F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
PUBLISH
DEC 22 2003
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
TENTH CIRCUIT
STEVEN THOM; MARCIA THOM,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
No. 02-8099
v.
BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB
COMPANY, a Delaware corporation,
Defendant - Appellee.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF WYOMING
(D.C. No. 01-CV-33-J)
Terence L. Moore, (R. Lanahan Goodman and Robert N. Williams, with him on
the briefs), Meyer and Williams, Jackson, Wyoming, for Plaintiffs - Appellants.
David M. Covey, (Kimberly S. Penner, Sedgwick, Detert, Moran & Arnold,
L.L.P., New York, New York and Thomas G. Gorman and Misha E. Westby, Hirst
& Applegate, P.C., Cheyenne, Wyoming, with him on the brief), for Defendant -
Appellee.
Before KELLY, HENRY, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
KELLY, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiffs-Appellants Steven and Marcia Thom (the “Thoms”) appeal from
an order granting Defendant-Appellee Bristol-Myers Squibb’s motion for
summary judgment. We have jurisdiction over this diversity-based products
liability action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we reverse.
Background
The Thoms allege that Mr. Thom suffered personal injuries as a result of
his use of Serzone (nefazodone), a prescription antidepressant medication
manufactured by Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS). According to the Thoms, Mr.
Thom’s use of Serzone caused him to develop priapism, a “[p]ersistent erection of
the penis, accompanied by pain and tenderness, resulting from a pathologic
condition rather than sexual desire.” Stedman’s Medical Dictionary 1425 (26th
ed. 1995). As a result of his priapism, Mr. Thom has permanent penile injury.
Mr. Thom was prescribed Serzone in August 1998 by his physician, Dr.
Mark Schueler, to treat his sleep problems and depression. This was the first time
that Dr. Schueler had prescribed Serzone. Dr. Schueler learned of Serzone at a
hospital presentation that he believes was given by a representative of BMS.
Aplt. App. at 324-25. However, he did not stay for the entire presentation. Id. at
325.
Serzone contains an FDA-approved package insert, which was reproduced
in the Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), that discusses the possible
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complications of Serzone use, including priapism. At the time Serzone was
prescribed to plaintiff, the package insert read:
PRECAUTIONS
....
Priapism
While priapism did not occur during premarketing experience with
nefazodone, rare reports of priapism have been received since market
introduction. A causal relationship to nefazodone has not been established
(see ADVERSE REACTIONS Section). If patients present with prolonged
or inappropriate erections, they should discontinue therapy immediately and
consult their physicians. If the condition persists for more than 24 hours, a
urologist should be consulted to determine appropriate management.
....
ADVERSE REACTIONS
....
Postintroduction Clinical Experience
Post marketing experience with SERZONE has shown an adverse
experience profile similar to that seen during the premarketing evaluation
of nefazodone. Voluntary reports of adverse events temporally associated
with SERZONE have been received since market introduction that are not
listed above and for which a causal relationship has not been established.
These include:
Rare occurrences of . . . priapism (see PRECAUTIONS Section).
As discussed in more detail below, the record is unclear as to whether Dr.
Schueler read this package insert prior to prescribing Serzone to Mr. Thom.
However, it is uncontested that Dr. Schueler did not discuss the possibility of
priapism with Mr. Thom prior to prescribing it. Aplt. App. at 73, 357.
BMS argued it was entitled to summary judgment because (1) the Thoms
could not establish that BMS failed to adequately warn that priapism was
associated with Serzone use; and (2) the Thoms could not establish that any
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failure to warn was the proximate cause of their injuries.
Discussion
A. Summary Judgment Standard
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same
standard used by the district court under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c).
Ashley Creek Phosphate Co. v. Chevron, USA, Inc., 315 F.3d 1245, 1253 (10th
Cir. 2003).
Summary judgment is proper if the movant demonstrates that there is “no
genuine issue as to any material fact” and that it is “entitled to a judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). In applying this standard, we view the
factual record and draw all reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most
favorable to the nonmovant. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.,
475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986); Hirase-Doi v. U.S. West Communications, Inc., 61
F.3d 777, 781 (10th Cir. 1995). An issue is “genuine” if there is sufficient
evidence on each side so that a rational trier of fact could resolve the issue either
way. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). An issue of
fact is “material” if under the substantive law it is essential to the proper
disposition of the claim. Id. In this diversity matter, we must apply the
substantive law of the forum state. Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78
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(1938).
The movant bears the initial burden of making a prima facie demonstration
of the absence of a genuine issue of material fact and entitlement to judgment as a
matter of law. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986). In so
doing, a movant that will not bear the burden of persuasion at trial need not
negate the nonmovant’s claim. Id. at 325. Such a movant may make its prima
facie demonstration simply by pointing out to the court a lack of evidence for the
nonmovant on an essential element of the nonmovant’s claim. Id.
If the movant carries this initial burden, the nonmovant that would bear the
burden of persuasion at trial may not simply rest upon its pleadings; the burden
shifts to the nonmovant to go beyond the pleadings and “set forth specific facts”
that would be admissible in evidence in the event of trial from which a rational
trier of fact could find for the nonmovant. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e).
B. The Learned Intermediary Doctrine in Wyoming
BMS contends, and the district court agreed, that as a drug manufacturer
and distributor, its duty to warn extends only to physicians. In turn, physicians,
based upon knowledge of their own patients, bear the final responsibility for the
decision to prescribe medications and to warn the patient of possible side effects.
Known as the “learned intermediary doctrine,” this doctrine shields manufacturers
of prescription drugs from liability where the manufacturer adequately warns a
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patient’s prescribing physician of the potential risks inherent in the use of the
product. Edwards v. Basel Pharms., 933 P.2d 298, 300 (Okla. 1997). The district
court predicted that the Wyoming Supreme Court would adopt the learned
intermediary doctrine.
The learned intermediary doctrine derives from § 402A of the Restatement
(Second) of Torts, see, e.g., Edwards, 933 P.2d at 300, which the Wyoming
Supreme Court has adopted in its entirety. Ogle v. Caterpillar Tractor Co., 716
P.2d 334, 341-42 (Wyo. 1986). Section 402A provides that a seller of a
defective, unreasonably dangerous product is strictly liable for physical harm to a
consumer. Comment k to § 402A establishes that this rule does not apply to
“unavoidably unsafe products.” These are
products which, in the present state of human knowledge, are quite
incapable of being made safe for their intended and ordinary use.
These are especially common in the field of drugs. . . . Such a
product, properly prepared, and accompanied by proper directions
and warning, is not defective, nor is it unreasonably dangerous.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 402A cmt. k.
Forty-four other jurisdictions have adopted the learned intermediary
doctrine in prescription medicine cases, see Vitanza v. Upjohn Co., 778 A.2d 829,
838 n.11 (Conn. 2001) (collecting cases), and the District of Wyoming has
predicted that Wyoming would follow suit. See Jacobs v. Dista Products Co., 693
F. Supp. 1029, 1036 (D. Wyo. 1988) (“The drug manufacturer’s liability to
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plaintiff ended when it imparted adequate warnings to the physician.”). In
addition, the Tenth Circuit has implied in an analogous case that Wyoming would
adopt the doctrine. See Haste v. Am. Home Products Corp., 577 F.2d 1122, 1125
(10th Cir. 1978) (“[T]he defendant discharged its duty to plaintiffs by the
warnings to the veterinarians.”).
The Thoms’ main arguments against application of the learned intermediary
doctrine are (1) the Wyoming Supreme Court and Legislature have not
specifically adopted the doctrine, despite a Wyoming district court’s prediction
fourteen years ago that it would; (2) BMS’s provision of a “Patient Information
Sheet” to the plaintiff via Dr. Schueler constitutes a gratuitous undertaking,
subjecting BMS to liability; and (3) the policy of Wyoming, in light of the
Wyoming comparative fault statute, Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-1-109, would not
immunize drug manufacturers.
First, silence on the part of the state means only that it has not had occasion
to review the matter, not that it disagrees with the federal court’s interpretation of
state law. Although the Wyoming Supreme Court has not to date acknowledged
the learned intermediary doctrine, “neither has it denied the [doctrine]; it simply
has not ruled on the issue. We can and must safely assume that the delay, in the
grandest traditions of all common-law courts, is due to the absence of a well
presented and soundly argued case, rather than indicative of some invented
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implication” that the doctrine does not exist. Rawson v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.,
822 F.2d 908, 927 (10th Cir. 1987) (McKay, J., dissenting).
Second, the “voluntary duty” doctrine is exactly what the learned
intermediary doctrine seeks to avoid. Thus, even if a drug manufacturer provides
pamphlets for distribution to the ultimate drug user, “[t]he patient is expected to
place primary reliance on the physician’s judgment, and to follow his advice and
instructions as to use of the drug.” Seley v. G.D. Searle & Co., 423 N.E.2d 831,
840 (Ohio 1981); see also Spychala v. G.D. Searle & Co., 705 F. Supp. 1024,
1033 (D.N.J. 1988); Wyeth-Ayerst Labs. Co. v. Medrano, 28 S.W.3d 87, 93 (Tex.
App. 2000); Presto v. Sandoz Pharms. Corp., 487 S.E.2d 70, 73-74 (Ga. Ct. App.
1997).
Third, the Wyoming comparative fault statute has no effect on the
application of the learned intermediary doctrine. The learned intermediary
doctrine addresses a drug manufacturer’s duty to provide a warning to consumers.
See Wright ex rel. Trust Co. of Kan. v. Abbott Labs., Inc., 259 F.3d 1226, 1233
(10th Cir. 2001). Wyoming’s comparative fault scheme, on the other hand,
presents evidence of another’s negligence “in order to reduce damages; [it] in no
way defines or affects the scope of the defendant’s initial duty.” Valance v. VI-
Doug, Inc., 50 P.3d 697, 702 (Wyo. 2002). “The adoption of comparative
negligence . . . does not abrogate the necessity of an initial finding that the
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[defendant] owed a duty to [the plaintiff].” Id. (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted).
C. Adequacy of Warnings
Physicians become learned intermediaries only when they have received
adequate warnings from the drug manufacturer. See Amore v. G.D. Searle & Co.,
748 F. Supp. 845, 850 (S.D. Fla. 1990). Although the adequacy of warnings
concerning drugs is generally a question of fact, it can “become a question of law
where the warning is accurate, clear and unambiguous.” Felix v. Hoffmann-
LaRoche, Inc., 540 So. 2d 102, 105 (Fla. 1989) (collecting cases). An adequate
warning of an unapparent risk is one that is reasonable under the circumstances.
Brochu v. Ortho Pharm. Corp., 642 F.2d 652, 657 (1st Cir. 1981). The following
considerations, while certainly not exclusive, are relevant in determining whether
a warning is adequate as a matter of law:
1. the warning must adequately indicate the scope of the danger; 2. the
warning must reasonably communicate the extent or seriousness of the
harm that could result from misuse of the drug; 3. the physical aspects of
the warning must be adequate to alert a reasonably prudent person to the
danger; 4. a simple directive warning may be inadequate when it fails to
indicate the consequences that might result from failure to follow it and, ...
5. the means to convey the warning must be adequate.
Pittman v. Upjohn Co., 890 S.W.2d 425, 429 (Tenn. 1994) (quoting Serna v.
Roche Labs., 684 P.2d 1187, 1189 (N.M. Ct. App. 1984)).
The district court, citing Jacobs, 693 F. Supp. at 1032-35, and Caveny v.
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CIBA-GEIGY Corp., 818 F. Supp. 1404, 1406 (D. Colo. 1992), reasoned that
because the package insert specifically warned of the injury that the plaintiff
suffered, it was deemed adequate as a matter of law. D. Ct. Opin. at 10-11. The
mere mention of a possible injury, however, is not necessarily adequate. As the
Fifth Circuit held in interpreting Louisiana law:
th[e] suggestion that any clear and unambiguous reference to a particular
adverse effect is sufficient to satisfy the manufacturer’s duty to warn is
inconsistent with this court’s jurisprudence interpreting the [Louisiana
Products Liability Act]. In applying the learned intermediary doctrine to an
inadequate warning claim . . . a drug manufacturer has discharged its duty
to consumers of its prescription drugs when it has reasonably informed
prescribing physicians of the dangers of harm from such a drug. Thus, . . .
a mere reference to an adverse effect is not necessarily an “adequate
warning.”
Stahl v. Novartis Pharms. Corp., 283 F.3d 254, 266-67 (5th Cir. 2002) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted).
Moreover, the package insert for Serzone indicated only that “rare reports”
of priapism were “temporally associated” with Serzone; it further stated that a
“causal relationship [of priapism] to nefazodone has not been established.” Such
“warnings” fall well short of those in Jacobs and Caveny, and we do not think that
this equivocal language is adequate as a matter of law. See Williams v. Lederle
Labs., 591 F. Supp. 381, 385 (S.D. Ohio 1984) (package insert “did not convey a
fair indication of the nature of the dangers involved, was reluctant and equivocal
in tone and lacked a sense of urgency,” thereby precluding summary judgment).
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Compare Amore, 748 F. Supp. at 852 (denying summary judgment where warning
stated that incidents of pelvic inflammatory disease were “reported,” and that the
reports of such problems were “unconfirmed”), Salmon v. Parke, Davis & Co.,
520 F.2d 1359, 1363 (4th Cir. 1975) (where warning did not unequivocally state
that there was a causal relationship between the drug and the side effect, but only
that it was “known to occur” after administration, a “jury could reasonably infer
that Parke, Davis’ warning lacked the emphasis that the danger demanded”), and
Tongate v. Wyeth Labs., 580 N.E.2d 1220, 1224 (Ill. App. Ct. 1999) (denying
summary judgment where warnings noted that injury was “reported” and
“temporally associated” with the use of the drug, and that a “causal relationship
has not been established”), with Jacobs, 693 F. Supp. at 1032 (granting summary
judgment where warning stated potentially “life-threatening” side effect was
reported and indicated the primary cause and management of it), and Caveny, 818
F. Supp. at 1405 (granting summary judgment where package insert noted that a
“causal relationship [was] probable”).
In determining the adequacy of a warning, a court must also look to
evidence concerning the manufacturer’s knowledge of the danger of the product.
See, e.g., Ross v. Jacobs, 684 P.2d 1211, 1215 (Okla. Civ. App. 1984). Because
the duty to warn arises only when the manufacturer knows or should know of the
risk, the adequacy of a warning is commensurate with the manufacturer’s
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knowledge of the effects of the drug. See Basko v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 416 F.2d
417, 426 (2d Cir. 1969); see also Jacobs, 693 F. Supp. at 1034 (“The state of
medical knowledge at that time will directly affect a decision on the adequacy of
defendants’ warnings.”).
In this case, there is a factual controversy regarding the state of BMS’s
knowledge of priapism and the relation between nefazodone (Serzone) and
trazodone, another drug manufactured by BMS under the brand name Desyrel.
The Thoms have produced evidence that during the testing of nefazodone, BMS
referred to nefazodone as the “chemical and pharmacologic analog of trazodone.”
Aplt. App. at 130. Trazodone was introduced into the marketplace in 1982, some
thirteen years before nefazodone was introduced into the United States market.
Within months of trazodone’s introduction, cases of priapism associated with the
use of trazodone began being reported. Aplt. App. at 101. A little over a year
after trazodone was introduced into the marketplace, published peer review
medical articles began reporting the association between trazodone and priapism.
See, e.g., Gerald M. Aronoff, Trazodone Associated with Priapism, 1984:1 Lancet
856; Maryonda Scher et al., Trazodone and Priapism, 140 Am. J. of Psychiatry
1362 (1983). Against this backdrop of knowledge possessed by BMS regarding
the relation between nefazodone and trazodone, coupled with trazodone’s clear
association with priapism, the Thoms have presented a genuine issue as to the
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adequacy of the Serzone package insert warning. 1 Because of this, “[i]t is for the
jury to determine whether defendants possessed actual or constructive knowledge
of [the drug’s] potential to produce harmful side effects.” Bikowicz v. Nedco
Pharm., Inc., 517 N.Y.S.2d 829, 832 (App. Div. 1987).
Finally, there is also a dispute as to whether the instruction to seek medical
treatment accurately conveyed the magnitude of the harm, and whether it caused
confusion when following the instruction to discontinue treatment. The package
insert stated: “If patients present with prolonged or inappropriate erections, they
should discontinue therapy immediately and consult their physicians. If the
condition persists for more than 24 hours, a urologist should be consulted to
determine appropriate management.” (emphasis added). Dr. Irwin Goldstein, the
Thoms’ urological expert, stated in his affidavit that low-flow priapism is a
medical emergency that requires medical intervention and resolution within four
to eight hours of the onset in order to prevent permanent injury. Aplt. App. at 97.
Additionally, the Thoms have produced evidence tending to show that the state of
1
Contrary to BMS’s contention, the evidence of trazodone’s association
with priapism is not being used to show that Serzone actually caused priapism.
See Aplee Br. at 35 n.17 (citing Mitchell v. Gencorp, Inc., 165 F.3d 778, 782
(10th Cir. 1999); Hollander v. Sandoz Pharms. Corp., 289 F.3d 1193, 1207 (10th
Cir. 2002)). Rather, such evidence is relevant in determining the adequacy of the
Serzone warning because it goes to the state of BMS’s actual and constructive
knowledge of the risk of priapism from a drug BMS admits to “hav[ing] some
structural similarity” with Serzone. Id. at 4.
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the medical knowledge is that priapism linked with prescription drug use can
result in permanent penile injury and impotence if not treated within four to eight
hours after its onset. Aplt. App. at 55 (citing Michael T. Compton et al., Priapism
Associated with Conventional and Atypical Antipsychotic Medications: A
Review, 62 J. Clinical Psychiatry 362 (2001); A. Melman & S. Serels, Priapism,
12 Suppl. (4) Int’l J. Impotence Res. S133 (2000)). 2
In addition to a genuine issue as to the accuracy of the 24 hour instruction,
there is also a question of whether the instruction was confusing and ambiguous
when compared to the immediately preceding sentence that states that “[i]f
patients present with prolonged or inappropriate erections, they should
discontinue therapy immediately and consult their physician.” These questions
preclude a summary judgment for BMS.
D. Proximate Cause
Ordinarily what constitutes proximate cause is a question of fact, but the
2
Although it is true that “[a] manufacturer can only be required to warn of
risks known during the time in which the plaintiff was using the product in
question,” Ortho Pharm. Corp. v. Chapman, 388 N.E.2d 541, 552-53 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1979), these articles, which were published well after Mr. Thom was
prescribed Serzone, nevertheless do shed some light on the state of the medical
knowledge at that time. The articles are particularly relevant in light of the fact
that a “drug manufacturer is held to be an expert in its particular field and is
under a continuous duty to keep abreast of scientific developments touching upon
the manufacturer’s product.” Grundberg v. Upjohn Co., 813 P.2d 89, 98 (Utah
1991) (internal quotation marks, emphasis, and ellipses omitted).
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issue of proximate cause becomes a question of law when the facts are undisputed
and there is no evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact could find a causal
connection between the allegedly negligent act and the injury. Eck v. Parke,
Davis & Co., 256 F.3d 1013, 1017 (10th Cir. 2001). The vast majority of
jurisdictions hold that where a warning is inadequate, the plaintiff is entitled to a
rebuttable presumption that an adequate warning would have been heeded if one
had been given. See, e.g., Daniel v. Ben E. Keith Co., 97 F.3d 1329, 1333 (10th
Cir. 1996); Garside v. Osco Drug, Inc., 976 F.2d77, 81 (1st Cir. 1992); Snawder
v. Kohen, 749 F.Supp. 1473, 1479 (W.D. Ky. 1990); see also Restatement
(Second) of Torts § 402A cmt. j.
However, the defendant can rebut the presumption through testimony that a
different warning would not have made a difference in the actions of the
physician. Garside, 976 F.2d at 81. If the manufacturer rebuts the presumption
of causation, then the plaintiff must further establish proximate cause by showing
that, had the manufacturer issued a proper warning to the physician, he would
have altered his behavior and injury would have been avoided. Miller v. Pfizer
Inc., 196 F. Supp. 2d 1095, 1127 (D. Kan. 2002). To create a factual question,
the evidence must be of sufficient weight to establish, by the preponderance of
the evidence, at least some reasonable likelihood that an adequate warning would
have prevented the plaintiff from receiving the drug. See Thomas v. Hoffman-
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LaRoche, Inc., 949 F.2d 806, 812 (5th Cir. 1992); Brochu v. Ortho Pharm. Corp.,
642 F.2d 652, 660 (1st. Cir. 1981).
The test for proximate cause in a pharmaceutical failure to warn case is
whether the defendant’s inadequate warning could be found to be a substantial
cause of the plaintiff’s ingestion of the drug. McEwen v. Ortho Pharm. Corp.,
528 P.2d 522, 538 (Or. 1974); see also Buckley v. Bell, 703 P.2d 1089, 1091
(Wyo. 1985). The majority of courts that have examined the issue have held that
when a physician fails to read or rely on a drug manufacturer’s warnings, such
failure constitutes the “intervening, independent and sole proximate cause” of the
plaintiff’s injuries, even where the drug manufacturer’s warnings were
inadequate. Formella v. CIBA-GEIGY Corp., 300 N.W.2d 356, 358-59 (Mich.
App. 1980) (“[T]he fact [that] Dr. Murguz failed to read the package inserts and
PDR negates any possible negligence on the part of Ciba-Geigy in not
emphasizing the hazards in those publications.”); see also Harris v. McNeil
Pharm., No. CIV 3:98CV105, 2000 WL 33339657, at *3 n.3 (D.N.D. Sept. 5,
2000) (“The presumption that had an adequate warning been given it would have
been read and heeded is rebutted by [the physician’s] testimony that he did not
read the warning.”); Oppenheimer v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 219 N.E.2d 54, 58 (Ohio
Ct. App. 1964) (“Even assuming negligence on the part of the defendant . . . there
is nothing to indicate that the doctor relied upon any information furnished by the
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defendant in prescribing Aralen for his patient, the plaintiff . . . .”); Douglas v.
Bussabarger, 438 P.2d 829 (Wash. 1968) (“[I]f defendant-drug company was
negligent in not labeling its container so as to warn of dangers, this negligence
was not a proximate cause of plaintiff’s disability” because plaintiff’s doctor “did
not read the labeling which was on the container.”).
The district court held that because “the uncontroverted facts
demonstrat[ed] that Dr. Schueler did not read, nor rely upon, the Serzone package
insert or the PDR, and as a result, failed to consider instructing Mr. Thom about
the possible occurrence of priapism,” the Thoms were unable to establish that a
different warning would have avoided the plaintiff’s injuries. D. Ct. Opin. at 15.
However, we do not read the record as indicating so unequivocally that Dr.
Schueler failed to read the package insert.
BMS relies on the following deposition excerpts by Dr. Schueler to
establish that he did not read the Serzone package insert before prescribing it to
Mr. Thom.
Q. Do you know if you read the PDR entry for Serzone before you
prescribed it for Mr. Thom?
A. I don’t know.
Aplt. App. at 336.
Q. Have you ever recalled seeing that entry before November of 1998?
A. No.
Id. at 357.
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Q. Do you know if you ever looked up Serzone in that reference?
A. I probably did.
Q. Any specific recollection of doing that?
A. No. . . .
Id. at 341. In addition, BMS points to the following excerpt from Dr. Schueler’s
affidavit to show that he did not read the package insert before prescribing
Serzone to Mr. Thom:
8. After November 1998, I reviewed the June 1997 BMS Serzone
package insert regarding priapism.
Id. at 73 (emphasis added).
At most, these quoted excerpts demonstrate that Dr. Schueler could not
remember, three years after the fact, if he had read and reviewed the complete
Serzone package insert with Mr. Thom when he first prescribed the drug to him.
They do not support the summary judgment conclusion of BMS and the district
court that Dr. Schueler never read or relied upon the package insert or the PDR
when he discussed Serzone and its side effects with Mr. Thom.
In fact, various excerpts of Dr. Schueler’s deposition, when viewed in the
light most favorable to the Thoms, indicate that Dr. Schueler may have read the
package insert or the PDR prior to prescribing Serzone to Mr. Thom:
Q. Do you know if, at or around that time, you undertook to read the
package insert for Serzone?
A. I read parts of it, if not all of it. And I couldn’t say exactly when.
Q. Do you know if it was at or around the time of this meeting,
presentation [in mid 1998]?
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A. I believe it was.
Id. at 326-27.
Q. You knew at the time you prescribed Serzone that Mr. Thom was on
Ritalin?
A. I did.
Q. Did you do any research to determine whether there might be any
drug interactions implicated by your prescription?
A. I believe I did.
Q. And what did you do?
A. I don’t have a specific memory, but using one of the references in the
exam room, looked up any specific interactions.
Q. What references were available to you in the exam room at that time?
A. The Physicians’ Desk Reference and the monthly prescribing
bulletin.
Id. at 340.
Q. Did you ever review with Mr. Thom the full package insert?
A. As best I remember, we went through the most frequent side effects
of the drug. And that could have been the PDR reference. . . .
Id. at 334.
BMS has not shown that there is a lack of a genuine issue of material fact
with regard to whether Dr. Schueler read the package insert. See Celotex, 477
U.S. at 325. Indeed, it seems to us that BMS has pointed out the presence of a
genuine issue, as BMS has admitted in its summary judgment papers that
“[w]hether Dr. Schueler ever read the entire package insert for Serzone, and if so,
when, remains unclear.” Aplt. App. at 32. Under the proper summary judgment
framework, the inferences to be drawn from this ambiguity must be resolved in
favor of the Thoms. The evidence is simply not uncontroverted on this point.
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REVERSED. All outstanding motions are denied.
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