T-Z

Cite as 24 I&N Dec. 163 (BIA 2007) Interim Decision #3564

In re T-Z-, Respondent
Decided May 9, 2007

U.S. Department of Justice
Executive Office for Immigration Review
Board of Immigration Appeals

(1) An abortion is forced by threats of harm when a reasonable person would objectively
view the threats for refusing the abortion to be genuine, and the threatened harm, if
carried out, would rise to the level of persecution.

(2) Nonphysical forms of harm, such as the deliberate imposition of severe economic
disadvantage or the deprivation of liberty, food, housing, employment, or other essentials
of life, may amount to persecution.

(3) When an Immigration Judge denies asylum solely in the exercise of discretion and then
grants withholding of removal, 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(e) (2006) requires the Immigration
Judge to reconsider the denial of asylum to take into account factors relevant to family
unification.

FOR RESPONDENT: Gang Zhou, Esquire, New York, New York

FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY: Wendy Leifer, Assistant Chief
Counsel

BEFORE: Board Panel: FILPPU and PAULEY, Board Members. Dissenting Opinion:
COLE, Board Member.

FILPPU, Board Member:

In a decision dated December 4, 2003,1 an Immigration Judge granted the
respondent’s application for withholding of removal, denied his application
for asylum as a matter of discretion, denied his request for protection under
the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment, adopted and opened for signature Dec. 10, 1984,
G.A. Res. 39/46, 39 U.N. GAOR Supp. No. 51, at 197, U.N. Doc.
A/RES/39/708 (1984) (entered into force June 26, 1987; for the United States
Apr. 18, 1988), and ordered his removal to a country other than China. The
Department of Homeland Security (“DHS,” formerly the Immigration and
Naturalization Service) has appealed the Immigration Judge’s grant of
withholding of removal. The respondent has appealed the discretionary denial

1
The date on the Immigration Judge’s decision is incorrectly stated as October 10, 2002.

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of his asylum application.2 Both appeals will be sustained in part, and the
record will be remanded for further proceedings.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The respondent, a native and citizen of China, testified in support of his
applications for asylum and withholding of removal that his wife was
compelled to submit to two abortions, the first in November 1992 and the
second in December 1998.
Describing the circumstances of the 1992 abortion, the respondent stated
that his wife’s first pregnancy was discovered during a physical checkup at her
place of work in Dalien City, Liaoning Province. The birth control official
told the respondent and his wife that they were too young to be given
permission to have the child, because the Dalien City birth control regulation
required that both parents be 25. At the time, the respondent was over 25, but
his wife was a few months short of the required age. The respondent and his
wife begged for permission to have the child. They were told that if they had
the child, his wife would be dismissed from her job. The respondent testified
that he and his wife earned low salaries, and that his wife’s income was about
50 to 60 percent of their combined income. He stated further that if they had
to depend on his salary alone, it would have been “hard to keep up with my
living expenses; a difficult life.” Therefore, he explained, he and his wife
decided to go through with the abortion.
The second abortion occurred 6 years later under the following
circumstances. After the birth of a daughter in January 1997, the respondent
and his wife used various forms of birth control, evidently in an effort to
comply with China’s “one-child” policy. Nonetheless, the respondent’s wife
became pregnant again, and her condition was discovered during a physical
exam at her place of work on December 22, 1998. She was pressured to have
an abortion and, according to the respondent, “immediately aborted the child.”
At the time, the respondent was away working on a construction project and
was not contacted about his wife’s pregnancy. When he learned what had
happened, he was upset because he felt he should have been informed of the
situation before anything was done. He went to his wife’s working unit and
complained to the birth control supervisor that he should have been allowed
to “be by [his wife’s] side taking care of her.” He explained that at the time
of the second abortion, he and his wife would have liked to have had another

2
The respondent’s appeal was untimely filed. Under the circumstances in this case,
we find that the respondent has satisfied the requirements set forth in Matter of Assaad,
23 I&N Dec. 553 (BIA 2003), and we accept his appeal on certification.

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child, but that they had not attempted to have a second child because the
authorities would have dismissed his wife from her job, refused to register the
second child, and possibly forced one of them to undergo sterilization.
The Immigration Judge found that the respondent’s testimony regarding his
wife’s abortions was credible and that the abortions were “coerced” within the
meaning of the coercive family planning provision of the “refugee” definition
at section 101(a)(42) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C.
§1101(a)(42) (2000). He therefore found that the respondent had established
past persecution and a well-founded fear of persecution based on his wife’s
abortions and, consequently, that he was eligible for asylum and withholding
of removal. See Matter of C-Y-Z-, 21 I&N Dec. 915 (BIA 1997), reaff’d,
Matter of S-L-L-, 24 I&N Dec. 1, 8 (BIA 2006); Matter of X-P-T-, 21 I&N
Dec. 634 (BIA 1996). The Immigration Judge reasoned as follows:
Now since the law seems to say that an individual or the spouse of an individual
who had undergone a coercive abortion will be deemed to have suffered past
persecution on account of their political opinion and will still be considered to have
a future fear of persecution, I must examine whether the abortions were in fact
coercive. The respondent’s attorney is arguing that they were. The facts presented
by the respondent and his wife were that if she had refused to undergo the abortion,
that she would have been fired from her job, that they would have been financially
unable to support themselves, that they might have been forcibly sterilized, that had
they managed to have the child, the child would not have been registered in the
household which would have caused other hardships.

(Indiscernible) the Government has argued that because the wife reported when told
to both times for the abortion, that it was not coercive within the meaning of the
statute and case law. I’m going to agree in this case with the respondent that this is,
in fact, coercive even if the respondent’s wife was not dragged kicking and screaming
against her will. I think those types of factors, the fact that had she refused to, they
would have been harmed in so many ways really is coercive, really is within the
congressional intent of the statute, and therefore, that the respondent’s wife did suffer
what under case law would be considered to be persecution; meaning that the
respondent has established a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of his
political opinion.

Ultimately, the Immigration Judge determined that the respondent was not
deserving of asylum because he had not been truthful with the court about his
use of an alias, his places of residence and work, and his record of arrest and
conviction in the United States. Therefore, the Immigration Judge granted the
respondent withholding of removal to China but denied his asylum application
in the exercise of discretion.

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II. ISSUES ON APPEAL
The DHS challenges the Immigration Judge’s grant of withholding of
removal. First, the DHS argues that the Immigration Judge erred in finding
the respondent credible in regard to his claims for asylum and withholding of
removal. Second, the DHS asserts that the respondent failed to demonstrate
that he was entitled to asylum or withholding of removal based on his wife’s
submission to abortions based on economic threats, including the loss of her
job. The respondent argues that the Immigration Judge erred in denying
asylum in the exercise of discretion.

III. ANALYSIS

A. Credibility

The DHS contends that the Immigration Judge erred in crediting the
respondent’s testimony concerning the circumstances of his wife’s abortions,
because the respondent provided incomplete or inaccurate information in his
asylum application and initial testimony regarding his employment and places
of residence in this country, as well as his record of arrest and conviction. The
Immigration Judge determined that the respondent’s omissions and
misrepresentations regarding the use of an alias, other addresses, employment,
and convictions were extraneous to the core of his asylum application and did
not tarnish the believability of his claim.
Given the Immigration Judge’s explanation for his credibility
determination, including his assessment of the respondent’s demeanor, as well
as the detail and consistency of the testimony regarding the abortions, we find
the Immigration Judge’s credibility determination was not clearly erroneous.
See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(i) (2006). The Immigration Judge explicitly
based his credibility determination on his observations of the respondent’s
demeanor. He concluded that the respondent “had given detailed and
seemingly sincere testimony to the fact that his wife had undergone two
abortions [and] had given us documentation in support of that, including a
letter from the wife.” Inasmuch as we find no clear error in the Immigration
Judge’s conclusion regarding the respondent’s credibility, we will dismiss this
portion of the DHS’s appeal.

B. Meaning of a “Forced Abortion”

Our starting point in determining whether the respondent demonstrated
eligibility for asylum or withholding of removal is the definition of a refugee

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in the Act. Section 101(a)(42) of the Act defines the term “refugee” in
relevant part as follows:
The term “refugee” means (A) any person who is outside any country of such
person’s nationality . . . who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or
unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of that country because of
persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion . . . . For
purposes of determinations under this Act, a person who has been forced to abort a
pregnancy or to undergo involuntary sterilization, or who has been persecuted for
failure or refusal to undergo such a procedure or for other resistance to a coercive
population control program, shall be deemed to have been persecuted on account of
political opinion, and a person who has a well founded fear that he or she will be
forced to undergo such a procedure or subject to persecution for such failure, refusal,
or resistance shall be deemed to have a well founded fear of persecution on account
of political opinion.

(Emphasis added). We have held that an alien whose spouse was forced to
abort a pregnancy may qualify as a refugee.3 Matter of S-L-L-, supra, at 8.
The critical issue in this case is whether the respondent’s wife was “forced
to abort a pregnancy” as that phrase is used in the definition of a refugee. The
term “forced” is not defined in the Act. We derive the meaning of a “forced”
abortion by considering the ordinary meaning of the term in light of the
context and structure of the general definition of a “refugee” in the first
sentence of section 101(a)(42) of the Act and the specific references to forced
procedures or persecution resulting from avoiding abortions or sterilizations
in the final sentence.4
The fundamental concept at the core of the refugee definition is the fact of
“persecution” or a “well-founded fear of persecution” based on a ground
protected under the Act. The provisions addressing a “coercive population
control program,” which were added to the definition in 1996, are similarly
grounded in the demonstration of past persecution or a well-founded fear of
persecution. An applicant establishes past persecution by demonstrating that
he or she was “forced to abort a pregnancy or to undergo involuntary

3
There is no dispute that the respondent and his spouse were legally married at the time
of the abortions.
4
Another reference to forced abortions appears in 8 U.S.C. § 1182e(a) (2000), which
directs, with certain exceptions, that the Secretary of State may not issue a visa to a foreign
national who has been “directly involved in the establishment or enforcement of population
control policies forcing a woman to undergo an abortion against her free choice or forcing
a man or woman to undergo sterilization against his or her free choice.” This provision was
enacted in 1999, after the refugee definition was amended to address coercive family
planning.

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sterilization, or [that he or she] has been persecuted for failure or refusal to
undergo such a procedure or for other resistance to a coercive population
control program.” Section 101(a)(42) of the Act (emphasis added).
Alternatively, an applicant may establish a well-founded fear of persecution
by demonstrating that he or she would be forced to undergo such a procedure
or be “subject to persecution for such failure, refusal, or resistance.” Id.
(emphasis added).
The refugee definition encompasses the situations of persons who have
been “forced to abort a pregnancy,” as well as those who have been
“persecuted for failure or refusal to undergo such a procedure.” Section
101(a)(42) of the Act (emphasis added). One who refuses to submit to an
abortion may qualify as a refugee by demonstrating that the refusal led to
infliction of harm by the government so severe that it amounts to persecution.
Conversely, one who is forced to submit to an abortion is also “deemed to
have been persecuted.” Id.
The context and structure of the statute require that there be actual harm or
a reasonable fear of future harm, amounting to persecutory harm, in order for
an applicant to qualify as a “refugee.” Accordingly, we find that the question
whether an abortion is “forced” within the meaning of the coercive population
control provisions should be evaluated in terms of whether the applicant
would have otherwise been subjected to harm of sufficient severity that it
amounts to persecution. Therefore, an abortion is “forced” within the
meaning of the Act when a reasonable person would objectively view the
threats for refusing the abortion to be genuine, and the threatened harm, if
carried out, would rise to the level of persecution.
Our interpretation of a “forced” abortion is consistent with the guidelines
initially developed by the Office of General Counsel of the Immigration and
Naturalization Service for implementing the coercive family planning
provision of the refugee definition. These guidelines provided the following
framework for addressing the question of “forced” abortions:
The amended refugee definition provides that a person who is forced to abort a
pregnancy or to undergo an involuntary sterilization is deemed to have been
persecuted on account of political opinion. Accordingly, to establish past persecution
based on an abortion or sterilization, the applicant must demonstrate that he or she
was “forced” to undergo the procedure. We believe that the procedure should be
considered “forced” only when the applicant demonstrates that he or she was
physically coerced or would have faced harm rising to the level of persecution if he
or she had failed or refused to undergo the procedure. For instance, the imposition
of a fine alone would not be a sufficient basis to consider the procedure to have been
“forced,” unless the fine would result in such a substantial economic deprivation that

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it would constitute persecution. A sterilization or abortion effected through physical
coercion or the threat of a substantial prison term would, in most cases, meet the
requirement of being “forced.”

Memorandum from the Office of the General Counsel to INS officials (Oct.
21, 1996), reprinted in 73 Interpreter Releases, No. 43, Nov. 11, 1996, app. I
at 1597, 1600 (emphasis added).
We essentially agree with the framework described in the Service
memorandum. Persecutory force under the statute is force which, if carried
out, would meet or exceed the level of harm required to demonstrate
persecution. The term “persecution” is not limited to physical harm or threats
of physical harm and may include threats of economic harm, so long as the
threats, if carried out, would be of sufficient severity that they amount to past
persecution. Not all threats of fines, wage reduction, or loss of employment,
however, will suffice to indicate that submission to an abortion was “forced”
within the meaning of the Act. An abortion is forced by threats of harm for
refusal–whether in the form of physical harm, economic sanctions, or
otherwise–when a reasonable person would objectively view the threats as
genuine, and the threatened harm, if carried out, would meet or exceed the
threshold level of harm for past persecution.
Recent court decisions have recognized that the ordinary meaning of the
term “forced” includes forms of coercion beyond the use of physical force or
restraint, or the threat of physical force or restraint. See Ding v. Ashcroft,
387 F.3d 1131, 1138-39 (9th Cir. 2004) (quoting dictionary definitions of
“forced,” including Webster’s New International Dictionary 887 (3d ed.
1981), which defines the term with reference to “physical, moral, or
intellectual means or by exigencies of circumstance”); see also Wang v.
Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 1015, 1020 (9th Cir. 2003) (holding that an abortion
compelled under threats of wage reduction, job loss, and unreasonably high
fines was a “forced abortion” within the meaning of section 101(a)(42) of the
Act).
An abortion is not “forced” within the meaning of the refugee definition,
however, unless the threatened harm for refusal would, if carried out, be
sufficiently severe that it amounts to persecution. We disagree with the
dissent and the decisions in Ding and Wang to the extent that they suggest that
threats of economic harm that do not rise to the level of persecution, if carried
out, would suffice to demonstrate that an abortion was “forced” within the
meaning of the statute. The statute requires that the abortion be “forced,” not
merely that a person choose an unpreferred course of action as the result of
some pressure that sways the choice. The mere fact of submission to pressure

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only tells us that the particular person’s preference was altered. It is
insufficient, by itself, to tell us the level of that pressure or whether it
reasonably can be equated to “force.”
The DHS does not claim that the respondent and his wife faced only idle
threats. In this case, then, the question is whether the threatened loss of the
wife’s employment, potential fines, and other likely consequences of refusing
or resisting the abortion would, if carried out, have amounted to persecutory
force.

C. Economic Harm Amounting to Persecution

In a recent decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit indicated that it was unable to determine the standard we applied for
assessing when economic harm amounts to persecution. Mirzoyan v.
Gonzales, 457 F.3d 217, 221-22 (2d Cir. 2006). As the court pointed out, the
Board has at times referred to the “deliberate imposition of substantial
economic disadvantage,” a standard applied by the Ninth Circuit in Kovac v.
INS, 407 F.2d 102, 107 (9th Cir. 1969), and subsequently adopted by a
number of other circuit courts. See, e.g., Guan Shan Liao v. U.S. Dep’t of
Justice, 293 F.3d 61 (2d Cir. 2002); Yong Hao Chen v. U.S. INS, 195 F.3d
198, 204 (4th Cir. 1999); Borca v. INS, 77 F.3d 210, 216 (7th Cir. 1996);
Baka v. INS, 963 F.2d 1376, 1379 (10th Cir. 1992); Berdo v. INS, 432 F.2d
824, 845-46 (6th Cir. 1970). We have also stated that persecution “could
consist of economic deprivation or restrictions so severe that they constitute
a threat to an individual’s life or freedom.” Matter of Acosta, 19 I&N Dec.
211, 222 (BIA 1985), overruled on other grounds by INS v. Cardoza-
Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421 (1987).5
As explained below, in considering economic persecution, we apply the
standard for evaluating nonphysical forms of suffering or harm referred to in
Matter of Laipenieks, 18 I&N Dec. 433 (BIA 1983), rev’d on other grounds,
750 F.2d 1427 (9th Cir. 1985). That standard was outlined in a 1978 House
Report as follows:

5
In Mirzoyan v. Gonzales, supra, the applicant for asylum was denied admission to a
prestigious college, was unable to find a job in her profession, and was discharged from her
job as an unskilled worker on account of her ethnicity. The court suggested that Mirzoyan
“likely could not prevail under the standard referenced in Acosta, . . . but might prevail
under the Kovac standard” and remanded to the Board to explain which standard it had
applied. Id. at 223.

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Generally [the] case law has described persecution as the infliction of suffering or
harm, under government sanction, upon persons who differ in a way regarded as
offensive (e.g., race, religion, political opinion, etc.), in a manner condemned by
civilized governments. The harm or suffering need not [only] be physical, but may
take other forms, such as the deliberate imposition of severe economic disadvantage
or the deprivation of liberty, food, housing, employment or other essentials of life.

H.R. Rep. No. 95-1452, at 5, as reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N 4700, 4704,
1978 WL 8575 (“House Report”) (emphasis added), quoted in Matter of
Laipenieks, supra, at 457.6
The formulation in the 1978 House Report encapsulates the forms of
nonphysical harm, including economic harm, that may amount to persecution.
In one sense, economic persecution may involve the deliberate deprivation of
basic necessities such that life or freedom is threatened. This form of
persecution is described by Matter of Acosta and the second clause of the
sentence from the House Report quoted above with emphasis. Alternatively,
there may be situations in which, for example, an extraordinarily severe fine
or wholesale seizure of assets may be so severe as to amount to persecution,
even though the basic necessities of life might still be attainable. See H.R.
Rep. No. 95-1452, at 6, as reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4705.7 This
form of persecution is covered by the “economic disadvantage” test in Kovac
v. INS, supra, and by the first clause of the quoted sentence in the House
Report.8 See also Mirzoyan v. Gonzales, supra, at 223 (suggesting that “the
substantial economic disadvantage” test is somewhat broader than the Acosta
formulation).
The standard for nonphysical persecution set forth in the 1978 House
Report and endorsed in Matter of Laipenieks, supra, has been applied by the
Fifth Circuit. See, e.g., Zhao v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 295, 307 (5th Cir. 2005);

6
The 1978 House Report accompanied the so-called “Holtzman Amendment,” Pub. L.
No. 95-549, 92 Stat. 2065 (1978), adding provisions to the Immigration and Nationality Act
to provide grounds for exclusion and deportation of Nazi persecutors.
7
The Seventh Circuit, for example, has held that the conduct amounting to persecution
“‘need not necessarily threaten the petitioner’s life or freedom.’” Koval v. Gonzales,
418 F.3d 798, 805 (7th Cir. 2005) (quoting Borca v. INS, supra, at 214).
8
Notably, in both Laipenieks and Acosta, we cited to Kovac v. INS, supra, but without any
discussion of the “substantial economic disadvantage test.” See also Matter of Barrera,
19 I&N Dec. 837, 847 (BIA 1989) (referring to Kovac in finding that asylum applicants
from Cuba failed to show that returning Marielitos who were not considered a threat by
Cuba had been “denied employment, education, housing, permission to travel, or other
benefits of this sort”).

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Eduard v. Ashcroft, 379 F.3d 182, 187 (5th Cir. 2004); Mikhael v. INS,
115 F.3d 299, 303 n.2 (5th Cir. 1997); Abdel-Masieh v. U.S. INS, 73 F.3d
579, 583-84 (5th Cir. 1996). Other courts have also combined both aspects
of the standard set forth in the House Report. See, e.g., Li v. Attorney General
of the U.S., 400 F.3d 157, 169 (3d Cir. 2005) (referring to “severe economic
disadvantage which could threaten [a] family’s freedom if not their lives” as
an example of persecutory harm). A recent Ninth Circuit decision combines
the Kovac formulation with a reference to the Acosta “threat to life or
freedom” benchmark for severity of harm. Zehatye v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d
1182, 1186 (9th Cir. 2006) (referring to “substantial economic deprivation
that constitutes a threat to life or freedom”); see also Gormley v. Ashcroft, 364
F.3d 1172, 1178 (9th Cir. 2004) (stating that “mere economic disadvantage
alone does not rise to the level of persecution,” with a reference to the Acosta
requirement that the deprivation be “‘so severe that [it] constitute[s] a threat
to an individual’s life or freedom’”).
Both the Acosta formulation and the House Report use the term “severe”
in describing the threshold level of harm required for persecution. The House
Report’s reference to the “deliberate imposition of severe economic
disadvantage” tracks the Kovac test for economic persecution but substitutes
the term “severe” for “substantial,” which was used in Kovac. The House
Report also recognizes that “the deprivation of liberty, food, housing,
employment or other essentials of life” may amount to persecution.9 This
clause in the House Report corresponds to the reference in Acosta to
“economic deprivation or restrictions so severe that they constitute a threat to
an individual’s life or freedom.” Matter of Acosta, supra, at 222.
The House Report’s use of the term “severe” as the benchmark for the level
of harm is consistent with the principle that persecution is an “‘extreme
concept that does not include every sort of treatment our society regards as
offensive.’” Nagoulko v. INS, 333 F.3d 1012, 1016 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting
Korablina v. INS, 158 F.3d 1038, 1044 (9th Cir. 1998)). In this regard, the
United States Supreme Court has stated that a fear of persecution is well

9
The United Nations Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining
Refugee Status states that “it may be inferred that a threat to life or freedom on account of
race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group is
always persecution.” Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,
Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status Under the 1951
Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees para. 51, at 14 (Geneva
1988). The Handbook also provides that in order to constitute persecution, there must be
“consequences of a substantially prejudicial nature for the person concerned, e.g. serious
restrictions on his right to earn his livelihood, his right to practise his religion, or his access
to normally available educational facilities.” Id. para. 54, at 15.

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founded when an applicant “‘can establish, to a reasonable degree, that his
continued stay in his country of origin has become intolerable to him for the
reasons stated in the definition, or would for the same reasons be intolerable
if he returned there.’” INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, supra, at 439 (quoting Office
of the High Commissioner for Refugees, Handbook on Procedures and
Criteria for Determining Refugee Status, Ch. II B(2)(a) § 42 (Geneva 1979)).
Use of the term “intolerable” to describe the level of harm for persecution
supports setting the minimum threshold for economic persecution at “severe
economic disadvantage.” Therefore, to the extent that use of the term
“substantial” in the Kovac formulation may suggest a lesser standard than the
term “severe” in the House Report’s formulation, we endorse the House
Report’s requirement that an applicant for asylum must demonstrate a “severe
economic disadvantage.”10
Persecution requires a showing of more than mere economic discrimination.
Ahmed v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 214 (3d Cir. 2003). The economic difficulties
must be above and beyond those generally shared by others in the country of
origin and involve noticeably more than mere loss of social advantages or
physical comforts. Cheng Kai Fu v. INS, 386 F.2d 750, 753 (2d Cir. 1967).
Rather, the harm must be “of a deliberate and severe nature and such that is
condemned by civilized governments.” H.R. Rep. No. 95-1452, at 7, as
reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4706.
An applicant, however, need not demonstrate a total deprivation of
livelihood or a total withdrawal of all economic opportunity in order to
demonstrate harm amounting to persecution.11 Kovac v. INS, supra, at 106-
07; see also Koval v. Gonzales, 418 F.3d 798, 806 (7th Cir. 2005); Li v.
Attorney General of the U.S., supra, at 168 (rejecting the total deprivation of

10
We therefore do not endorse an open-ended “substantial economic disadvantage” test.
A heavy fine leveled against a wealthy individual might be seen as a substantial economic
disadvantage, even if the person remains relatively wealthy and experienced no meaningful
change in life style or standard of living. We would be unlikely, without more, to view a
one-time fine of this sort as amounting to a “severe economic disadvantage” within the
meaning of the definition in the 1978 House Report.
11
Until 1965, withholding of deportation under former section 243(h) of the Act, 8 U.S.C.
§ 1253(h) (1964), required a showing that the alien “would be subject to physical
persecution.” Under this standard, as one court put it, “[E]conomic proscription so severe
as to deprive a person of all means of earning a livelihood may amount to physical
persecution.” Dunat v. Hurney, 297 F.2d 744, 753 (3d Cir. 1961) (per curiam on
reargument). As discussed in Kovac v. INS, supra, at 106-07, after deletion of the word
physical from the description of persecution in former section 243(h) of the Act, the Dunat
standard, deprivation of “all means of earning a livelihood,” too narrowly defines economic
persecution.

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livelihood standard). Government sanctions that reduce an applicant to an
impoverished existence may amount to persecution even if the victim retains
the ability to afford the bare essentials of life. A particularly onerous fine, a
large-scale confiscation of property, or a sweeping limitation of opportunities
to continue to work in an established profession or business may amount to
persecution even though the applicant could otherwise survive. Among these
three examples, however, a compulsory change in occupation is least likely to
qualify as persecution by itself. See Matter of Acosta, supra, at 234 (requiring
the alien to change jobs to avoid a guerrilla threat).
A number of recent decisions provide guidance in assessing whether
economic harm is sufficiently severe to amount to persecution. In Guan Shan
Liao v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, supra, the Second Circuit determined that on the
facts presented, the fine imposed for harboring a relative wanted for
involuntary sterilization was insufficient to establish persecution. The court
noted that “[n]o testimony or other evidence was presented regarding
petitioner’s income in China, his net worth at the time of the fines, or any
other facts that would make it possible for us to evaluate his personal financial
circumstances in relation to the fines.” Id. at 70; see also Yuan v. U.S. Dep’t
of Justice, 416 F.3d 192, 198 (2d Cir. 2005) (holding that an alien who was
fired as a result of his daughter-in-law’s violation of a family planning law
was not harmed to the level of persecution when there was “no evidence that
he was barred from getting another position, or even that he looked”).
The availability of other sources of income has been a key factor in
assessing the impact of economic sanctions. In Capric v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d
1075, 1092-93 (7th Cir. 2004), the court found that the alien’s loss of a job
and an apartment based on religion and ethnicity did not amount to past
persecution where the government had given him 8 months to find a new
residence, his wife had remained employed, he had not attempted to find other
work, and the regional economic conditions in general were harsh. See also
Khourassany v. INS, 208 F.3d 1096, 1101 (9th Cir. 2000) (finding that the
forced closing of the applicant’s restaurant did not rise to the level of harm
constituting past persecution when he continued to operate other businesses);
Ubau-Marenco v. INS, 67 F.3d 750, 755 (9th Cir. 1995) (concluding that
confiscation of a family business without compensation because of the
family’s political beliefs may not be enough, standing alone, to support a
finding of past persecution based on economic harm), overruled on other
grounds by Fisher v. INS, 79 F.3d 955 (9th Cir. 1996).
Other decisions have found that various combinations of economic
sanctions were sufficiently severe to constitute past persecution. For example,
in Li v. Attorney General of the U.S., supra, at 169, the Third Circuit
concluded that “[i]n the aggregate, a fine of more than a year and a half’s

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salary; blacklisting from any government employment and from most other
forms of legitimate employment; the loss of health benefits, school tuition,
and food rations; and the confiscation of household furniture and appliances
from a relatively poor family constitute deliberate imposition of severe
economic disadvantage which could threaten [the] family’s freedom if not
their lives.”
As discussed above, we endorse the test described in the 1978 House
Report and quoted in Matter of Laipenieks, supra, in evaluating whether
nonphysical forms of suffering or harm amount to persecution. Ultimately,
each case must be considered on its own facts in making this assessment.

D. Threat of Economic Sanctions Against the Respondent

We now turn to the question whether the economic sanctions in this case
amounted to past persecution. As in Guan Shan Liao v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice,
supra, the record in the case before us contains scant information regarding
the respondent’s financial situation. It does not indicate whether the
respondent and his spouse owned their own home, or if they lived in
government housing or with the support of relatives. The record is unclear as
to the amount of household income the respondent and his wife earned, how
their income compared to that of other households in the region, and the
minimum level of income required to provide a family of this size with food,
shelter, and the other essentials of life. When asked whether, if his wife lost
her job, the two of them could survive on his income, the responded answered
somewhat indirectly: “Because, at that time, my only, my salary only 200
(indiscernible). Because she graduated from University, she make[s] more
salary than me. Therefore, if she lost her job, it would be a big effect on our
life.” Although the respondent indicated at one point that his salary was “very
low,” he never clearly stated the amount of his or his wife’s salary. The
respondent’s description of the economic consequences of the loss of his
wife’s salary was that he would have found it “hard to keep up with my living
expenses” and that life would have been “difficult.” Without clearer evidence
of the difficulty the respondent and his family would have had in relying on
the respondent’s income, we cannot find that the respondent has described
economic threats, which, if carried out, would amount to persecution.
We recognize that in finding that the totality of the pressures applied to the
respondent’s wife amounted to force within the meaning of the “refugee”
definition, the Immigration Judge relied on a combination of factors, including
the fear that the Chinese Government might refuse to register a second child
and might seek to sterilize either the respondent or his wife. The immediate

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coercive factor, however, appears to have been the threat of economic
sanctions, principally the threatened loss of the respondent’s wife’s job.
The respondent testified that the potential loss of his wife’s job was “the
main reason” they submitted to the pressures to have the first abortion. The
wife’s written submission also referred to the loss of her job as the
determinative factor in submitting to the abortions. It did not mention a threat
of sterilization or any concern that a second child would not have been
registered. Although the respondent described the prospect of sterilization
and registration concerns as reasons why they did not plan to have a second
child, the record is unclear whether an explicit threat of job loss or other
adverse consequences were used to induce the respondent’s wife to submit to
the second abortion following the discovery of her unplanned pregnancy.
We will sustain this part of the DHS’s appeal and, in large measure because
the respondent prevailed below, we will remand the record to permit the
parties to further address the question whether the respondent’s spouse was
subjected to a forced abortion. On remand, the parties may provide additional
evidence regarding the respondent’s salary, the family’s living situation, and
other factors relevant to whether the threatened economic harm in this case for
refusal to undergo an abortion was such that they faced a “deliberate
imposition of severe economic disadvantage or the deprivation of liberty,
food, housing, employment or other essentials of life.” Matter of Laipenieks,
supra, at 457.

E. Discretionary Denial of Asylum

The respondent argues on appeal that the Immigration Judge erred in
denying asylum in the exercise of discretion. Under 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(e)
(2006), when an alien is denied asylum solely in the exercise of discretion but
is subsequently granted withholding of removal, the Immigration Judge must
reconsider the denial of asylum to take into account factors relevant to family
unification. In denying asylum in the exercise of discretion, the Immigration
Judge relied on a number of adverse factors, but he failed to discuss or
consider the impact of the denial on the respondent’s ability to be reunited
with his spouse and minor child. We will therefore sustain the respondent’s
appeal and remand the record to the Immigration Judge. If on remand the
Immigration Judge determines that the respondent is eligible for withholding
of removal, he should reconsider the discretionary denial of asylum, including
whether there are “reasonable alternatives available to the applicant such as
reunification with his . . . spouse [and] minor children in a third country.” Id.

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IV. CONCLUSION
We find no clear error in the Immigration Judge’s determination that the
testimony of the respondent was credible, and we will dismiss that part of the
DHS’s appeal. However, we conclude that the evidence of record does not
establish that the respondent’s wife’s abortions were “forced” as a result of the
threat of economic sanctions so severe that, if carried out, they would amount
to persecution. We will therefore sustain that part of the DHS’s appeal and
remand the record for further proceedings in this regard. Moreover, because
the Immigration Judge failed to consider the impact of his discretionary denial
of asylum on the respondent’s ability to be reunited with his wife and minor
child, the respondent’s appeal will be sustained and the record will be
remanded for such consideration.
ORDER: The appeal of the Department of Homeland Security is
sustained in part and dismissed in part.
FURTHER ORDER: The respondent’s appeal is sustained.
FURTHER ORDER: The record is remanded to the Immigration Judge
for further proceedings consistent with the foregoing opinion and for the entry
of a new decision.

DISSENTING OPINION: Patricia A. Cole, Board Member

I respectfully dissent. I would affirm the Immigration Judge’s findings that
the respondent’s wife’s abortions were coerced within the meaning of the
statute and congressional intent. The majority concludes that the respondent’s
wife’s abortions cannot be considered to have been forced within the meaning
of section 101(a)(42) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(42) (2000), unless the respondent shows that they were coerced by
threats that, if carried out, would cause “severe economic disadvantage or the
deprivation of liberty, food, housing, employment or other essentials of life.”
Specifically, the majority indicates that unless the respondent can demonstrate
that his wife would have been subjected to threats of economic sanctions so
severe that they would reach the level of harm for persecution, her
submissions to the abortions would not be considered “coerced.” The
majority’s “severe economic deprivation” test misses the mark in focusing on
whether the threatened harm for refusing an abortion, if carried out, would rise
to a sufficient level of persecution, so severe that it would impact an
applicant’s essentials of life or freedom.
The respondent’s wife did not want to abort her pregnancies, but she
submitted to the procedures to avoid the threatened government-imposed
sanctions. She was indeed harmed. Although the abortions may not have

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been literally or physically “forced,” they were certainly coerced because she
submitted to the procedures in the face of government-imposed pressure. To
refuse to recognize the submission to an abortion under such circumstances
as “forced” is questionable to say the least. See, e.g., Huang v. Gonzales,
453 F.3d 942, 947 n.2 (7th Cir. 2006) (recognizing the involuntary and
coercive nature of a situation where an applicant submits to an abortion to
conform to government policy); Wang v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 1015, 1020 (9th
Cir. 2003) (finding that submitting to an abortion in the face of
government-imposed pressure rises to the level of persecution under the Act);
see also H.R. Rep. No. 108-792 (2004) (Conf. Rep.), 2004 WL 2968603
(stating that “in order to reduce reliance on abortion in developing nations,
funds shall be available only to voluntary family planning projects” and
describing voluntary projects, in part, as those that do not “deny any right or
benefit, including the right of access to participate in any program of general
welfare or the right of access to health care, as a consequence of any
individual’s decision not to accept family planning services”).
Thus, like the Immigration Judge, in assessing the totality of the
circumstances, I would find that the respondent’s wife was forced to abort her
pregnancies within the meaning of section 101(a)(42) of the Act. See Lau
May Sui v. Ashcroft, 395 F.3d 863, 871 (8th Cir. 2005) (reading the phrase
“forced to abort a pregnancy” in section 101(a)(42) of the Act to “require [the
applicant] to show that Chinese officials used some sort of physical force or
undue pressure with the intent to cause, and which did cause, the particular
abortion in question” (emphasis added)); Wang v. Ashcroft, supra. Therefore,
the respondent’s wife has suffered past persecution within the meaning of the
Act.

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