendment. The stockholders were granted no express authority by either the articles or the bylaws of the companies to amend the bylaws in any other respect. General authority to alter, amend, or repeal the bylaws, and to adopt new bylaws, was vested in the respective boards of directors.

Directorships to be filled by reason of increases in the number of directors were to be filled by election at an annual or special stockholders meeting. In the event that a vacancy was created in one of the petitioners' boards of directors, the majority of the remaining directors of that company were empowered to fill such vacancy. Directors were to hold office until their successors were qualified pursuant to their election at an annual stockholders meeting. None of petitioners' bylaws contained an express provision regarding the removal of directors.

At least one regular meeting of the board of directors of each company was to be held each year. Special meetings of petitioners' boards of directors could be called by or at the request of their respective presidents or any two directors. A majority of the number of directors fixed by the bylaws constituted a quorum in each case, and the assent of a majority of the number of directors present at a meeting was necessary to pass a resolution.

Article VI, section 3, of the bylaws of each company gave it a right of first refusal in respect of the transfer of its stock, as follows:

Option to Purchase. No transfer of stock shall be valid, until 10 days after the company, through its secretary, shall have had written notice of the proposed sale, the number of shares proposed to be sold, the price at which the proposed sale is to be made, and the name of the prospective buyers; and during said 10 days the company shall have the option to buy, at the price set by seller, any shares of outstanding stock before its owner or person in whose name it stands on its books, may transfer them. Should the company not have the funds to buy the shares or should it deem it undesirable to purchase them for any other reason, the other existing shareholders shall have the option for an additional 10 days of purchasing the shares at the price set by the seller in proportion to the number of shares then held by said shareholder. If not exercised within this time, any sale to third persons shall be valid.

This provision was endorsed upon each stock certificate issued by each of the petitioners and designated thereon as a section of the bylaws. There were no other agreements or understandings between the stockholders and any of the companies or between the stockholders inter sese regarding the transfer of the companies' outstanding stock. The written notice required by the foregoing provision was not given prior to any of the transfers of petitioners' stock set forth in the two schedules appearing above, and all sales of petitioners' stock were made at prices negotiated by the parties involved.

Each petitioner claimed a surtax exemption in the amount of $ 25,000, and reported taxable income in excess of such amount, on its income tax return for each of the years 1966, 1967, and 1968. In his notices of deficiency to the respective petitioners, the Commissioner determined that together the petitioners constituted "a controlled group of corporations, as defined in section 1563 of the Internal Revenue Code, and therefore the provisions of section 1561 of the Code are applicable for the apportionment of a single surtax exemption of $ 25,000.00 among * * * the * * * members of the controlled group" for each of the years 1966, 1967, and 1968. The petitioners have timely filed an election to claim multiple surtax exemptions under section 1562, I.R.C. 1954, for the year 1968, but such election was not reflected in the Commissioner's recomputation of petitioners' respective income tax liabilities. Petitioners have made no such election for either of the years 1966 or 1967, and they have at no time consented to an apportionment plan within the meaning of section 1561(a)(2), I.R.C. 1954.

OPINION

Section 1561(a), I.R.C. 1954, 4 provides that if a group of corporations constitutes a "controlled group of corporations" on a December 31, the component members of such group are entitled to only one surtax exemption of $ 25,000 to be apportioned among them for their respective taxable years which include such December 31. The Commissioner contends that petitioners constituted a "controlled group of corporations" in accordance with section 1563 (a)(2), 5 which in substance defines that term to include a "brother-sister controlled group," and that definition in turn is applicable here by its terms if A. E. Huckins owned, directly or constructively, at least 80 percent of the outstanding stock of all three petitioners on December 31 of 1966, 1967, and 1968. In the absence of petitioners' consent to a plan for an uneven apportionment of such exemption, the Commissioner has allocated one-third of $ 25,000 to each petitioner for each of the years at issue. The petitioners object to the Commissioner's determination that A. E. Huckins owned more than 80 percent of each company's stock. We think that his determination must be approved.

Section 1563(e)⁶ prescribes a set of attribution rules for determining whether one person possesses the requisite 80-percent ownership in several corporations which qualifies them as component members of a brother-sister controlled group. These rules are made applicable to section 1563(a)(2) by section 1563(d)(2). ⁷ There is no dispute that A. E. Huckins is deemed to have owned his wife's interest in the couple's commonly held stock in Redding and Chico (2,070 and 2,750 shares, respectively), pursuant to section 1563(e)(5). In addition, under sections 1563(e)(6)(B) and 1563(f)(2)(A), ⁸ Huckins constructively owned the shares belonging to his adult children, Diann Huckins Allen and D. Pete Huckins, which amounted to 300 shares of Redding Co. stock and 400 shares of Chico Co. stock. Thus, A. E. Huckins is treated as owning at least 79 percent ((2,070 + 300) /3,000) and 78.75 percent ((2,750 + 400) /4,000) of the total number of outstanding shares of the Redding and Chico companies, respectively, on December 31 of 1966, 1967, and 1968. Since these companies each owned 50 percent of the outstanding stock of the Marysville Co., the ownership of at least 78.88 percent (1/2 X (79 percent + 78.75 percent)) of that company's stock is also attributed to A. E. Huckins under section 1563 (e)(4). This much of the computation is not in dispute.

However, section 1563(c)(1)(C)⁹ provides in substance that, for the purpose of determining whether several corporations constitute a controlled group, certain stock is to be treated as "excluded stock" and not counted in computing a common owner's percentage of ownership in such corporations. Prior to its amendment by section 401 (d)(2) of the Tax Reform Act of 1969, 83 Stat. 487, section 1563(c)(2)(B) provided as follows in respect of such excluded stock:

SEC. 1563. DEFINITIONS AND SPECIAL RULES.

(c) Certain Stock Excluded. --

* * * *

(2) Stock treated as "excluded stock". --

* * * *

(B) Brother-sister controlled group. -- For purposes of subsection (a) (2), if a person who is an individual, estate, or trust (referred to in this paragraph as "common owner") owns (within the meaning of subsection (d)(2)), 50 percent or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or 50 percent or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock in a corporation, the following stock of such corporation shall be treated as excluded stock --

* * * *

(ii) stock in such corporation owned (within the meaning of subsection (d)(2)) by an employee of the corporation if such stock is subject to conditions which run in favor of such common owner (or such corporation) and which substantially restrict or limit the employee's right (or if the employee constructively owns such stock, the direct owner's right) to dispose of such stock. If a condition which limits or restricts the employee's right (or the direct owner's right) to dispose of such stock also applies to the stock held by the common owner pursuant to a bona fide reciprocal stock purchase arrangement, such condition shall not be treated as one which restricts or limits the employee's right to dispose of such stock * * *.

The Commissioner contends that stock of the Redding and Chico companies which was owned by employees of those companies was "subject to conditions which [ran] in favor of [the respective corporations] and which substantially [restricted] or [limited] the [employees'] right * * * to dispose of such stock," by reason of article VI, section 3, of the bylaws, which was reproduced on the stock certificates and which in substance prohibited the sale of the stock without first offering it to the company and thereafter to the other shareholders in the event that the company did not exercise its option to purchase. If the Commissioner is correct in his contention that the minority employee-owned shares (220 in Redding and 750 in Chico) must be excluded, then it is undisputed that A. E. Huckins' percentage interests in all three corporations exceeded 80 percent. ¹⁰ The petitioners argue, however, that these employee-owned shares are not to be treated as "excluded" under section 1563(c)(2)(B)(ii). They rely upon either of two grounds: (1) That the right of first refusal did not substantially restrict or limit the employees' rights to dispose of their stock; and (2) that the right of first refusal was "a bona fide reciprocal stock purchase arrangement" within the meaning of the second sentence of section 1563(c)(2)(B)(ii), which precluded the classification of such stock as excluded stock. We think that neither of these positions is sound.

1. Petitioners' first contention calls for only brief comment. The same argument was made and rejected in Barton Naphtha Co., 56 T.C. 107">56 T.C. 107. Petitioners have not been able to offer any satisfactory distinction between the present case and Barton Naphtha; we follow it here. See also sec. 1.1563-2(b)(2)(iii), Income Tax Regs.¹¹ (applied to brother-sister groups through sec. 1.1563-2(b)(4)(ii), Income Tax Regs.); Rev. Rul. 70-470, 2 C.B. 182">1970-2 C.B. 182. We hold that the right of first refusal that attached to the employees' stock in this case was one that substantially restricted or limited their right to dispose of the stock within the meaning of section 1563 (c)(2)(B)(ii).

2. Nor do we agree with petitioners' second contention that the employees' stock may not be treated as "excluded stock" by reason of a purported "bona fide reciprocal stock purchase arrangement" under which the restrictions affecting the employees' stock were equally applicable to the stock of the common owner, A. E. Huckins. To be sure, the same restrictions upon transfers of stock which were imposed by the bylaws in respect of the minority employee-owned stock were in form equally applicable to the stock owned by Huckins. And if such restrictions were irrevocably binding upon him, we would sustain petitioners' position. But the Commissioner argues that Huckins, as the controlling stockholder, ¹² had the power under California law to eliminate the restrictions from the bylaws at will, thereby removing any impediment against transfer by him whenever he might desire to dispose of his stock. If Huckins in fact had such power, then the "reciprocal" aspect of the arrangement becomes illusory, and we would conclude that there was not any "bona fide reciprocal stock purchase arrangement" within the meaning of the statute. As we view California law, we think that the Commissioner is correct.

Section 500 of the California Corporations Code (1947) provides that bylaws may be "amended, or repealed by the vote or the written assent of shareholders entitled to exercise a majority of the voting power of the corporation." ¹³ Thus, under these provisions, a stockholder with voting control has it within his power unilaterally to amend the bylaws so as to impose new restrictions against transfer where none were previously in effect, or by parity of reasoning, to remove existing restrictions from the bylaws. This, we think, is clearly the law of California, ¹⁴ as set forth by its Supreme Court in Tu-Vu Drive-In Corp. v. Ashkins, 61 Cal. 2d 283">61 Cal. 2d 283, 391 P.2d 828">391 P. 2d 828, 38 Cal. Rptr. 348">38 Cal. Rptr. 348.

In the Tu-Vu case, the owner of 54 percent of a corporation's stock effected a change in the bylaws, requiring for the first time that the corporation's shares could be transferred to an outsider only if the owner first offered them to the other shareholders or the corporation. In an action to enforce these new restrictions against a nonconsenting stockholder owning 39 percent of the outstanding stock, the Supreme Court of California held the amended bylaws valid. In response to the argument that the amendment to the bylaws impaired the minority stockholder's "contract" with the corporation, the court held that insofar as the corporate bylaws constituted a contract between the stockholders and the corporation, such contract was subject to the legislature's power to regulate the rights of corporate stockholders and was therefore subject to the corporation's power to amend its bylaws pursuant to statutory authority. Therefore, even if petitioners' bylaws were also regarded as an agreement between the stockholders inter sese, their agreement must likewise have been subject to the relevant provisions of the California Corporations Code, which did not require all stockholders to consent to the repeal or amendment of a bylaw. See also Wilson v. Cherokee Drift Mining Co., 14 Cal. 2d 56">14 Cal. 2d 56, 58, 92 P. 2d 802, 803; Silva v. Coastal Plywood & Timber Co., 124 Cal. App. 2d 276">124 Cal. App. 2d 276, 278, 268 P.2d 510">268 P. 2d 510, 512 (approving a nonunanimous repeal of a bylaw which restricted the transfer of shares). ¹⁵

Thus, if a majority stockholder could unilaterally amend the bylaws so as to impose restrictions upon the disposition of the corporation's stock, it would seem that it would similarly be within his power to remove existing restrictions of a like nature -- ordinarily, a less drastic action. We are unable to discern any critical difference between the two situations, and, in our judgment, Huckins had the power to modify the bylaws at will so as to remove the restrictions against disposition. ¹⁶ While it is undoubtedly true that a majority stockholder may be under a fiduciary duty (see Jones v. H. F. Ahmanson & Co., 1 Cal. 3d 93">1 Cal. 3d 93, 460 P. 2d 464, 81 Cal. Rptr. 592">81 Cal. Rptr. 592; Pepper v. Litton, 308 U.S. 295">308 U.S. 295), the elimination of restrictions against transfer would be no more a violation of that duty than the imposition of such restrictions, which were approved by the Supreme Court of California in Tu-Vu.

In view of our conclusion that Huckins had the power to remove the restrictions at will, ¹⁷ it is a matter of no moment that there were undoubtedly valid business reasons for imposing such restrictions in the first instance, as shown by the testimony of Donald Huckins and that of A. E. Huckins himself. The point is that the restrictions were applicable to the minority stockholder-employees, but that A. E. Huckins could remove them at will in the event that he wished to dispose of his stock. In the circumstances, the "bona fide reciprocal" character of the arrangement becomes illusory.

We hold that petitioners' employee-owned stock, apart from that held by A. E. Huckins, must be treated as "excluded stock" under section 1563(c)(2)(B)(ii) and that Huckins' extent of control over each of the petitioners therefore exceeded 80 percent. Cf. Rev. Rul. 70-252, 1 C.B. 186">1970-1 C.B. 186. As a component member of a brother-sister controlled group of corporations, each petitioner was entitled under section 1561(a) to only one-third of a full $ 25,000 surtax exemption for each of the years 1966 and 1967. Pursuant to their timely filed election under section 1562(a)(1), ¹⁸ they are entitled to multiple surtax exemptions for the year 1968 but are liable for the additional tax imposed by section 1562(b)(1). ¹⁹

Decisions will be entered under Rule 50.

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Footnotes

• 1. Cases of the following petitioners are consolidated herewith: Superior Beverage Co. of Redding and Red Bluff, Inc., docket No. 6726-70; and Superior Beverage Co. of Chico, Inc., docket No. 6727-70.↩

• 2. The shares held by "A. E. or Alice Huckins" were the community property of the spouses.↩

• 1. Original issue. (Mignon Fuller was the office manager of the Redding Co.)

• 2. Sale of 150 shares by Donald Huckins to Terry Cummings, an employee of the company.↩

• 3. Sale of 150 shares by Donald Huckins to Lucille Huckins.↩

• 4. Transfer of 150 shares by A. E. or Alice Huckins to each of their children.↩

• 5. Sale of 50 shares by Lucille Huckins to each of the children of Donald Huckins.↩

• 6. Transfer of 10 shares by A. E. or Alice Huckins to each of the children of Donald Huckins.↩

• 7. Sale of 50 shares by Terry Cummings, upon termination of his employment by the company, to each of the children of Donald Huckins.↩

• 8. Sale of Mignon Fuller's entire shareholdings in the company upon her retirement.↩

• 9. Sale of shares by Ansel Miller.↩

• 10. Shareholdings on Dec. 31 of each of the years at issue.↩

• 1. Original issue.

• 2. Transfer of 200 shares by Wallace W. Campbell to his wife upon their divorce.↩

• 3. A. E. Huckins was secretary-treasurer of the Marysville Co., as well as one of its five directors.↩

• 4. In respect of the years at issue herein, sec. 1561(a) provides as follows:

  SEC. 1561. SURTAX EXEMPTIONS IN CASE OF CERTAIN CONTROLLED CORPORATIONS.

  (a) General Rule. -- If a corporation is a component member of a controlled group of corporations on a December 31, then for purposes of this subtitle the surtax exemption of such corporation for the taxable year which includes such December 31 shall be an amount equal to --

  (1) $ 25,000 divided by the number of corporations which are component members of such group on such December 31, or

  (2) if all such component members consent (at such time and in such manner as the Secretary or his delegate shall by regulations prescribe) to an apportionment plan, such portion of $ 25,000 as is apportioned to such member in accordance with such plan.↩

  The sum of the amounts apportioned under paragraph (2) among the component members of any controlled group shall not exceed $ 25,000.

• 5. As it applied to the years in issue, prior to its amendment by section 401(c) of the Tax Reform Act of 1969, 83 Stat. 487, sec. 1563(a)(2) read as follows:

  SEC. 1563. DEFINITIONS AND SPECIAL RULES.

  (a) Controlled Group of Corporations. -- For purposes of this part, the term "controlled group of corporations" means any group of --

  * * * *

  (2) Brother-sister controlled group. -- Two or more corporations if stock possessing at least 80 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or at least 80 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of each of the corporations is owned (within the meaning of subsection (d)(2)) by one person who is an individual, estate, or trust.↩

• 6. SEC. 1563. DEFINITIONS AND SPECIAL RULES.

  (e) Constructive Ownership. --

  * * * *

  (4) Attribution from corporations. -- Stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for a corporation shall be considered as owned by any person who owns (within the meaning of subsection (d)) 5 percent or more in value of its stock in that proportion which the value of the stock which such person so owns bears to the value of all the stock in such corporation.

  (5) Spouse. -- An individual shall be considered as owning stock in a corporation owned, directly or indirectly, by or for his spouse * * *, except in the case of a corporation with respect to which each of the following conditions is satisfied for its taxable year --

  (A) The individual does not, at any time during such taxable year, own directly any stock in such corporation;

  (B) The individual is not a director or employee and does not participate in the management of such corporation at any time during such taxable year;

  (C) Not more than 50 percent of such corporation's gross income for such taxable year was derived from royalties, rents, dividends, interest, and annuities; and

  (D) Such stock in such corporation is not, at any time during such taxable year, subject to conditions which substantially restrict or limit the spouse's right to dispose of such stock and which run in favor of the individual or his children who have not attained the age of 21 years.

  (6) Children, grandchildren, parents, and grandparents. --

  * * * *

  (B) Adult children and grandchildren. -- An individual who owns (within the meaning of subsection (d)(2), but without regard to this subparagraph) more than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or more than 50 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock in a corporation shall be considered as owning the stock in such corporation owned, directly or indirectly, by or for his parents, grandparents, grandchildren, and children who have attained the age of 21 years.↩

• 7. SEC. 1563. DEFINITIONS AND SPECIAL RULES.

  (d) Rules for Determining Stock Ownership. --

  * * * *

  (2) Brother-sister controlled group. -- For purposes of determining whether a corporation is a member of a brother-sister controlled group of corporations (within the meaning of subsection (a)(2)), stock owned by a person who is an individual, estate, or trust means --

  (A) stock owned directly by such person, and

  (B) stock owned with the application of subsection (e).↩

• 8. SEC. 1563. DEFINITIONS AND SPECIAL RULES.

  (f) Other Definitions and Rules. --

  * * * *

  (2) Operating rules. --

  (A) In general. -- * * * stock constructively owned by a person by reason of the application of paragraph (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), or (6) of subsection (e) shall, for purposes of applying such paragraphs, be treated as actually owned by such person.↩

• 9. SEC. 1563. DEFINITIONS AND SPECIAL RULES.

  (c) Certain Stock Excluded. --

  (1) General rule. -- For purposes of this part, the term "stock" does not include --

  * * * *

  (C) stock which is treated as "excluded stock" under paragraph (2).↩

• 10. The computations are as follows:

  Redding: 2,070+300/3,000-220= 85.25 percent

  Chico: 2,750+400/4,000-750= 96.92 percent

  Marysville↩: 1/2 x (85.25+96.92)=91.09 percent

• 11. These regulations provide that a condition whereby the corporation "is given a right of first refusal with respect to any stock * * * offered by an employee for sale is a condition which substantially restricts or limits the employee's right to dispose of such stock." In accord with established law these regulations are valid unless plainly inconsistent with the statute. See Commissioner v. South Texas Co., 333 U.S. 496">333 U.S. 496, 501; Bingler v. Johnson, 394 U.S. 741">394 U.S. 741, 749-750; Regal, Inc., 53 T.C. 261">53 T.C. 261, 263, affirmed 435 F. 2d 922↩ (C.A. 2). No such inconsistency has been shown here. To the contrary, the legislative history of the statute clearly demonstrates that the House Ways and Means Committee regarded a "right of first refusal" as "[an] example of a condition which substantially restricts or limits an employee's right to dispose of his stock." H. Rept. No. 749, 88th Cong., 1st Sess., p. A204.

• 12. He and his wife owned 2,070 out of the 3,000 outstanding shares of Redding and 2,750 out of the 4,000 outstanding shares of Chico. Such shares were held as community property, and Huckins possessed the power to vote them, pursuant to sec. 172 of the California Civil Code (now codified in Cal. Civ. Code sec. 5125↩ (1970)), which provides that "the husband has the management and control of the community personal property."

• 13. Pursuant to that section bylaws may also be amended or repealed by the board of directors, but its power in this respect is made explicitly "[subject] to the right of the shareholders to * * * amend, or repeal" the bylaws.↩

• 14. Several cases cited by petitioners suggest that the law may be otherwise in one or two other States.

• 15. Casady v. Modern Metal Spinning & Manufacturing Co., 188 Cal. App. 2d 728">188 Cal. App. 2d 728, 10 Cal. Rptr. 790">10 Cal. Rptr. 790, also relied upon by petitioners, entirely failed to consider the possibility that the shareholders' contract arising from the bylaws incorporated the amendatory provisions of the statute. Moreover, the court's description of the bylaws as a contract between the stockholders inter sese, was characterized as dictum and questioned in Scott v. Lee, 208 Cal. App. 2d 12">208 Cal. App. 2d 12, 14-15, 24 Cal. Rptr. 824">24 Cal. Rptr. 824, 826. Finally, the Casady case was heavily relied on in the appellate court's opinion in Tu-Vu Drive-In case, 34 Cal. Rptr. 622">34 Cal. Rptr. 622, 623↩ (Dist. Ct. App. 4th Dist.), which was reversed by the California Supreme Court.

• 16. The fact that the applicable provisions of the bylaws were quoted in the certificates adds nothing to petitioners' case. Such endorsements merely operated to bring the certificates into conformity with the disclosure requirements of secs. 2403(c) and 2404 of the California Corporations Code, and if the bylaws were modified, there would not appear to be any difficulty in obtaining the California corporations commissioner's permission to replace the original stock certificates with certificates not containing the restrictive legend. Cf. Tu-Vu Drive-In Corp. v. Ashkins, 61 Cal. 2d 283">61 Cal. 2d 283, 285, 391 P.2d 828">391 P. 2d 828, 829, 38 Cal. Rptr. 348">38 Cal. Rptr. 348, 349↩.

• 17. To be sure, as majority stockholder, he could also have obtained a modification of the bylaws in another manner, namely, by selecting a sufficient number of compliant directors who could be counted upon to amend the bylaws in accordance with his wishes. We need not decide whether this ground alone would be sufficient to support our conclusion in the light of United States v. Byrum, 408 U.S. 125">408 U.S. 125, for Huckins had the right as stockholder to amend the bylaws without any participation by the directors -- a right which he could exercise in his favor under California law pursuant to the rationale of the Tu-Vu case. Moreover, even if that right was subject to some restriction based upon a fiduciary obligation, it is obvious that he certainly could exercise his right at least within a broad range as exemplified by Tu-Vu, whereas the minority stockholders had no such right at all. Accordingly, there is here absent the "reciprocal stock purchase arrangement" required by the statute. No such provisions were involved in Byrum↩.

• 18. SEC. 1562. PRIVILEGE OF GROUPS TO ELECT MULTIPLE SURTAX EXEMPTIONS.

  (a) Election of Multiple Surtax Exemptions. --

  (1) In general. -- A controlled group of corporations shall (subject to the provisions of this section) have the privilege of electing to have each of its component members make its returns without regard to section 1561. Such election shall be made with respect to a specified December 31 and shall be valid only if --

  (A) each corporation which is a component member of such group on such December 31, and

  (B) each other corporation which is a component member of such group on any suceeding December 31 before the day on which the election is filed,

  consents to such election.↩

• 19. SEC. 1562. PRIVILEGE OF GROUPS TO ELECT MULTIPLE SURTAX EXEMPTIONS.

  (b) Additional Tax Imposed. --

  (1) General rule. -- If an election under subsection (a)(1) by a controlled group of corporations is effective with respect to the taxable year of a corporation, there is hereby imposed for such taxable year on the taxable income of such corporation a tax equal to 6 percent of so much of such corporation's taxable income for such taxable year as does not exceed the amount of such corporation's surtax exemption for such taxable year. * * *