FILED
United States Court of Appeals
PUBLISH Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS May 6, 2020
Christopher M. Wolpert
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
_________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 19-8044
JOSHUA SCOTT RICHARDS,
Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Wyoming
(D.C. No. 2:19-CR-00015-SWS-1)
_________________________________
Submitted on the briefs:*
Virginia L. Grady, Federal Public Defender, and John C. Arceci, Assistant Federal Public
Defender, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant.
Mark A. Klaassen, United States Attorney, and Timothy J. Forwood, Assistant United
States Attorney, Cheyenne, Wyoming, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
_________________________________
Before BACHARACH, BALDOCK, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
BALDOCK, Circuit Judge.
_________________________________
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument.
Defendant–Appellant Joshua Richards pleaded guilty to one count of accessing
with intent to view child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252(a)(5)(B) and
(b)(2). He received a sentence of twenty-four months’ imprisonment followed by five
years of supervised release. The district court imposed several special conditions of
supervised release, which, as relevant here, relate to drugs and alcohol and require
Defendant to submit to polygraph testing. On appeal, Defendant argues the district
court erred in imposing these special conditions. He also challenges the length of his
prison sentence as substantively unreasonable. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a), we affirm.
I.
In 2018, the Wyoming Division of Criminal Investigation (DCI) obtained a
search warrant to review the contents of Defendant’s Tumblr account.1 During the
search and subsequent investigation, DCI agents discovered Defendant had re-blogged
videos and images of child pornography to his private Tumblr account so he could later
access and view the materials. Ultimately, Defendant was charged with and pleaded
guilty to one count of accessing with intent to view child pornography in violation of
18 U.S.C. §§ 2252(a)(5)(B) and (b)(2).
The probation office prepared a Presentence Investigation Report (PSR), which
calculated Defendant’s total offense level as twenty-eight and his criminal history
1
Tumblr is an online microblogging and social media website where users post
images, videos, text, and other content to their user profiles. Tumblr users can also, as
Defendant did with the child pornography he found on the website, “reblog” posted
material to their private Tumblr account so they can conveniently access it at any time.
2
category as I. According to the sentencing guidelines, Defendant’s total offense level
of twenty-eight and category I criminal history resulted in an advisory guidelines
sentencing range of 78–97 months’ imprisonment. Defendant moved for a downward
variance based on mitigating circumstances, including his otherwise exemplary life,
low risk to reoffend, commitment to treatment, financial and caretaker responsibilities
for his wife and family, and history of suffering sexual abuse as a child. These
circumstances, Defendant argued, warranted a variance to a time-served sentence. The
Government, however, requested a sentence of two years’ imprisonment.
At sentencing, the district court first declined to apply a two-level enhancement
for the use of a computer in committing the offense. Applying this offset, the district
court advised that “a total offense level of 26 with a Criminal History Category I . . .
establishes a 63- to 71-month advisory guideline range.”2 After hearing the parties’
arguments and “considering all the [§] 3553 factors,” the district court determined “a
sentence of 24 months is minimally sufficient but not greater than necessary to
accomplish the objectives under [§] 3553.” Accordingly, the district court sentenced
Defendant to twenty-four months’ imprisonment plus five years of supervised release.
For the term of supervised release, the district court imposed three special
conditions relating to drugs and alcohol based on Defendant’s “history of substance
2
As Defendant correctly points out, the upper end of the advisory guidelines
sentencing range for a total offense level of 26 and criminal history category of I is 78
months, not 71 months. See U.S.S.G. Ch. 5, Pt. A, Sentencing Table. The district
court’s misstatement in announcing the advisory guideline range, however, is of no
consequence in our resolution of this appeal.
3
abuse.” These conditions (1) require participation in a substance abuse treatment
program; (2) authorize drug and alcohol testing at the probation office’s direction;
(3) prohibit the consumption or possession of alcohol and other intoxicants, and bar
Defendant from entering establishments whose primary income is derived from alcohol
sales. Defendant objected to these conditions “given the remoteness of any [substance]
abuse.” The district court overruled Defendant’s objection, noting “the background
and history is such that it is appropriate to impose those limitations and constraints.”
The district court also imposed a special condition requiring Defendant to
submit to periodic polygraph testing to ensure compliance with his supervised release
and sex offender treatment program. Defendant objected to this condition on Fifth
Amendment grounds. He argued the district court should include language protecting
Defendant’s privilege against self-incrimination and ensuring no violation proceedings
or criminal prosecutions would arise based on the polygraph examination. The district
court overruled the objection, but it did modify the condition and ordered that:
any polygraph results or testing as part of the sex offender program or
supervised release may not be used for purposes of instituting or
instigating criminal charges. However, they may properly be used for the
prosecution – or filing of a petition to revoke supervised release. And
that’s one of the fundamental purposes that they are properly utilized for.
Defendant objected to the modified condition on the same grounds, and the district
court again overruled the objection.
Defendant now appeals. He argues the district court erred in imposing the drug
and alcohol conditions, and he contends the polygraph requirement encroaches upon
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his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. In addition, Defendant
argues his two-year sentence is substantively unreasonable.
II.
On appeal, Defendant first challenges the district court’s imposition of the
special conditions of supervised release: (1) relating to drugs and alcohol; and
(2) requiring him to undergo polygraph testing. We address each challenge in turn.
A.
Defendant argues the special conditions relating to drugs and alcohol are
unreasonable because any substance abuse occurred nearly twenty years ago and is too
remote to support the conditions. Because Defendant objected to these special
conditions at sentencing, we review the district court’s decision to impose the
conditions for abuse of discretion. United States v. Wayne, 591 F.3d 1326, 1331 (10th
Cir. 2010). “[W]e will not disturb the district court’s ruling absent a showing it was
based on a clearly erroneous finding of fact or an erroneous conclusion of law or
manifests a clear error of judgment.” United States v. Bear, 769 F.3d 1221, 1226 (10th
Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v. Batton, 602 F.3d 1191, 1196 (10th Cir. 2010)).
While a district court has broad discretion in fashioning special conditions of
supervised release, Congress has limited this discretion in 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d).
Wayne, 591 F.3d at 1331–32. Such conditions must be reasonably related to one of the
following sentencing factors: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the
defendant’s history and characteristics; (2) the deterrence of criminal conduct; (3) the
protection of the public from further crimes by the defendant; and (4) the defendant’s
5
educational, vocational, medical, or other correctional needs. Id. (citing 18 U.S.C.
§§ 3583(d)(1), 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(B)–(D)). The conditions also must involve “no
greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably necessary” to deter criminal activity,
protect the public, and promote the defendant’s rehabilitation. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)(2)
(citing §§ 3553(a)(2)(B)–(D)). And the conditions must be “consistent with any
pertinent policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.” Id. § 3583(d)(3).
On the record before us, we cannot say the district court abused its discretion or
manifested a clear error of judgment in imposing the challenged conditions relating to
drugs and alcohol. It is true no drugs or alcohol were involved in the offense of
conviction, and Defendant has never sought treatment for substance abuse. But the
record reflects, and Defendant does not dispute, that he does have a history of substance
abuse. See United States v. Jordan, 485 F.3d 982, 984–85 (7th Cir. 2007) (explaining
drug and alcohol treatment and use conditions “are not necessarily reserved only for
individuals with extensive personal histories of drug or alcohol abuse”).
Based on the PSR alone, Defendant’s drug and alcohol problems may appear
divorced from the current offense and remote in time. But these were not the only facts
before the district court. The evidence in the record regarding Defendant’s decision to
use child pornography instead of alcohol to deal with his frustration and stress rebuts
the assertion that his history of substance abuse is too temporally remote to support the
challenged conditions. Cf. United States v. Ford, 882 F.3d 1279, 1288 (10th Cir. 2018)
(explaining defendant’s background supported conclusion a nineteen-year-old sex
6
crime conviction was reasonably related to the imposition of sex offender conditions
at sentencing for a non-sex crime).
In explaining his criminal conduct during his psychosexual evaluation,
Defendant “talk[ed] about alcoholism ‘running in the family’” and how “he assumed
he could deal with his frustration by looking at pornography rather than drinking.”
Defendant admitted “[p]ornography use had become a daily practice for him in the
months previous to his criminal investigations[,]” and he “supposed that pornography
would not develop into anything that would cause him legal problems, nor that it would
be addictive to him.” Moreover, in a letter to the district court, Defendant’s wife
corroborated these statements by indicating she was “thankful that [Defendant] turned
to porn rather than alcohol and/or drugs” as “an outlet for his stress[.]”
Given Defendant’s past substance abuse in combination with the evidence
concerning his decision to use child pornography rather than alcohol to deal with his
frustration, the challenged conditions are reasonably related to his history and
characteristics. Further, contrary to Defendant’s argument, the special conditions are
not inconsistent with the sentencing guideline’s policy statement for substance abuse.
See U.S.S.G. § 5D1.3(d)(4) (recommending treatment and use conditions “if the court
has reason to believe that the defendant is an abuser of narcotics, other controlled
substances or alcohol[,]” but also providing such conditions “may otherwise be
appropriate in particular cases”). Based on Defendant’s history and background, the
district court could have reasonably concluded conditions preventing further use of
drugs and alcohol will help ensure Defendant does not trade one vice for another and
7
that he will remain on the path to rehabilitation during his supervised release. Because
the alcohol and drug conditions do not directly conflict with the relevant policy
statement in the sentencing guidelines, the district court’s decision to impose the
conditions was not manifestly unreasonable. See Bear, 769 F.3d at 1230 (explaining
§ “3583(d)(3) mandates only that the conditions not directly conflict with the policy
statements”).
B.
We next address Defendant’s argument regarding the district court’s inclusion
of periodic polygraph testing as a special condition of his supervised release. Because
Defendant argues, as he did in the district court, the polygraph condition violates his
Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, we review his challenge de novo.
United States v. Von Behren, 822 F.3d 1139, 1143–44 (10th Cir. 2016) (explaining we
review de novo matters of constitutional law). Thus, “we will take a ‘fresh,
independent’ look at the question at bar.” Id. at 1144 (quoting United States v. Rivas–
Macias, 537 F.3d 1271, 1276 (10th Cir. 2008)).
The special condition Defendant challenges requires him “to submit to periodic
polygraph testing as a means to ensure that he is in compliance with the requirements
of his[ ] supervision or treatment program.” While “[t]he results of such polygraph
testing cannot be used against [Defendant] in a new criminal proceeding, [they] can be
used in a violation proceeding in this criminal case.” Defendant argues this condition
violates the Fifth Amendment because it authorizes revocation of his supervised
release based on a valid invocation of his privilege against self-incrimination.
8
“To qualify for the Fifth Amendment privilege, a communication must be
testimonial, incriminating, and compelled.” Id. (quoting Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial Dist.
Court of Nevada, Humboldt County, 542 U.S. 177, 189 (2004)). “There is no doubt
that answering questions during a polygraph examination involves a communicative
act which is testimonial.” Id. And, as the Government recognizes, the polygraph
examination to which Defendant must submit might elicit potentially incriminating
statements that could “provide a ‘lead’ or ‘a link in the chain of evidence needed to
prosecute the’ speaker.” Id. at 1145 (quoting United States v. Powe, 591 F.2d 833, 845
n.36 (D.C. Cir. 1978)). After all, the purpose of a polygraph test is not to elicit honest
responses to innocuous questions such as, for example, whether Defendant enjoyed his
morning coffee.
The polygraph condition at issue, however, fails to satisfy the compulsion
element of Defendant’s Fifth Amendment claim. The Supreme Court has held that if
the “state, either expressly or by implication, asserts that invocation of the privilege
would lead to revocation of probation, it would have created the classic penalty
situation, the failure to assert the privilege would be excused, and the probationer’s
answers would be deemed compelled and inadmissible in a criminal prosecution.”
Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 435 (1984). Put another way, “a threat to revoke
one’s probation for properly invoking his Fifth Amendment privilege is the type of
compulsion the state may not constitutionally impose.” Von Behren, 822 F.3d at 1150.
We recently addressed the compulsion element of a Fifth Amendment claim in
United States v. Von Behren, where a condition of supervised release required the
9
defendant to answer four specific, incriminating questions about his past sexual
activity. Id. at 1145. There, the “government asserted . . . it would seek Mr. Von
Behren’s remand to prison if he refused to answer [the] incriminating sexual polygraph
questions because that refusal would (and did) ultimately result in his termination from
the sex offender treatment program.” Id. at 1150. We held this “threat constituted
unconstitutional compulsion within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment.” Id.
In reaching our conclusion, we distinguished the facts in Mr. Von Behren’s case
from those in Minnesota v. Murphy, where the Supreme Court concluded no
unconstitutional compulsion existed. 822 F.3d at 1149–51; accord Murphy, 465 U.S.
at 436–39. “Fifth Amendment jurisprudence did not apply to Mr. Murphy[,]” we
explained, “because his probation officer neither affirmatively stated nor implied that
Mr. Murphy’s assertion of the privilege would result in the revocation of his
probation.” Von Behren, 822 F.3d at 1149 (citing Murphy, 465 U.S. at 437–38). “In
other words, there was no threat.” Id.
The Supreme Court’s decision in Murphy and our analysis in Von Behren make
this issue an easy one to resolve. Here, neither the Government nor any other entity
has threatened—explicitly or by implication—to revoke Defendant’s supervised
release if he refuses to answer a question during a polygraph examination on valid Fifth
Amendment grounds. Nothing in the record suggests the Government has attempted
or intends “to take the extra, impermissible step” of compelling Defendant to
incriminate himself. See Murphy, 465 U.S. at 436. To the contrary, the Government
10
affirms in its brief that “Defendant faces no risk of revocation based on validly
asserting his privilege[ ] because such a revocation would be unlawful.”
Nor does the polygraph condition, on its face, spell out that forbidden penalty.
The condition provides “[t]he results of [Defendant’s] polygraph testing . . . can be
used in a violation proceeding in this criminal case.” It does not follow from this
language, however, that the condition permits revocation of Defendant’s supervised
release based on his refusal to answer polygraph questions on valid Fifth Amendment
grounds. We do not read the district court’s order to allow—much less endorse—the
imposition of such a plainly unconstitutional penalty. Cf. United States v. Mike, 632
F.3d 686, 696 (10th Cir. 2011) (interpreting conditions of supervised release narrowly
so as not to implicate significant liberty interests); see also United States v. Davis, 242
F.3d 49, 52 (1st Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (construing special condition of supervised
release to avoid Fifth Amendment concerns).
While Defendant would have preferred the polygraph condition to include
language ensuring the implementation of this requirement will comply with the Fifth
Amendment, the absence of such limiting language does not render the condition
unconstitutional or otherwise infirm. See United States v. Pabon, 819 F.3d 26, 29, 34
(1st Cir. 2016) (concluding polygraph-testing condition without limiting language did
not violate the Fifth Amendment because it did not require the defendant to answer
incriminating questions); United States v. Lee, 315 F.3d 206, 212 (3d Cir. 2003)
(same). The Fifth Amendment—not the terms of a special condition—guarantees
Defendant’s privilege against self-incrimination. Accordingly, Defendant remains free
11
to legitimately exercise his Fifth Amendment right without facing the risk that a valid
assertion of his privilege and refusal to incriminate himself during a polygraph
examination will result in revocation of his supervised release.
If, at a later date, the Government changes its position and threatens to revoke
Defendant’s supervised release based on his valid invocation of his privilege against
self-incrimination during a polygraph examination, Defendant may raise a Fifth
Amendment challenge at that time. See United States v. Zinn, 321 F.3d 1084, 1089
(11th Cir. 2003) (“By determining a challenge to the polygraph testing requirement to
be generally ripe, however, we do not imply that all specific challenges to the
implementation of this condition are necessarily ripe.”). But until such an eventuality
occurs (and hopefully it never does), we can only decide whether the challenged
polygraph condition facially violates the Fifth Amendment. We conclude it does not.
III.
Defendant’s final argument on appeal is that the twenty-four month sentence the
district court imposed is substantively unreasonable. We review the substantive
reasonableness of a sentence under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. United
States v. Cookson, 922 F.3d 1079, 1090–91 (10th Cir. 2019). The district court abuses
its discretion when it imposes a sentence that is “arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or
manifestly unreasonable” given “all the circumstances of the case in light of the factors
set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” Id. (quoting United States v. Friedman, 554 F.3d
1301, 1307 (10th Cir. 2009)).
12
Applying the sentencing guidelines, the district court determined Defendant’s
total offense level of twenty-six and his criminal history category of I established an
advisory guidelines range of 63–71 months’ imprisonment. But the district court
sentenced Defendant to 24 months’ imprisonment, an amount below the advisory
guidelines range, based on the circumstances of the case. We apply a “rebuttable
presumption of reasonableness to a below-guideline sentence challenged by the
defendant as unreasonably harsh.” United States v. Balbin–Mesa, 643 F.3d 783, 788
(10th Cir. 2011). Defendant may rebut this presumption by demonstrating the sentence
is unreasonable when viewed against the factors described in § 3553(a). See United
States v. Craig, 808 F.3d 1249, 1261 (10th Cir. 2015).
As a preliminary matter, Defendant argues (only to preserve the issue) that his
sentence is manifestly unreasonable because U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2, the relevant sentencing
guideline for Defendant’s offense, is inherently flawed and lacks an empirical basis.
We have previously heard and rejected this argument. United States v. Blair, 933 F.3d
1271, 1274 (10th Cir. 2019). Thus, regardless of the alleged lack of empirical support
for § 2G2.2, we apply the presumption of reasonableness to Defendant’s sentence. Id.
Defendant contends the district court failed to give sufficient weight to, among
other things, his lack of criminal history and the fact a shorter period of incarceration
would have afforded adequate deterrence because he had never before served any time
in custody. We disagree. The district court accounted for various mitigating factors,
including Defendant’s otherwise law-abiding life, his history of suffering sexual abuse
13
as a child, and the limited period of offense conduct. And based on these mitigating
circumstances, the district court varied significantly downward.
But the district court also determined the nature and circumstances of the
offense—namely, the amount and types of child pornography Defendant accessed—
were important factors that weighed in favor of a custodial sentence. As the court
explained, Defendant’s behavior “is victimizing, it is troubling, and it’s behavior that
deserves and requires punishment.” In short, the personal characteristics Defendant
highlights on appeal are insufficient to rebut the presumption of reasonableness we
must apply to his below-guideline sentence. We thus conclude, given all the
circumstances of the case, the district court did not abuse its discretion in weighing the
§ 3553(a) factors and imposing a sentence of twenty-four months’ imprisonment.
***
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
14